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http://www.interactive-biology.com - In this lecture, I give an introduction to the study of ecology, nutrition and energy flow. We look at the 5 levels of organization in ecology and talk about where energy comes from.
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Section 2.1
Jump Start
Section 2.1
Write down three ideas for how to best study for the Biology Test
Jump Start
Section 2.1
Write down three ideas for how to best study for the Biology Test
What do you find most difficult when studying for Science tests?
Jump Start
Ch 1: Principles of Ecology
2.1 - Organisms and their Environment
Section 2.1
Inside This Section...
Section 2.1
What is Ecology?
Inside This Section...
Section 2.1
What is Ecology?
Levels of Organization
Inside This Section...
Section 2.1
What is Ecology?
Levels of Organization
Living Relationships
Inside This Section...
What is Ecology?
Section 2.1
The systematic study of Organisms and their Interactions with the Environment
What is Ecology?
Section 2.1
The systematic study of Organisms and their Interactions with the Environment
Reveals the relationships between Living and Nonliving parts of the environment
What is Ecology?
Section 2.1
What is Ecology?
Section 2.1
Ecology is Multidisciplinary. It combines:
What is Ecology?
Section 2.1
Ecology is Multidisciplinary. It combines:
Geology
Physics
Chemistry
Mathematics
Others
What is Ecology?
Section 2.1
Section 2.1
Organisms CANNOT exist in isolation
Section 2.1
Organisms CANNOT exist in isolation
They depend on each other for survival
Section 2.1
Organisms CANNOT exist in isolation
They depend on each other for survival
They also depend on Nonliving things
Section 2.1
The Nonliving Environment
Section 2.1
Abiotic Factors: All of the nonliving parts of the environment
The Nonliving Environment
Section 2.1
Abiotic Factors: All of the nonliving parts of the environment
Examples: Rocks, Sand, Water, Rainfall, Sunlight, etc.
The Nonliving Environment
Section 2.1
The Living Environment
Section 2.1
Biotic Factors: All of the Living things that inhabit an environment
The Living Environment
Section 2.1
Biotic Factors: All of the Living things that inhabit an environment
Examples: Animals, plants, insects, etc
The Living Environment
Section 2.1
5 Levels of Organization
Section 2.1
5 Levels of Organization
Section 2.1
Organism
5 Levels of Organization
Section 2.1
Organism
Populations
5 Levels of Organization
Section 2.1
Organism
Populations
Communities
5 Levels of Organization
Section 2.1
Organism
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
5 Levels of Organization
Section 2.1
Organism
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
What is an Organism??
Section 2.1
What is an Organism??
Section 2.1
Populations
Section 2.1
A group of organisms that live together and interbreed, living in the same place at the same time.
Populations
Section 2.1
A group of organisms that live together and interbreed, living in the same place at the same time.
How organisms share their resources determines how far apart they live and how big the population gets.
Populations
Section 2.1
Communities
Section 2.1
Coyote and Antelope in Yellostone Park
A community is made up of several populations that interact.
Communities
Section 2.1
Coyote and Antelope in Yellostone Park
A community is made up of several populations that interact.
A change in one population of a community will cause changes in another population.
Communities
Section 2.1
Coyote and Antelope in Yellostone Park
Ecosystem
Section 2.1
An ecosystem is made up of a collection of interactions among the populations in a community and their abiotic factors.
Ecosystem
Section 2.1
An ecosystem is made up of a collection of interactions among the populations in a community and their abiotic factors.
Three types of ecosystems
Ecosystem
Section 2.1
An ecosystem is made up of a collection of interactions among the populations in a community and their abiotic factors.
Three types of ecosystems
Terrestrial
Ecosystem
Section 2.1
An ecosystem is made up of a collection of interactions among the populations in a community and their abiotic factors.
Three types of ecosystems
Terrestrial
Freshwater
Ecosystem
Section 2.1
An ecosystem is made up of a collection of interactions among the populations in a community and their abiotic factors.
Three types of ecosystems
Terrestrial
Freshwater
Saltwater
Ecosystem
Section 2.1
Biosphere
Section 2.1
The portion of Earth that supports life.
Biosphere
Section 2.1
The portion of Earth that supports life.
This portion extends from the bottom of the ocean to high in the atmosphere.
Biosphere
Section 2.1
The portion of Earth that supports life.
This portion extends from the bottom of the ocean to high in the atmosphere.
If you could shrink the Earth to the size of an apple the biosphere would be the size of an apple peel.
Biosphere
Section 2.1
What is a Habitat?
Section 2.1
A habitat is the place where an organism lives out its life.
What is a Habitat?
Section 2.1
A habitat is the place where an organism lives out its life.
Grasslands, Deserts, the ocean floor are examples of habitats.
What is a Habitat?
Section 2.1
What is a Niche?
Section 2.1
A niche is the role and position a species has in its environment-how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces.
What is a Niche?
Section 2.1
A niche is the role and position a species has in its environment-how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces.
It is an advantage for a species to occupy a different niche than another.
What is a Niche?
Section 2.1
Symbiosis (Living Relationships)
Section 2.1
Tapeworm
Some species enhance their chances of survival by forming relationships with other species
Symbiosis (Living Relationships)
Section 2.1
Tapeworm
Some species enhance their chances of survival by forming relationships with other species
There are three types of Living relationships (symbiotic relationships)
Symbiosis (Living Relationships)
Section 2.1
Tapeworm
Symbiotic Relationships
Section 2.1
Commensalism: A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited
Symbiotic Relationships
Section 2.1
Commensalism: A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited
Mutualism: When both species benefit from the relationship.
Symbiotic Relationships
Section 2.1
Commensalism: A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited
Mutualism: When both species benefit from the relationship.
Parasitism: When one organism benefits from harming the other organism.
Symbiotic Relationships
Section 2.1
Ch 1: Principles of Ecology
2.2 - Nutrition and Energy Flow
Section 2.2
Inside This Section...
Section 2.2
The Source of Energy
Inside This Section...
Section 2.2
The Source of Energy
Consumers and Producers
Inside This Section...
Section 2.2
The Source of Energy
Consumers and Producers
Cycles in Nature
Inside This Section...
Where does Energy come From?
Section 2.2
The power to run, to wake up in the morning, to think, and anything else a living organism does requires energy.
Where does Energy come From?
Section 2.2
The power to run, to wake up in the morning, to think, and anything else a living organism does requires energy.
Ultimately we will see that all energy comes from the sun.
Where does Energy come From?
Section 2.2
X-Ray of the Sun
Producers vs. Consumers
Section 2.2
Pyrachantha Berries
Producers are able to use energy from the sun to make food
Producers vs. Consumers
Section 2.2
Pyrachantha Berries
Producers are able to use energy from the sun to make food
A.K.A. Autotrophs
Producers vs. Consumers
Section 2.2
Pyrachantha Berries
Producers are able to use energy from the sun to make food
A.K.A. Autotrophs
Examples are plants and some weird bacteria that we call chemosynthetic autotrophs.
Producers vs. Consumers
Section 2.2
Pyrachantha Berries
Producers vs. Consumers
Section 2.2
Moose feeding on Fireweed
Consumers need to Eat in order to get energy
Producers vs. Consumers
Section 2.2
Moose feeding on Fireweed
Consumers need to Eat in order to get energy
A.K.A. Heterotrophs
Producers vs. Consumers
Section 2.2
Moose feeding on Fireweed
Consumers need to Eat in order to get energy
A.K.A. Heterotrophs
Examples are Animals
Producers vs. Consumers
Section 2.2
Moose feeding on Fireweed
Types of Heterotrophs
Section 2.2
Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to find their foods. E.g. Vultures
Types of Heterotrophs
Section 2.2
Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to find their foods. E.g. Vultures
Herbivores: Eat only plants. E.g. cows
Types of Heterotrophs
Section 2.2
Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to find their foods. E.g. Vultures
Herbivores: Eat only plants. E.g. cows
Carnivores: Animals that eat other animals. E.g. Cats
Types of Heterotrophs
Section 2.2
Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to find their foods. E.g. Vultures
Herbivores: Eat only plants. E.g. cows
Carnivores: Animals that eat other animals. E.g. Cats
Omnivores: Animals that eat both plants and other animals. E.g. Bears, humans.
Types of Heterotrophs
Section 2.2
Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to find their foods. E.g. Vultures
Herbivores: Eat only plants. E.g. cows
Carnivores: Animals that eat other animals. E.g. Cats
Omnivores: Animals that eat both plants and other animals. E.g. Bears, humans.
Decomposers: Break down and use nutrients from dead organisms. E.g. Fungi
Types of Heterotrophs
Section 2.2
Food Chains
Section 2.2
Food chains are the pathways of energy and matter through all organisms in an ecosystem.
Food Chains
Section 2.2
Food chains are the pathways of energy and matter through all organisms in an ecosystem.
Matter is in the form of nutrients that organisms require.
Food Chains
Section 2.2
Food chains are the pathways of energy and matter through all organisms in an ecosystem.
Matter is in the form of nutrients that organisms require.
When one organism eats another it receives the nutrients and energy from the organism it ate.
Food Chains
Section 2.2
How Food Chains Look
Section 2.2
Nutrition and energy start with autotrophs and proceed to heterotrophs and eventually to decomposers.
How Food Chains Look
Section 2.2
Nutrition and energy start with autotrophs and proceed to heterotrophs and eventually to decomposers.
Every link in the chain only has about 10% of its total energy available for the next link in the chain. (3-5 links)
How Food Chains Look
Section 2.2
Nutrition and energy start with autotrophs and proceed to heterotrophs and eventually to decomposers.
Every link in the chain only has about 10% of its total energy available for the next link in the chain. (3-5 links)
How Food Chains Look
Section 2.2
Trophic Levels
Section 2.2
Producers
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
TopCarnivores
Trophic levels are feeding steps in the food chain.
Trophic Levels
Section 2.2
Producers
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
TopCarnivores
Trophic levels are feeding steps in the food chain.
A food chain represents only one possible route for the transfer of energy in an ecosystem.
Trophic Levels
Section 2.2
Producers
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
TopCarnivores
Food Webs
Section 2.2
Food webs are models that are used to describe all the possible feeding relationships among animals.
Food Webs
Section 2.2
Food webs are models that are used to describe all the possible feeding relationships among animals.
These are more realistic than food chains because they show how animals rely on more than one type of food.
Food Webs
Section 2.2
Section 2.2
Ecological Pyramids
Section 2.2
An ecological pyramid is a model that is used to show the distribution of matter and energy in an ecological system.
Ecological Pyramids
Section 2.2
An ecological pyramid is a model that is used to show the distribution of matter and energy in an ecological system.
Autotrophs are on the bottom followed by heterotrophs as you move up.
Ecological Pyramids
Section 2.2
Cycles in Nature
Section 2.2
There is a law in science that says that matter can never be created nor destroyed.
Cycles in Nature
Section 2.2
There is a law in science that says that matter can never be created nor destroyed.
Thus the atoms that make up the nutrients we need to live must be recycled.
Cycles in Nature
Section 2.2
The Water Cycle
Section 2.2
Condensation: When water in the air condenses on an object cooler than the air.
The Water Cycle
Section 2.2
Condensation: When water in the air condenses on an object cooler than the air.
Evaporation: When water is turned into a vapor.
The Water Cycle
Section 2.2
Condensation: When water in the air condenses on an object cooler than the air.
Evaporation: When water is turned into a vapor.
Precipitation: Rain,snow, and hail are good examples.
The Water Cycle
Section 2.2
Condensation: When water in the air condenses on an object cooler than the air.
Evaporation: When water is turned into a vapor.
Precipitation: Rain,snow, and hail are good examples.
Transpiration: When water passes through plants into the air as water vapor.
The Water Cycle
Section 2.2
Section 2.2
The Nitrogen Cycle
Section 2.2
Even though the air contains 78% Nitrogen, plants can not use Nitrogen in that form.
The Nitrogen Cycle
Section 2.2
Even though the air contains 78% Nitrogen, plants can not use Nitrogen in that form.
Lightning and certain bacteria convert Nitrogen in the air into a more useable form for plants.
The Nitrogen Cycle
Section 2.2
Even though the air contains 78% Nitrogen, plants can not use Nitrogen in that form.
Lightning and certain bacteria convert Nitrogen in the air into a more useable form for plants.
Fertilizer is a useable form of Nitrogen for plants.
The Nitrogen Cycle
Section 2.2
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Jump Start
Where does all energy ultimately come from?
What do you call it when water turns to vapor?
What do you call organisms that need to eat in order to get energy?
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