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Chapter 2 – Part 1
Hardware and Software
Why Learn About Hardware and Software?
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
2
Organizations invest in computer hardware to: Improve worker productivity Increase revenue, reduce costs Provide better customer service
What is Hardware ?
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
3
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer that perform the input, processing, storage, and output activities of the computer.
Hardware Components (continued)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
4
System unit: Houses the components responsible for
processing (the CPU and memory)
All other computer system devices: Are linked either directly or indirectly into
the system unit housing
Hardware Components (continued)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
5
System unit
System Unit Components6
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The part of the computer that consists of three associated elements: Arithmetic/logic unit the control unit the register areas
CPU Components
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU): Performs mathematical calculations and makes logical
comparisons.
Control unit: Sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes
them, and coordinates the flow of data in and out of the ALU, registers, primary storage, and even secondary storage and various output devices.
the register areas A special, high-speed storage area. All data must be
represented in a register before it can be processed.
Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed, and Capacity
8
Primary memoryholds program instructions and data, is closely associated with the CPU.
Processing Characteristics and Functions
9
- organizations use a variety of measures to measure processing speed. Clock speed:
Series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time
Often measured in: Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second
Physical characteristics of the CPU Most CPUs are collections of digital circuits imprinted on silicon
wafers, or chips. Electrical current must flow through a medium from point A to
point B. The speed at which it travels between points can be increased by
either reducing the distance between the points or reducing the resistance of the medium to the electrical current.
Memory Characteristics and Functions
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
10
Memory: Located physically close to the CPU to decrease
access time Provides the CPU with a working storage area for
programs and data Rapidly provides data and instructions to the
CPU
Storage capacity: Data is stored in memory as a combination of on
or off circuit states. byte (B): Eight bits that together represent a
single character of data.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition11
Memory Characteristics and Functions (continued)
Types of Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
1. Volatile memory
2. RAM chips consist of millions of switches that are sensitive to changes in electric current.
3. Read/write memory
1. Permanent storage
2. NonVolatile
3. programs and data from the computer manufacturer
4. Can be read, but not overwritten
Multiprocessing
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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Multiprocessing: Simultaneous execution of two or more
instructions at the same time. There are a number of forms of
multiprocessing:
1. Multicore microprocessor: Combines two or more independent
processors into a single computer to share the workload and boost processing capacity.
Multiprocessing (continued)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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2. Parallel computing: Simultaneous execution of the same task
on multiple processors to obtain results faster
The most frequent uses for parallel computing include modeling, simulation, and analyzing large amounts of data.
Secondary Storage
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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Secondary Storage
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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Secondary storage: Compared with memory,
offers the advantages of: Nonvolatility greater capacity greater economy.
Considerably slower than memory.
Secondary Storage
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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The selection of secondary storage media and devices requires understanding their primary characteristics: Access method Capacity Portability.
Access Methods18
Data and information access can be either sequential or direct. Sequential access:
Data is stored and retrieved in a sequential process. Must be accessed in sequence by searching through prior
data. Devices used called sequential access storage devices
(SASDs) such as : Magnetic tape.
Direct access: Records can be retrieved in any order Devices used are called direct access storage devices
(DASDs) such as magnetic disks.
Secondary Storage Devices19
Magnetic tapes: Primarily for storing backups of critical organizational data magnetized to represent bits sequential access storage medium access is slower, and usually less expensive than disk
storage.
Magnetic disks: Direct-access storage device. fast data retrieval high capacity Reasonable cost Hard Disk Drives & Floppy Disks (diskettes)
Secondary Storage Devices (continued)20
Optical discs: Common form of optical disc on which data cannot be modified once
it has been recorded: compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) CD-recordable (CD-R) CD-rewritable (CD-RW)
Digital video disc (DVD): Storage medium used to store software, video games, and movies
A Universal Serial Bus (USB) USB flash drives are external to the computer and are
removable and rewritable.
Input Devices
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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Input Devices22
Devices used to input general types of data:1. Personal computer input devices
A keyboard and a computer mouse are the mostcommon devices used for entry of data
2. Speech recognition technology Enables a computer equipped with a source of speech
input such as a microphone to interpret human speech as an alternative means of providing data or instructions to the computer.
Speech recognition SW requires voice recognition training.
Discrete speech recognition: requires pauses between each word.
Continuous speech recognition (CSR) recognizes continuous speech.
Input Devices23
3. Digital cameras record and store images or video in digital form
4. Touch-sensitive screens Display screens which function as input as well as output
devices. By touching certain parts of a sensitive screen, you can
execute a program or cause the computer to take an action
5. Optical data readers Special scanning device to scan documents.
Optical mark recognition (OMR) readers for test scoring. Optical Character recognition (OCR) readers use reflected
light to recognize and scan various characters. Can convert handwritten or typed documents into digital data
Input Devices (continued)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
24
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
A technology that employs a microchip with an antenna to broadcast its unique identifier and location to receivers.
Output Devices
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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Output Devices
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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1- Display monitorsUsed to display the output from the computer Types:
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRTs):
Used to display images ,it generate one or more electron beams. A dot on the screen called a pixel lights up. Plasma display:
Uses thousands of smart cells (pixels) consisting of electrodes and neon and xenon gases that are electrically turned into plasma to emit light
LCD displays: Flat displays that use liquid crystals
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRTs)
Output Devices (continued)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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2- Printers and plotters: Two main types of printers are laser printers
and inkjet printers
Plotters are a type of hard-copy output device used for general design work
Output Devices (continued)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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3- Digital audio player Can store, organize, and play
digital music files
4- E-books: Digital media equivalent of a
conventional printed book
Computer System Types29
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Computer System Types
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
30
Computer systems: Can range from desktop (or smaller)
portable computers to massive supercomputers that require housing in large rooms
Computer System Types31
Computer System Types
Portable Computers
Nonportable
Computers
Nonportable Single-
User Computers
Multiple-User
Computer Systems
1- Portable Computers
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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They are small enough to carry easily. Portable computers include : handheld computers laptop computers notebook computers netbook computers tablet computers.
Portable Computers (continued)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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Handheld computers: Single-user computers that provide ease
of portability because of their small size.
Laptop computer: Personal computer designed for use by
mobile users
Notebook computers: Lightweight computer that weighs less
than 5 pounds
Portable Computers (continued)
34
Netbook computer: The smallest, lightest, least expensive member of
the laptop computer family
Tablet computers: Portable, lightweight computers with no keyboard
Smartphone: Combines the functionality of a mobile phone,
camera, Web browser, e-mail tool, MP3 player, and other devices
2- Nonportable Single-User Computers35
Thin client: Low-cost, centrally managed computer with
no extra drives (such as CD or DVD drives). Desktop computers:
A relatively small, inexpensive, single-user computer that is highly versatile.
Thin client computerDesktop computer
Nonportable Single-User Computers (continued)
36
Workstations: More powerful than personal computers but
still small enough to fit on a desktop. used for mathematical computing,
computer-aided design, and other high-end processing.
2- Multiple-User Computer Systems
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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Server: More powerful than workstations. Used by many users to perform a specific
task, such as running network or Internet applications
Multiple-User Computer Systems (continued)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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Mainframe computer: Large, powerful computer shared
by hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine over a network
Supercomputers: The most powerful computers
with the fastest processing speed and highest performance
Mainframe computer Supercomputers
Computer System Types (continued)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
39
Computer System Types (continued)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
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