Chapter 14 Blood

• Connective tissue• Functions: transport, maintains

fluid/solid homeostasis, distributes heat, immunity

• 8% of body weight ~ 5 liters

Hematocrit: = packed cell volume 55% plasma 45% RBC <1% WBC, platelets

CellsHematopeietic stem cells

1. Myeloid (rbc, wbc, platelets, macrophages

2. Lymphoid (lymphocytes cells, macrophages)

Red Blood Cells = Erythrocytes• Small• Biconcave – increases surface area for gas

attachment• No nucleus• No mitochondria (Use glycolysis to make only 2

ATPs)

http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-11/first-transfusion-lab-grown-blood-success

Hemoglobin• 1/3 of cell is hemoglobin

• Hemoglobin (Hb) + O2 = oxyhemoglobin = red color

• Hb – O2 = deoxyhemoglobin = dark red/purple

• Cyanosis = low O2 = increased oxyHb and looks blue

• Cold temperatures make you look blue from decreased blood flow (more oxyHb)

Carbon Monoxide• Binds to RBC better

than oxygen.• Not good • Kills us silently• Cant smell it or taste

it.

Sickle Cell Disease

Erythropoiesis – RBC production

Erythropoietin hormone – negative feedback mechanism

Bone Marrow

Diet and Blood Cell ProductionB12 and folic acid needed for DNA synthesis, and intrinsic factor in stomach needed for absorption

Iron (heme) – need vitamin C for Fe absorption

Anemia= low rbc or low Hb (especially during pregnancy due to increased blood volume that decreases hematocrit levels)

White Blood CellsHormones: interleukin and colony-stimulating factor (CSF) stimulate development

Granulocytes vs. Agranulocytes (cytoplasmic granules) a) neutrophils – phagocytosis of bacteria cells a) monocytes – lysosomes for phagocytosis b)eosinophils – kills parasites, allergies b) lymphocytes – T cells and B cells c) basophils – releases chemicals like histimine to increase blod vessel size (inflammation), heparin to thin blood

Neutrophils(nucleus has several lobes)

Active phagocytes60% of WBCFound in pus of wounds

Eosinophils

Mainly attack parasites

2% of WBC

Basophils

Produces heparin and histamines

Important in inflammatory response

1% of WBC

Monocytes(large, horeshoe-shaped nucleus, agranular)

Become macrophages

6% of WBC

Lymphocytes(dark nucleus takes up most of cell, very little cytoplasm)

Make antibodies

30% of WBC

Leukemia

Test Yourself!

A = red blood cellB= lymphocyteC = neutrophilD= eosinophilE = neutrophilF = monocyteG = plateletH = lymphocyteI = eosinophilJ = basophil

When you are ready, click the mouse to see the answers.

Chemotaxis

PUSDamaged cells release chemical signals (CAMs) that attract more leukocytes.

Diapediesis = movement of wbc

Platelets = thrombocytes• Cell fragments• Developed in response to thrombopoietin• Amoebic movements• ½ size of rbc• Sticky and release serotonin to contract blood vessel walls to

decrease blood flow

PlasmaFunctions:• 92% water• Transport nutrients, gases,

vitamins, proteins, etc.• Regulate fluids and

electrolytes• Maintain pH levels

This machine removes the plasma from the blood and returns the RBC’s to the donor.

Proteins1. Albumins• Smallest, 60% of proteins in plasma• Synthesized in liver• Help transport bilirubin, fatty acids, hormones• Helps maintain osmotic pressure (proteins too large to cross

membrane therefore holds fluid in vessels) – regulates fluid and blood pressure• Especially important in pregnancy

EDEMA

KWASHIORKOR

2. Globulins – 36% of plasma• α alpha – from liver• β beta- from liver• γ gamma – from lymph, type of antibody

(immunoglobulins)3. Fibrinogen: 4% of plasma, converted to fibrin

• largest• blood coagulation

Gases and Nutrients O2, CO2, N2

Amino acids

Monosaccharides

Nucleotides

Lipids – because plasma is mostly water, lipids must be bound to proteins (lipoprotein complexes)

Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances (NPN)

Amino acids- from protein digestionUrea- from protein digestion

Uric acid – from nucleic acid digestion

Excreted in Urine

CreatineCreatinine

• Found as creatine phosphate in muscle, brain, and blood.

• Stores energy in bonds like ATP does• A high level indicates kidney disorder

Plasma ElectrolytesNa – muscle and neuronsCl – muscle and neuronHCO3 – maintains pH and osmotic pressureK – muscles and neuronsCa – nerve and blood clottingMg – muscle, bone, teeth, enzyme actionPO4 – ATP and DNA synthesis

ClottingA. Blood Vessel Spasm (vasospasm) – contracts bv to decrease blood loss

B. Platelet Plug = platelets and collagen

C. Blood coagulation – blood clot cascade (vitamin K is necessary), uses fibrin (converted from fibrinogen by “thrombin” enzyme)

Thrombus – clot in a blood vessel (Ex – Deep Vein Thrombosis)

Embolus – dslodged clot or fragment that breaks loose and carried in blood**Atherosclerosis can cause this by changing arterial lining

Blood Groups and Transfusions

31+ different genes and over 29 different blood groups

Agglutination

Erythroblastosis fetalis – Rh incompatibility

RhoGAM

More Info About Bombay Blood Type:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hh_antigen_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systems

See a list of all the rare blood groups:

Blood chip – new way to diagnose diseasehttp://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/03/16/standalone-lab-on-a-chip/