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Chapter 17: Blood. William Harvey 1578-1657 Discovered the nature of blood and circulation with the heart. Figure 17.1: The major components of whole blood, p. 647. Plasma (55% of whole blood). Buffy coat: leukocytes and platelets (
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Chapter 17:Blood
William Harvey 1578-1657Discovered the nature of
blood and circulation with the heart.
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 17.1: The major components of whole blood, p. 647.
Plasma(55% of whole blood)
Erythrocytes(45% of whole blood)
Buffy coat:leukocytes and platelets(<1% of whole blood) Formed
elementsCentrifugeWithdraw bloodand place in tube
21
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 17.2: Photomicrograph of a human blood smear stained with Wright’s stain, p. 649.
Erythrocytes
LymphocyteNeutrophils
Platelets Monocyte
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 17.9: Types and relative percentages of leukocytes in normal blood, p. 657.
Formedelements
Platelets
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes
DifferentialWBC count(All total 4800– 10,800/ml)
Granulocytes• Neutrophils (50–70%)
Agranulocytes• Lymphocytes (25–45%)
• Eosinophils (2–4%)
• Basophils (0.5–1%)
• Monocytes (3–8%)
John Jacob Abel 1857 – 1938Endocrinologist who was extensively
involved with work on insulin and adrenalin. His most famous work
however was in designing blood dialysis.
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 17.4: Structure of hemoglobin, p. 651.
(a) (b)
N
N
CH2CH2COOH
CH2CH2COOH
CH3
H3C
H3C
CH3H2C=CH
H2C=CH
N
N
Fe
Polypeptidechain
2
1
1
2
Hemoglobin Iron-containing heme group
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 17.6: Erythropoietin mechanism for regulating erythropoiesis, p. 653.
Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels
IncreasesO2- carryingability of blood
Erythropoietinstimulates redbone marrow
Reduces O2 levelsin blood
Kidney (and liver to a smallerextent) releases erythropoietin
Enhancederythropoiesisincreases RBC count
Stimulus: Hypoxia due todecreased RBC count,decreased amount of hemoglobin, or decreased availability of O2
Start
Imbalance
Imbalance
Higher Elevation leads to lowered oxygen levels.
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 17.7: Life cycle of red blood cells, p. 654.
Hemoglobin
Aminoacids
Globin
Raw materials aremade available inblood for erythrocytesynthesis.
Iron is bound to transferrin and released to blood from liver as needed for erythropoiesis
Food nutrients,including aminoacids, Fe, B12,and folic acidare absorbedfrom intestineand enter blood
Heme
Circulation
Iron storedas ferritin,hemosiderin
Bilirubin
Bilirubin is picked up fromblood by liver, secreted intointestine in bile, metabolizedto stercobilin by bacteriaand excreted in feces
Erythropoietin levelsrise in blood.
Erythropoietin and necessaryraw materials in blood promoteerythropoiesis in red bone marrow.
New erythrocytesenter bloodstream;function about120 days.
Low O2 levels in blood stimulatekidneys to produce erythropoietin.
Aged and damaged redblood cells are engulfed bymacrophages of liver, spleen,and bone marrow; the hemoglobinis broken down.
1
2
3
45
6
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 17.5: Erythropoiesis: genesis of red blood cells, p. 652.
Stem cell
Hemocytoblast ProerythroblastEarlyerythroblast
Lateerythroblast Normoblast
Phase 1Ribosome synthesis
Phase 2Hemoglobin accumulation
Phase 3Ejection of nucleus
Reticulocyte Erythrocyte
Committed cell Developmental pathway
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 17.11: Leukocyte formation, p. 661.
Hemocytoblast
Myeloid stem cell Lymphoid stem cell
Myeloblast MyeloblastMyeloblast Lymphoblast
Stem cells
Committedcells
Promyelocyte PromyelocytePromyelocyte Promonocyte Prolymphocyte
Eosinophilicmyelocyte
Neutrophilicmyelocyte
Basophilicmyelocyte
Eosinophilicband cells
Neutrophilicband cells
Basophilicband cells
Develop-mentalpathway
Eosinophils NeutrophilsBasophils
Granular leukocytesPlasma cells
Some become
Monocytes Lymphocytes
Macrophages (tissues)
Agranularleukocytes
Some become
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 17.12: Genesis of platelets, p. 662.
Stem cell Developmental pathway
Hemocytoblast Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Platelets
Karl Landsteiner – 1901 discovered the ABO blood groups
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 17.15: Blood typing of ABO blood types, p. 671.
SerumAnti-A
RBCs
Anti-B
Type AB (containsagglutinogensA and B)
Blood being tested
Type B (containsagglutinogen B)
Type A (containsagglutinogen A)
Type O (containsno agglutinogens)