Chapter 2UNDERSTANDING MYSELF

Learning Objectives

• Positive psychology

• Personality

• Freud’s Theory of Personality

• Defense Mechanisms

• “Big Five” personality traits

• Intelligence

• Types of Intelligence

• Personal learning style and preferences

• Personal positive view, self esteem, self efficacy

Good Morning!How would you describe their personalities?

Everyone is unique…and that is not bad

Personality Intelligence Learning Styles Preferences It is important to understand your own traits and use them

to be successful in life

Personality

Unique expression of our characteristics and traits –how we feel, think, behave.

Personality doesn’t change much Different theories of personality development

Psychodynamic

Trait theory

Psychodynamic theory

• Sigmund Freud

• Mind functions as conscious(aware),

unconscious (unaware, but driving most personality) and preconscious (semi-aware)

• Personality divided– Id—instinct driven for survival

– Superego—personality driven by societal rules

– Ego—part of personality that has to balance the drives of the Id and the Superego—and often accomplishes this through Defense Mechanisms

Freud’s Concept of Personality (Psyche)

Ego

Superego

Id

Id Exists entirely in the

unconscious

Our hidden true animalistic wants and desires.

Works on the Pleasure Principleseeks immediate

gratification

Ego

Develops after the Id

Works on the Reality Principle

• Seeks to fulfill the Id’s impulses in realistic ways that will bring long term pleasure rather than pain.

In our conscious and unconscious minds.

It is what everyone sees as our personality.

If you want to be with someone. Your id says just take them, but your ego does not want to end up in jail. So you ask her out and turn on “the swag”.

Superego Develops after ego

It is our conscience

• (what we think the difference is between right and wrong)

The Ego often mediates between the superego and id.

Defense Mechanisms

• Repression—eliminating ideas from consciousness• Regression—returning to an earlier stage of

development• Rationalization—stating logical explanation in place of

the real reason for something• Displacement—transferring impulses to a less

threatening object or person• Projection—attributing one’s own unacceptable

impulses to others• Reaction formation—engaging in behavior that is the

opposite of what one is really feeling• Denial—refusing to see the true nature of a situation

or behavior

Charades: Defense Mechanisms

Split into groups of 2 or 3.

Each group should pick a Defense Mechanism to demonstrate through charades.

Each group will perform their charade until a representative from another group raises her hand and explains (1) what’s happening in the charade and (2) what Defense Mechanism is being demonstrated.

Trait Theory

• “Big Five Theory”—Five basic personality traits that are connected to GPA, achievement, alcohol consumption, personal values—cuts across cultural and racial lines

– Neurotic

– Extroverted

– Open

– Agreeable

– Conscientious

Open: Imaginative vs. Conforming Conscientious: Reliable vs. Disorganized Extroverted: Outgoing vs. Shy Agreeable: Sensitive vs. Cold Neurotic: Anxious vs. Relaxed

THE OCEAN OF EMOTION THE OCEAN OF EMOTION

Watch these fish and how they react in the same situation....

The Big Five

Intelligence

The ability to comprehend; to understand and profit from experience

Involves the ability to learn both formally and informally as well as to pose and solve problems

Multiple Intelligences—Howard GardnerThere isn’t just one way to be smart

• Verbal-linguistic: Word Smart

• Mathematical-logical: Number Smart

• Visual-spatial: Picture Smart

• Musical-rhythmic: Sound Smart

• Bodily-kinesthetic: Body Smart

• Interpersonal: People Smart

• Intrapersonal: Self Smart

• Naturalistic: Nature Smart

Which one are you?

Take the Multiple Intelligences Survey

Successful Intelligence-Robert Sternberg

Successfully intelligent people maximize their strengths and compensate for weakness

Three aspects of successful intelligence Analytical intelligence

Creative intelligence

Practical intelligence

Emotional Intelligence-Daniel Goleman

Ability to understand and monitor emotions of self and others

Allows an individual to cope well in times of stress Allows an individual to deal with the people around him or

her Time Magazine: “the best predictor of success in life”

How Emotionally Intelligent are You?

Take the Emotional Intelligence Survey

Abilities of Emotional Intelligence

• How we manage ourselves– Self awareness

– Self regulation

– Self motivation

• How we manage relationships– Empathy

– Managing relationships—persuasion, leadership, active listening, team building, forging bonds

Improving Emotional Intelligence

Pay attention to emotional changes and what causes them Take the time to talk it out Deal with one issue at a time Accept responsibility for your emotions and your actions

Learning Styles

Preference on how you Take in information

Organize information

Process information

Learning Styles

What is your Learning Style? Take the Learning Style Inventory

Learning Styles• Sensing-Information perceived by

senses, facts, information presented step by step

• Visual—Information presented in pictures, diagrams

• Read/Write—Information in words

• Active—Learn by trying things out or other practical applications

• Sequential—Process information step by step

• Intuitive—Information in the abstract, the “big picture,” the meaning of things

• Auditory—Information presented orally—discussions, lectures

• Kinesthetic—Information gained through hands-on activities

• Reflective—Process information by internally thinking about it

• Global—Process information by seeing the whole then knowing how the individual parts fit in

Personal Preferences

Myers Briggs Indicators: Behavior is based on preferences in how people perceive and interact with the world

What is your Personal Preference Type? Take the Personal Preferences Survey

Favorite world Extraversion(E) Focus on the outer world Intraversion (I) Focus on your inner world

Information Sensing (S) Focus on information you take in Intuition (N) Focus on how you interpret and add meaning to information

Decisions Thinking (T) Make decisions by looking at logic and consistency Feeling (F) Make decisions by considering people and special

circumstances Structure

Judging (J) In dealing with situations, prefer to get things decided Perceiving (P) In dealing with situations, prefer to stay open to new

information and options.

Mrs. Shipman INFP???

Idealistic, loyal to their values and to people who are important to them. Want an external life that is congruent with their values. Curious, quick to see possibilities, can be catalysts for implementing ideas. Seek to understand people and to help them fulfill their potential. Adaptable, flexible, and accepting unless a value is threatened.

Once you identify your 4 letters

Your unique combination tells you many facets of your personality

For detailed information go to:

http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/the-16-mbti-types.asp

Positive Psychology

Scientific study of strengths and virtues that enable persons and communities to thrive

Every person has a pre-determined set point for their overall outlook—optimistic vs gloomy, happy vs sad, etc.

Positive psychology studies how we can change set points and focus on our strengths rather than weaknesses.

Self-concept

How we view ourselves, beliefs and attitudes Ideal self

Looking glass self

Self-image

Real self

Self –esteem

Degree of how much we like ourselves Related to health and well-being High self-esteem correlated with responsibility, self-

management, self-direction and innovation High self esteem views criticism as constructive

To Increase Self-Esteem

Live consciously Practice self-acceptance Practice self-responsibility Practice self-assertiveness Practice living purposefully Practice personal integrity Concentrate on strengths and use them Make positive changes in your lifestyle Pay attention to “self-talk”

Self-efficacy

Belief we can cope with life and win Influences decisions we make, careers we choose,

and interaction with others May influence willingness to take advantage of

opportunities, motivation, success in college Behaviors that increase self-efficacy can be taught—

problem solving Can be influenced by previous success, vicarious

experience, verbal persuasion, physiological arousal

To increase self-efficacy

Make goals and reward their achievement Set reasonable but challenging goals Talk positively to yourself Choose good role models Be willing to work for your goals

Motivation

What drives us to do what we do? Basic needs

Need for acceptance, recognition, and self-esteem

We will explore this more in a later chapter