Chapter 2 Europe Looks Outward. Chapter 2: Europe Looks Outward Section 1: Age of Exploration Section 1: Age of Exploration Section 2: Spain’s Empire

Chapter 2

Europe Looks Outward

Chapter 2: Europe Looks Outward

Section 1: Age of Exploration

Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas

Section 3: Europeans Compete in America

Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America


The Vikings were the earliest people from Europe and Asia sailing to the Americas. Evidence shows these trips were rare, if they occurred at all.

Lief Erickson, a Viking, in 1001 sailed to the northern tip of North America. They settled in a town they called Vinland which is present day New Foundland.


First Visitors From Europe The Voyages of Columbus

Columbus intended to reach Asia Gained financing from Spain after Portugal refused

Setting Sail @90 men, three ships, and 170 miles per day Land was sighted on October 12, 1492 Columbus sailed around what today are the lesser and greater

Antilles, Bahamas, landing at Hispaniola and Cuba meeting Tainos

Spain backs more voyages Columbus named governor of all he had claimed

In September 1493 he returned with many ships, soldiers, and settlers, continues to explore, lands in South America in 1498

Columbus dies in 1506, still convinced he had found Asia


The Continuing Search for Asia Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1513)

Spanish settler in the Caribbean, explored Panama, first European to see the Pacific Ocean. He claimed it for Spain

Ferdinand Magellan (1519) Continued the search for a water route to Asia with 3 ships Followed the South American coast for more than a year looking for

a strait Eventually they rounded the southern tip of South America

Became known as the Straits of Magellan

Landed in the Philippines Magellan and most of his men were killed 18 men returned in 1 ship First to circumnavigate the globe



The Columbian Exchange Transfer of people, products, and ideas between hemispheres

Both positive and negative exchanges

Positive Europeans brought cows, hogs, wheat and oats Americans returned llamas, squirrels, muskrats, corn

Negative - Thousands of Americans died from diseases


Spanish Conquistadors Cortés and Pizarro

Both used similar methods to take the land from the Incas and Aztecs

The enemy of my enemy is my friend

Why were the Spanish victorious? Technology and Timing

Horses, muskets, armor, cannon vs. spears, knives, bows Aztecs were hated by other tribes, Inca had just finished a civil war

Conquest of the Aztecs

1518 Aztecs spotted sailors in ships in Gulf of Mexico. The emperor Montezuma thought the Spanish were sent to them by their gods.

The Spanish sailors led by Herando Cortez wanted the Aztec gold.

The Spanish defeated the Aztecs and destroyed their city.


A few years later, Francisco Pizzaro, a conquistador, conquered the Incas. He captured and executed the Incan emperor Atahualpa.

The Aztecs and Incas were easily defeated by the Spanish because they did not have guns, swords, cannons, horses, and armor.


Spanish Explorers in North America Florida (Named for the beautiful flowers seen)

1513 – Ponce de Leon sailed north from Puerto Rico First Spaniard to set foot in what became America Tales of golden cities led other explorers north from Mexico


Francisco Coronado

1540, Francisco Coronado explored southwest in search of the famous “Seven Cities of gold” in the area of the Grand Canyon today


Hernado De Soto

1539 discovered the Mississippi River


Colonizing Spanish America Plantations – large farms worked by laborers who lived on the

property. Encomiendas – land grants that included the rights to demand labor

or taxes from the Native Americans

Law of the Indies permitted 3 types settlements: Missions – religious settlements to convert Indians to Christianity Pueblo – civilian town for farming & trade Presidio – military settlement, forts


Society on the Spanish Colonies (4 Social Classes) Peninsulares – colonists who had been born in Spain government

workers in New Spain Creoles – welathiest colonists born in America of 2 Spanish parents Mestizos – mixed Spanish and Indian blood. Farmers worked on

land owned by Creoles Mulattos – Spanish and African heritage. Poverty for hundreds of

years

Mestizos

Mulattos

Wealthier

Peninsulares

Creoles


Conflicts in Europe Religious Conflict

By 1530 many countries had split with the Roman Catholic Church and followed Protestant teachings

John Calvin influenced Protestant Teachings Henry VIII of England broke with the Catholic Church because they

would not grant him a divorce

Economic Conflict Religious tensions and wars caused European nations to depend only

on themselves Brought out Mercantilism

Colonies existed to make the home country wealthy and powerful


Mercantilism


The Spanish Armada Protestant English Queen Elizabeth I renewed tensions with Catholic

Spain Phillip of Spain sent 130 warships to England in hopes of forcing

Elizabeth from the throne in 1588 English ships met the Armada off the coast of France

Less than half of Spain’s ships returned

The defeat of Spain and the shift of power allowed England and France to begin colonizing the Americas

Asia Continues to Beckon The Northern Voyages

In 1497, Italian explorer John Cabot claimed a northern route rather than southern to Asia would be shorter and easier


Cabot (with English funding) sailed west across the Atlantic and explored Newfoundland – possibly even as far south as the Chesapeake Bay

Europeans realized that Cabot had been not to Asia, but to an unexplored land

England, France and Holland all sent explorers to the new land in search of a Northwest Passage Water route through or around North America connecting the Atlantic

and Pacific

Many explorers searched for this passage including Giovanni Verrazano 1524 discovered the Carolinas Jaques Cartier 1530s sailed up St. Lawrence River to Canada Henry Hudson 1609 sailed into New York Harbor


New France Life in New France

Differed from New Spain

New France New Spain

Profited from fur and fish

Traded with Native Americans

Treated Natives with respect, almost as equals

Sought precious metals

Forced Native Americans into labor

Interested in changing the culture and religion of Natives


Employees from fur companies used canoes to travel up and down rivers Coureurs de bois – runners of the woods 1605, 1st permanent French colony settled by Samuel

Champlain, Port royal Negotiated with Native Americans for furs and fish

Many settled in Native American villages and married Native American women

Exploring the Mississippi Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet

Found a water route from the north to the gulf of Mexico


New Netherland The Dutch also hoped to profit in America. 1626, Peter Minuit founded land along the Hudson River Valley

(present day New York and NYC) He purchased Manhattan from the Natives and named it New

Amsterdam. The entire colony was named New Netherland The Dutch & French formed alliances with the local Native

Americans. Agreed to help each other. Many Ditch customs were brought here like Christmas and Ice

Skating. Dutch also brought African slaves to build their colonies.. Dutch lands were based on Henry Hudson’s explorations

Dutch lands were a barrier to English expansion to the west

King James (of England) granted these Dutch lands to his brother the Duke of York When he took the lands over, they were renamed in his honor



The Impact on Native Americans Long before Europeans came, Native American groups had

disagreements The Iroquois and Huron were enemies The Iroquois had alliances with the Dutch The Huron had alliances with the French

Both Dutch and French provided the Natives with Guns Natives used those guns against each other

As demand for fur decreased – the value of Native Americans to the Europeans decreased The Europeans began to value their land more

Documents

Chapter 2 Europe Looks Outward. Chapter 2: Europe Looks Outward Section 1: Age of Exploration Section 1: Age of Exploration Section 2: Spain’s Empire