Chapter #20Chapter #20“World War I”“World War I”

1914 - 19201914 - 1920

Sections of W.W. I

Section #1: The Road to War Section #2: The U.S. Declares War Section #3: American’s on the European

Front

Section #4: On the Home Front Section #5: Global Peacemaker

Section #1:“The Road to War”

Causes for W.W. I 1.) Imperialism in Europe. 2.) Militarism: Building up a

nation’s armed forces in preparation for war.

3.) Nationalism:– Act with their own

national interests.– Ethnic diversity led to

violent struggles for independence.

Ex. Austria-Hungry 4.) Alliances designed to

bolster each nation’s security. 5.) Assassination of Archduke

Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie on June 28, 1914 by Bosnian nationalist Gavrilo Princip.

The Road to War Continues…4.) Alliances

Designed to better a nation’s security. Newly united German Empire allies with

former world power Austria-Hungary. A-H taking over newly independent

regions of southern Europe. Russia interested in same area for port

access. Ethnic groups in the region caught in the

middle.

Unrest in the Balkans Bosnia is annexed by the

A-H Empire. Serbs in Bosnia wanted to

join Bosnia with the nation of Serbia (all Slavs).

A-H had sights on annexing Serbia, but didn’t have justifiable cause.

Slavs closer to Russians ethnically than with the Austrian (German) or Hungarian populations of A-H.

Rich mining resources/coastal ports.

The Road to War Continues…

5.) The Assassination

Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Heir to the A-H throne.

Brutal and arrogant.– Generally disliked.

Planned trip to Bosnia with his new wife, Sophia.

The Other Shot Heard ‘Round the World!

Gavrilo Princip.– Started WWI.

Serbian rebel living in Bosnia.

Member of, “The Black Hand.”

19 years old, dying of tuberculosis.

Fighting for Serbian unification.

The Assassination!

June 28, 1914 Royals to a motorcade through Sarajevo. Misguided bomb explodes. Driver takes wrong turn and passes by

Princip. He firers at point blank range, killing Franz

and Sophie instantly. Princip eventually arrested, and dies in

prison.

Austria-Hungary’s Demands

A-H blames the incident on Serbia.– Why?

Ultimatum sent to Serbia – a no win situation for Serbia.

A-H declares war on Serbia. But… Serbia has a buddy through a secret

alliance.– With…– Russia!

The Conflicts Expands– July 28, 1914 Austria-

Hungry declares war on Serbia.

– July 29th, Serbia’s protector, Russia began mobilization.

– Germany demands that Russia stops mobilizing.

– France begins to ready it’s troops.

– Aug. 1, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia.

• Schlieffen Plan• Brings Great Britain into

war.

– Great powers divided• Central Powers• Allies

– Stalemate: a situation in which neither side is able to gain the advantage.

– Trench Warfare

American Response– 1/3 of American

population were 1st or 2nd

generation immigrants. (1/4 German American, 1/8 Irish)

– Most Americans opposed Kaiser Wilhelm of

Germany. (autocracy)

– American Neutrality• Preparedness

Movement

• Peace Movement

Section #2:The United States Declares War, 1917

These actions will lead the US to war: German Submarine warfare.

– U-Boat activity.– No warnings of attack.– Luisitania attacked, May 7, 1915.

• 1,200 dead (128 US).

– March 24, 1916 – sinking of the Sussex (French passenger ship).

• Sussex Pledge.• President Wilson agrees with

“preparedness”.• Authorizes bankers to make loans to

Allies.

– Feb. 1, 1917 Germ resumes unrestricted Sub Warfare.

Wilson asks Congress for permission to arm American merchant ships.

The Zimmerman Note– A intercepted telegram

that proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico.

Russian Revolution– 1.8 million killed– 2.4 million prisoners– 2.8 million sick / wounded– March 1917 Czar Nicholas II

was forced to give up his power.– Republic government

established.• Lenin and Bolsheviks

– Russia backs out of war, signs treaty w/ Germany.

War Resolution– March 16 – 18 three American

ships were sunk.– April 2, 1917 Wilson goes to

Congress. War resolution passed 82 to 6.

– April 6, 1917 Wilson signs the war resolution.

World War II – The Players

Central Powers:– Germany– Austria-Hungary– Bulgaria– Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers:– Russia– France– Serbia– Great Britain

Section #3:“American’s in Europe” Preparing for Action

– Allies desperately need replacements.• Gen. John J. Pershing• Small force• Boost Allied morale• Start of W.W.I. U.S. = 120,000 enlisted troops and 80,000

national guard.– Selective Service Act: May 1917authorizing a draft of young men for

military service.– By November 1918, more than 24 million had registered for the draft for

“the war to end all wars,” 3 million were picked.– American Expeditionary Force (AEF)– 25,000 + women would serve their country. (Red Cross)

• Transportation of troops and war goods by Convoy.• American forces separated from Allied forces.

– 300,000 African Americans volunteered or drafted.– Mostly for manual labor.– 369th Infantry (Harlem Hell Fighters) fought with the French. (Croix de

Guerre)

Turning Tide of the War– Nov. 1917, with the help of the German government, Vladimir

Lenin led his Bolsheviks to violently overthrow the Russian government. Lenin would then make peace with Germany on March 3, 1918. How does this effect the war?

– Americans save Paris• Brigadier General James G. Harbord: “We dig no trenches to fall back on.

The Marines will hold where they stand” -- Battle of Chateau – Thierry• Lost of half his troops.

– Tank warfare• August 11, 1918 German General Erich Von Ludendorff advises Kaiser

Wilhelm to seek a peace settlement.• Allies began to use airplanes to drop bombs on the final German

strongholds.

Expectations for a Quickie-War Wrong!!!!

– Why? Modern Warfare

comprised of: poison gas, hand grenades, submarines, torpedoes, trenches, tanks, airplanes, machine guns and much more.

– Airplanes were first for transportation, then dropped rocks, then dropped bombs.

– Tanks could cross trenches and cut through barbed wire!

Stalemate begins late 1914 and will last until 1917.

Ending the War– German commanders hoping to dictate terms for

peace. Allies refused, called for unconditional surrender.

– November 11, 1918: armistice, or cease-fire.• 11th hour on the 11th day in the 11th month.

– 50,000 American soldiers died.– European casualties =

• 8 million + dead (average 5,000 dead/day)

• 900,000 British troops dead.

• Millions of civilians died during and immediately after the fighting from starvation, disease, or war-related injuries.

• Ottoman forces deported and murdered hundreds of thousands of Armenians, genocide.

Can there be positive results from warfare?

Technological advancements (weapons)

Advancements in medicine

Advancements in transportation

On the Home Front To strengthen the

war effort, the American government expanded its control over the economy and brought changes to American society.

Many individuals who didn’t have jobs had them now.– Women, Af

Amers, Mexican-Americans.

On the Home Front How did the U.S. enforce loyalty?

– Formed the Committee on Public Education: Rallies on popular support for the war with films, posters, and pamphlets.

– Literacy test for immigrants: Congress passed a law forcing immigrants to prove they can read before entering the country. Law leads to nativism and increased anti-German feeling.

– The Sedition Act of 1918: Makes it illegal to make “disloyal” statements about U.S. gov’t or military.

– Espionage Act of 1917: Passed in response to fears that German secret agents might try to weaken American war effort. Act makes it illegal to interfere with the “DRAFT”

These laws at work: Eugene V. Debs Leader of the Socialist Party.

– Re-distribution of wealth, power to workers

Imprisoned due to Sedition Act– Arrested for giving anti-war

speech in Ohio• 10 years in jail

Won 900,000 votes in 1920 Presidential election from jail

On the Home Front

Liberty Bonds – special war bonds sold to support the Allied cause.

- Raised about $20 billion, Sec. of Treasury McAdoo.

Price controls – system of pricing determined by the gov’t on food to prevent waste and increase production.

Rationing – distributing goods to consumers in a fixed amount.

Daylight Saving Time – turning clocks ahead one hour for the summer to lower fuel consumption.

What else is going on?The Great Migration

African Americans to the North, “Land of hope”

1910-1920: 1.2 million Push factors

– Jim Crow & violence– Low pay jobs– Ruined crops

Pull factors– Economic prosperity in North– Jobs opened (imm quotas) – Freedmen’s bureau/aid

Section #5 cont.

“Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.”

– Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson’s:Fourteen Points

Even before the war was ended. Wilson had begun to prepare for the peace conference to follow.

In December of 1918, Wilson, the first U.S. President to travel outside the western hemisphere during his presidency, sailed to Paris, carrying in hand a plan for worldwide peace.

Wilson sets up the 14 Points

Representatives from twenty-seven nations met at Versailles (near Paris) to negotiate the peace treaty.

The “Big Four,” France, England, Italy, and the U.S., largely determined the nature of the peace agreements ending World War I.

The “Treaty of Versailles” was the peace treaty to the end of World War I.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

The first five points were general in nature and may be summarized as follows:

(1) open covenants of peace; (2) freedom of the seas; (3) removal of economic barriers between

nations as far as possible; (4) reduction of armaments to needs for

domestic safety; (5) impartial adjustment of colonial claims;

Fourteen Points Con’t (6) evacuation and general restoration of conquered

territories in Russia; (7) preservation of Belgian sovereignty; (8) settlement of the Alsace-Lorraine; (9) redrawing of Italian frontiers according to nationalities; (10) the division of Austria-Hungary in conformance to its

nationalities; (11) the redrawing of Balkan (Romania, Serbia and

Montenegro) boundaries with reference to historically established allegiance and nationalities;

Last of the “14” (12) Turkish control only of their own peoples and

freedom of navigation through the Dardanelles; (13) the establishment of an independent Poland

with access to the sea. – The last point!

(14) General association of nations

The League of Nations grew out of the 14th point.

Peace Treaty: Treaty of Versailles

Germany wasn’t invited to the meeting. Germany expected the treaty to be based

on Wilson’s Fourteen Points. The problem was that the “Big Four” could

not agree on the terms to the treaty.– French premier, Georges Clemenceau took

advantage of the weakness to Wilson’s plan to demand harsh penalties for Germany.

Wilson had to compromise!

France wanted to totally humiliate Germany, maybe even totally destroy them as a nation.

Italy wanted territory it had been promised for leaving the German’s side. So,– Wilson formed the grounds for the League of Nations.

An organization that would join together to ensure security and peace for all members.

What the treaty said for Germany…

Germany had to take full responsibility for the war Germany had to pay for all the war damage

(reparations) Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men Germany could have no airforce or submarines, and

was limited to six large ships Germany lost territory on all sides, including the area

for Poland to be created Germany lost all her foreign colonies

Treaty of Versailles

How fair was this treaty to Germany? Which of the nations would have been the most

pleased with the outcome? Explain Most importantly; think about the effects of the

treaty for the future of the world. Remember that this treaty was to prevent another

European war from ever breaking out again. You know what happened in 1939…..

U.S. Propaganda Posters

U.S. Propaganda Posters

U.S. Propaganda Posters

U.S. Propaganda Posters

U.S. Propaganda Posters

U.S. Propaganda Posters

U.S. Propaganda Posters

Post W.W.I MapPost W.W.I Map

Cause and Effects of W.W.ICause and Effects of W.W.IºImperialism leads to international rivalries, particularly within Europe.ºNationalism between and within countries intensifies.ºMilitary buildup in Europe intensifies.ºArchduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary is assassinated.ºAustria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.

World War IWorld War I

ºMap of Europe is redrawn.ºLeague of Nations is formed.ºUnited States economy is boosted.ºUnited States suffers post-war disillusionment.

Military Casualties in World War I 1914-1918

Belgium 45,550 British Empire 942,135 France 1,368,000 Greece 23,098 Italy 680,000 Japan 1,344 Montenegro 3,000 Portugal 8,145 Romania 300,000 Russia 1,700,000 Serbia 45,000 United States 116,516 Austria-Hungary 1,200,000 Bulgaria 87,495 Germany 1,935,000 Ottoman Empire 725,000

0200,000400,000600,000800,000

1,000,0001,200,0001,400,0001,600,0001,800,0002,000,000

Deaths

GermanyRussiaFranceAus-HunBritainU.S.