Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology

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Chapter 2 Principles of EcologySection 1: Organisms and Their RelationshipsSection 2: Flow of Energy in an EcosystemSection 3: Cycling of Matter

EcologyScientific discipline in which the relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environments are studied2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2Principles of EcologyEcologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and methods.

The BiosphereA thin layer around Earth where all organisms livePrinciples of EcologyExtends several kilometers above the Earths surfaceExtends several kilometers below the oceans surface2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

The BiospherePrinciples of Ecology2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

Biotic FactorsPrinciples of EcologyLiving factors in an organisms environmentAbiotic FactorsNonliving factors in an organisms environmentOrganisms adapt to survive in the abiotic factors present in their natural environment.2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

Levels of OrganizationPrinciples of EcologyLevels increase in complexity as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase.organismpopulationbiological communityecosystembiomebiosphere2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

The lowest level of organization is the individual organism itself.Principles of EcologyOrganisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time make up a population.A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same geographic area at the same time.2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

An ecosystem is a biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it.Principles of EcologyA biome is a large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities.2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2Visualizing Levels of Organization

Ecosystem InteractionsPrinciples of EcologyA habitat is an area where an organism lives.A niche is the role or position that an organism has in its environment.2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

Community InteractionsPrinciples of EcologyCompetitionOccurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same timePredationMany species get their food by eating other organisms.2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

Symbiotic RelationshipsPrinciples of EcologyThe close relationship that exists when two or more species live togetherMutualismCommensalismParasitism2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

Energy in an EcosystemAutotrophs2.2 Flow of Energy in an EcosystemPrinciples of EcologyOrganism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce foodHeterotrophsA lynx is a heterotroph.Chapter 2

Principles of EcologyFungus2.2 Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2

Principles of EcologyModels of Energy FlowFood chains and food webs model the energy flow through an ecosystem.Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level.2.2 Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2Model Ecosystems

Principles of EcologyFood ChainsA food chain is a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.2.2 Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2

Principles of EcologyFood WebsA food web is a model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms.2.2 Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2

Principles of EcologyChapter 2

Principles of EcologyEcological PyramidsA diagram that can show the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level in an organism2.2 Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2

Cycles in the Biosphere2.3 Cycling of MatterPrinciples of EcologyEnergy is transformed into usable forms to support the functions of an ecosystem.The cycling of nutrients in the biosphere involves both matter in living organisms and physical processes found in the environment such as weathering.Chapter 2

The Water CyclePrinciples of Ecology2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2

Principles of EcologyFreshwater constitutes only about 3 percent of all water on Earth.About 69 percent of all freshwater is found in ice caps and glaciers.2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2Approximately 90 percent of water vapor evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers; 10 percent evaporates from the surface of plants through a process called transpiration.

Principles of EcologyThe Carbon and Oxygen Cycles2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2

Principles of EcologyCarbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through living organisms.2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2Carbon and oxygen often make up molecules essential for life.

Principles of EcologyLong-term CycleOrganic matter converted to peat, coal, oil, or gas deposits (carbon)Calcium carbonate (carbon and oxygen)Short-term CycleBurning fossil fuels (carbon)2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2

Principles of EcologyThe Nitrogen CycleThe capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called nitrogen fixation.2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2

Principles of EcologyConsumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen.2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2Nitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from soil.

Principles of EcologyNitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways:Animals urinate.Organisms die.Organisms convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds.Denitrification2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2

Principles of EcologyThe Phosphorus Cycle2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2

Principles of EcologyShort-term CyclePhosphorus is cycled from the soil to producers and then from the producers to consumers.Long-term CycleWeathering or erosion of rocks that contain phosphorus slowly adds phosphorus to the cycle.2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2

Principles of EcologyChapter Resource MenuChapter Diagnostic QuestionsFormative Test QuestionsChapter Assessment QuestionsStandardized Test Practicebiologygmh.comGlencoe Biology TransparenciesImage BankVocabularyAnimationClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.Chapter 2

predation parasitism commensalism mutualismThe act of one organism consuming another organism for food is _______.Principles of EcologyChapter 2Chapter Diagnostic Questions

from an autotroph to a heterotroph from a heterotroph to an autotroph from a carnivore to an herbivore from an omnivore to an herbivoreIdentify how energy flows through an ecosystem in a typical food chain.Principles of EcologyChapter 2Chapter Diagnostic Questions

biomass energy matter nutrientWhat is a chemical substance that an organism must obtain from its environment to survive?Principles of EcologyChapter 2Chapter Diagnostic Questions

Which are biotic factors in a forest environment?Principles of Ecology pH and salt concentration of the soil sunlight, soil type and soil nutrients temperature, air currents and rainfall Chapter 22.1 Formative Questions

ecosystem habitat biological community biotic collectionPrinciples of EcologyWhat is the name for a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time?Chapter 22.1 Formative Questions

all of the biotic factors in an ecosystem an area where an organism lives an area in which various species interact the role or position that an organism hasPrinciples of EcologyWhich defines habitat?Chapter 22.1 Formative Questions

autotroph herbivore heterotroph decomposerPrinciples of EcologyWhat type of organism is the foundation of all ecosystems?Chapter 22.2 Formative Questions

Principles of EcologyHow do detritivores obtain their energy in an ecosystem?Chapter 22.2 Formative Questions

Which type of organism exists at all trophic levels except the first trophic level? carnivores herbivores autotrophs heterotrophsPrinciples of EcologyChapter 22.2 Formative Questions

decomposer primary producer secondary producer top level consumerPrinciples of EcologyWhat type of organism returns nutrients to an ecosystem? Chapter 22.3 Formative Questions

biochemist ecologist geologist hydrologistPrinciples of EcologyWhat type of scientist studies water found underground, in the atmosphere, and on the surface of the earth?Chapter 22.3 Formative Questions

carbon cycle nitrogen cycle phosphorus cycle water cyclePrinciples of EcologyWhich biogeochemical cycle involves evaporation, transpiration, precipitationand runoff?Chapter 22.3 Formative Questions

Principles of EcologyChapter 22.3 Formative QuestionsWhich process in this cycle converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates?

Principles of EcologyChapter 22.3 Formative Questions photosynthesis respiration

Use the diagram to compare and contrast biotic and abiotic factors. Give examples of each. Principles of EcologyChapter 2Chapter Assessment Questions

Principles of EcologyChapter 2Chapter Assessment Questions

Use the image below to explain how decomposers supply phosphorus to soil, groundwater, oceans, lakes, ponds, and rivers. Principles of EcologyChapter 2Chapter Assessment Questions

The diagram shows how carbon cycles through the environment. Describe how photosynthesis is involved in the carbon cycle. Principles of EcologyChapter 2Chapter Assessment Questions

Principles of EcologyIn what type of activity would you most expect an ecologist to be involved?Chapter 2Standardized Test Practice

Certain types of tropical orchids use trees for support in order to grow higher and obtain more light. This neither harms nor benefits the tree. What type of symbiotic relationship is this? commensalism competition mutualism parasitismPrinciples of EcologyChapter 2Standardized Test Practice

True or False

If an ecologist finds that the long-tailed weasels have disappeared from the desert community, she should conclude that there will be a decrease in the population of coyotes.Principles of EcologyChapter 2Standardized Test Practice

Why is this mouse classified as an omnivore?Principles of EcologyChapter 2Standardized Test Practice

Which process returns nitrogen to the food web? decomposition denitrification nitrification nitrogen fixationPrinciples of EcologyChapter 2Standardized Test Practice

Principles of EcologyChapter 2Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Principles of EcologyChapter 2Image Bank

ecologybiospherebiotic factorabiotic factorpopulationbiological communityecosystembiomehabitatnichepredationsymbiosismutualismcommensalismparasitismPrinciples of EcologyChapter 2VocabularySection 1

autotrophheterotrophherbivorecarnivoreomnivoredetritivoretrophic levelfood chainfood webbiomassPrinciples of EcologyChapter 2VocabularySection 2

matternutrientbiogeochemical cyclenitrogen fixationdenitrificationPrinciples of EcologyChapter 2VocabularySection 3

Principles of EcologyChapter 2Visualizing Levels of OrganizationDesert Community Food WebThe Water CycleThe Carbon CycleThe Nitrogen CycleThe Phosphorus CycleAnimation

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Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology