Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Chapter 14Chapter 14

Blood Vessels and Blood Blood Vessels and Blood CirculationCirculation

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

The Vascular SystemThe Vascular System

• Closed systemClosed system– Blood vesselsBlood vessels– Four heart chambersFour heart chambers

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Blood VesselsBlood Vessels

• Five types of blood vesselsFive types of blood vessels

• ArteriesArteries

• ArteriolesArterioles

• CapillariesCapillaries

• VenulesVenules

• VeinsVeins

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

• Checkpoint 14-1: What are the Checkpoint 14-1: What are the five types of blood vessels?five types of blood vessels?

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Blood CircuitsBlood Circuits

• Two groups of blood vesselsTwo groups of blood vessels• The pulmonary circuitThe pulmonary circuit

– Pulmonary artery and its branchesPulmonary artery and its branches– Capillaries in lungsCapillaries in lungs– Pulmonary veinsPulmonary veins

• The systemic circuitThe systemic circuit– AortaAorta– Systemic capillariesSystemic capillaries– Systemic veinsSystemic veins

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Blood flow in a closed system of vessels

ZOOMING IN • Judging from the colorcoding. Which vessels pick up oxygen?

Which vessels release oxygen?

Pulmonary capillaries

Systemic capillaries

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Checkpoint 14-2: Checkpoint 14-2: What are the two What are the two blood circuits and what areas blood circuits and what areas does each serve?does each serve?

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Vessel StructureVessel Structure

• Three tunics (coats) of arteries and Three tunics (coats) of arteries and veinsveins– Inner (endothelium)Inner (endothelium)– Middle (smooth [involuntary] muscle)Middle (smooth [involuntary] muscle)

• Controlled by autonomic nervous systemControlled by autonomic nervous system

• Thinner in veinsThinner in veins

– Outer (supporting connective tissue)Outer (supporting connective tissue)

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Sections of small blood vessels

ZOOMING IN • Which vessels have valves that control blood flow?

Veins

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Cross-section of an artery and vein

ZOOMING IN •Which type ofvessel shown has a thicker wall

Artery

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

• Checkpoint 14-3: Checkpoint 14-3: What type of tissue What type of tissue makes up the middle layer of arteries and makes up the middle layer of arteries and veins, and how is this tissue controlled?veins, and how is this tissue controlled?

• Checkpoint 14-4: Checkpoint 14-4: How many cell layers How many cell layers make up the wall of a capillary?make up the wall of a capillary?

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Systemic ArteriesSystemic Arteries

• The aortaThe aorta– Largest arteryLargest artery– Receives blood from left ventricleReceives blood from left ventricle– Branches to all organsBranches to all organs

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

The Aorta and Its PartsThe Aorta and Its Parts

• Ascending aortaAscending aorta

• Aortic archAortic arch

• Thoracic aortaThoracic aorta

• Abdominal aortaAbdominal aorta

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

The aorta and its branches  

ZOOMING IN • How many brachiocephalic arteries are there?

There is one brachiocephalic artery and two brachiocephalic veins

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Principal systemic arteries

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Branches of the Ascending Aorta and Branches of the Ascending Aorta and Aortic ArchAortic Arch

• Ascending aortaAscending aorta– Left and right coronary arteriesLeft and right coronary arteries

• Aortic archAortic arch– Brachiocephalic arteryBrachiocephalic artery

• Right subclavian arteryRight subclavian artery

• Right common carotid arteryRight common carotid artery

– Left common carotid arteryLeft common carotid artery– Left subclavian arteryLeft subclavian artery

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Branches of the Thoracic AortaBranches of the Thoracic Aorta

• Branches to chest wall, esophagus, and Branches to chest wall, esophagus, and bronchibronchi

• Intercostal arteriesIntercostal arteries

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Branches of the Abdominal Branches of the Abdominal AortaAorta

• Celiac trunkCeliac trunk– Left gastric arteryLeft gastric artery– Splenic arterySplenic artery– Hepatic arteryHepatic artery

• Superior mesenteric arterySuperior mesenteric artery• Inferior mesenteric arteryInferior mesenteric artery• Paired lateral branchesPaired lateral branches

– Phrenic arteriesPhrenic arteries– Suprarenal arteriesSuprarenal arteries– Renal arteriesRenal arteries– Ovarian and testicular arteriesOvarian and testicular arteries– Lumbar arteriesLumbar arteries

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Checkpoint 14-5: Checkpoint 14-5: What are the subdivisions What are the subdivisions of the aorta, largest artery?of the aorta, largest artery?

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

The Iliac Arteries and Their The Iliac Arteries and Their SubdivisionSubdivision

• Common iliac arteriesCommon iliac arteries– Internal iliac arteriesInternal iliac arteries– External iliac arteriesExternal iliac arteries

• Femoral arteryFemoral artery– Popliteal arteryPopliteal artery

» Tibial arteriesTibial arteries

» Dorsalis pedisDorsalis pedis

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Arteries That Branch to the Arm and Arteries That Branch to the Arm and HeadHead

• External carotid arteryExternal carotid artery

• Internal carotid arteryInternal carotid artery

• Subclavian arterySubclavian artery– Vertebral arteryVertebral artery– Axillary arteryAxillary artery

• Brachial arteryBrachial artery– Radial arteryRadial artery

– Ulnar arteryUlnar artery

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

• Checkpoint 14-6: Checkpoint 14-6: What arteries are formed What arteries are formed by the final division of the abdominal by the final division of the abdominal aorta?aorta?

• Checkpoint 14-7: Checkpoint 14-7: What areas are supplied What areas are supplied by the brachiocephalic artery?by the brachiocephalic artery?

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

AnastomosesAnastomoses

• Communication between two vesselsCommunication between two vessels– Circle of WillisCircle of Willis– Superficial palmar archSuperficial palmar arch– Mesenteric archesMesenteric arches– Arterial archesArterial arches

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Arteries that supply the brain

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Capillary network showing anarteriovenous shunt (anastomosis).

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Checkpoint 14-8: Checkpoint 14-8: What is an anastomosis?What is an anastomosis?

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Systemic VeinsSystemic Veins

• Superficial veinsSuperficial veins– Cephalic, basilic, median cubital Cephalic, basilic, median cubital

veinsveins– Saphenous veinsSaphenous veins

• Deep veinsDeep veins– Femoral and iliac veinsFemoral and iliac veins– Brachial, axillary, subclavian veinsBrachial, axillary, subclavian veins– Jugular veinsJugular veins– Brachiocephalic veinBrachiocephalic vein

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

The Venae Cavae and Their Tributaries

• Superior vena cava• Head, neck, upper extremities• Azygos vein

• Chest wall• Inferior vena cava

• Right, left veins from paired parts, organs• Unpaired veins from spleen, digestive tract

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Principal systemic veins  

ZOOMING IN • How many brachiocephalic veins are there?

Two

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

• Checkpoint 14-9: Checkpoint 14-9: Veins are described as Veins are described as superficial or deep. What does superficial superficial or deep. What does superficial mean?mean?

• Checkpoint 14-10: Checkpoint 14-10: What two large veins What two large veins drain the systemic blood vessels and drain the systemic blood vessels and empty into the right atrium?empty into the right atrium?

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Venous SinusesVenous Sinuses

• Coronary sinusCoronary sinus

• Cranial venous sinusesCranial venous sinuses– Cavernous sinusesCavernous sinuses

• Petrosal sinusesPetrosal sinuses

– Superior sagittal sinusSuperior sagittal sinus• Confluence of sinusesConfluence of sinuses

– Transverse sinuses (lateral sinuses)Transverse sinuses (lateral sinuses)

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Cranial venous sinuses

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Checkpoint 14-11: Checkpoint 14-11: What is a venous sinus?What is a venous sinus?

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

The Hepatic Portal SystemThe Hepatic Portal System

• Carries blood from abdominal Carries blood from abdominal organs to liverorgans to liver

• Superior mesenteric veinSuperior mesenteric vein

• Splenic veinSplenic vein

• Gastric, pancreatic, inferior Gastric, pancreatic, inferior mesenteric veinsmesenteric veins

• SinusoidsSinusoids

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Hepatic portal systemZOOMING IN • What vessel do the hepatic veins drain into?

Inferior vena cava

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

• Checkpoint 14-12: Checkpoint 14-12: The hepatic portal The hepatic portal system takes blood from the abdominal system takes blood from the abdominal organs to what organ?organs to what organ?

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

The Physiology of CirculationThe Physiology of Circulation

• Blood exchanges oxygen, carbon dioxide, Blood exchanges oxygen, carbon dioxide, other substances generated by cellsother substances generated by cells

• Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) is Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) is exchange mediumexchange medium

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Capillary ExchangeCapillary Exchange

• How substances move between cells and How substances move between cells and capillary bloodcapillary blood– DiffusionDiffusion

• Main process Main process

– Blood pressureBlood pressure• Moves material into tissue fluidMoves material into tissue fluid

– Osmotic pressureOsmotic pressure• Draws material into capillariesDraws material into capillaries

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Connection between small blood vessels through capillaries.

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Checkpoint 14-13: Checkpoint 14-13: As materials diffuse back As materials diffuse back and forth between the blood and tissue and forth between the blood and tissue fluid across the capillary wall, what force fluid across the capillary wall, what force helps to push materials out of the helps to push materials out of the capillary? capillary?

What force helps to draw materials into the What force helps to draw materials into the capillary?capillary?

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

The Dynamics of Blood FlowThe Dynamics of Blood Flow

• Vasomotor center in medulla regulates Vasomotor center in medulla regulates vasomotor activitiesvasomotor activities– VasodilationVasodilation– VasoconstrictionVasoconstriction

• Precapillary sphincterPrecapillary sphincter

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

• Checkpoint 14-14: Checkpoint 14-14: Name the two types of Name the two types of vasomotor changes.vasomotor changes.

• Checkpoint 14-15: Checkpoint 14-15: Where are vasomotor Where are vasomotor activities regulated?activities regulated?

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Return of Blood to the HeartReturn of Blood to the Heart

• Mechanisms that promote blood’s Mechanisms that promote blood’s return to heartreturn to heart– Contraction of skeletal musclesContraction of skeletal muscles– ValvesValves– BreathingBreathing

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Role of skeletal muscles and valves in blood return

ZOOMING IN • Which of the two valves shown is closer to the heart?

Proximal valve

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

The PulseThe Pulse

• Ventricular contractionVentricular contraction• Wave of increased pressureWave of increased pressure• Begins at heart and travels to arteriesBegins at heart and travels to arteries• Influenced by various factorsInfluenced by various factors

– Body sizeBody size– GenderGender– AgeAge– Muscular activityMuscular activity– EmotionEmotion– Body temperatureBody temperature– Thyroid secretionThyroid secretion

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Checkpoint 14-16: Checkpoint 14-16: What is the definition of What is the definition of pulse?pulse?

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Blood PressureBlood Pressure

• Force exerted by blood against vessel Force exerted by blood against vessel wallswalls

• Determined by heart’s output and Determined by heart’s output and resistance to blood flowresistance to blood flow

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Factors that influence blood pressure

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Cardiac OutputCardiac Output

• Volume of blood pumped out of each Volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minuteventricle in one minute– Heart rateHeart rate

• Beats per minuteBeats per minute

– Stroke volumeStroke volume• Controlled by force of contractionsControlled by force of contractions

CO = Heart rate X Stroke volumeCO = Heart rate X Stroke volume

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Resistance to Blood FlowResistance to Blood Flow

• Peripheral resistance is affected byPeripheral resistance is affected by

• Vasomotor changesVasomotor changes

• Elasticity of blood vesselsElasticity of blood vessels

• ViscosityViscosity

• Total blood volumeTotal blood volume

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

Measurement of Blood PressureMeasurement of Blood Pressure

• Pressure usually measured in the brachial Pressure usually measured in the brachial artery using a sphygmomanometerartery using a sphygmomanometer

• Systolic pressureSystolic pressure– Occurs during heart contractionOccurs during heart contraction

• Diastolic pressureDiastolic pressure– Occurs during heart relaxationOccurs during heart relaxation

Cop

yri

ght

© 2

00

4 L

ipp

inco

tt W

illia

ms

& W

ilkin

s

• Checkpoint 14-17: Checkpoint 14-17: What is the definition of What is the definition of blood pressure?blood pressure?

• Checkpoint 14-18: Checkpoint 14-18: What two components What two components of blood pressure are measured?of blood pressure are measured?