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Chapter 2:INTRODUCTION TO
CORRELATES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
THINGS THAT MIGHT BE RELATED TO BEING ACTIVE
Chapter 2: AIMS
• to define motivation and its subcomponents• to put psychological constructs into the wider
context of different types of correlates of physical activity
• To understand descriptive approaches to motivation, including participation motives and reasons for ceasing participation, and barriers to physical activity
• to describe and comment on early approaches to the study of exercise and physical activity correlates.
What is motivation?
• Direction (choice)
• Persistence
• Continuing motivation
• Intensity
Maehr & Braskamp (1986)
Descriptive approaches to the study of physical activity motivation
• Motives for participation
• Barriers to participation
Percentage reporting selected motivating factors for participation
from the EU
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
%
Health Tensionrelease
Fitness Controlweight
EUUK
Note: Data show average of 15 countries (including the UK), and the UK separately (Zunft et al., 1999).
Motives for children’s physical activity
• Children aged 5-11 years are often physically active and are enthusiastic about activity
• They are motivated by enjoyment and social elements of participation
• For those aged 11-15 years, enjoyment is important
• This is enhanced when an element of choice is evident.
• Motives for weight control start to emerge in girls at this age.
Barriers assessment in National Fitness Survey for England (1992)
• Barrier:• PHYSICAL• EMOTIONAL• MOTIVATIONAL
• TIME• AVAILABILITY
• Example:• I’m too old• I’m not the sporty type• I haven’t got the
energy• I haven’t got the time• I can’t afford it
0 10 20 30 40 50
Injury
Not sporty
Need to relax
No time
%
men women
English men and women reporting selected physical activity barriers
Data from Allied Dunbar National Fitness Survey, 1992
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Injury
Not sporty
Need to rest
No time
%
16-34 35-54 55-69
Selected physical activity barriers for English women: Age differences
Data from Allied Dunbar National Fitness Survey, 1992
0 10 20 30 40 50
Injury
Not sporty
Need to rest
No time
%
16-34 35-54 55-69
Selected physical activity barriers for English men: Age differences
Data from Allied Dunbar National Fitness Survey, 1992
Barriers: Young people
• The decision to participate in PA is influenced by:perceptions of competenceby external constraints, such as money and
opposite sex friendsdegree of support from significant otherspast experiences, including school PE.
Barriers: Young people
• The decision to participate in PA is influenced by:Negative memories of school PE include
feelings of boredom and incompetence, lack of choice, and negative evaluation from peers.
Feelings of embarrassment in sport settings. These may be due to perceived incompetence or concerns over self-presentation associated with their physique during puberty.
Barriers: Children
• Time has been reported as a barrier for 5-11 year olds
• This may reflect less discretionary time being allowed by parents
• Environmental barriers, such as road traffic and fear of safety may be inter-related with such barriers
Barriers: Adolescent girls
• Time barriers
• School work
• Perceived effort required to be active.
Correlates of one sedentary behaviour in children: TV viewing
• positive associations with TV viewing:non-white ethnicitybody weightbetween-meal snackingparents’ TV viewing habitsWeekendhaving a TV in the bedroom.
Gorely et al., 2004
Correlates of one sedentary behaviour in children: TV viewing
• negative associations with TV viewing:parental income and educationnumber of parents in the house.
Gorely et al., 2004
Chapter 2: Conclusions 1
• only a minority of people in industrialised countries are sufficiently physically active to have a beneficial effect on their health
• This necessitates a greater understanding of the determinants (correlates) of involvement in exercise and physical activity, including motivation
• motivation involves different behaviours, including choice, persistence, continuing motivation, and intensity
• For children and youth common motives are fun, skill development, affiliation, fitness, success and challenge
• For adults, motives change across stages of the lifecycle. • Younger adults are motivated more by challenge, skill development
and fitness• Older adults are more interested in participation for reasons of
health, relaxation and enjoyment.
Chapter 2: Conclusions 2
• key barriers are lack of time and, for young people, issues of safety and feelings of incompetence.
• correlates of sedentary behaviour in the form of TV viewing can be identified, but they are largely non-modifiable. TV viewing may be better studied alongside other sedentary and active behaviours rather than in isolation