Chapter 13: The Expansion of American Industry. Section 1: A Technological Revolution

Chapter 13: The Chapter 13: The Expansion of Expansion of

American IndustryAmerican Industry

Section 1: Section 1: A Technological RevolutionA Technological Revolution

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3 Minute madness3 Minute madness

► Imagine how many times a day you Imagine how many times a day you use your phone. List approximately use your phone. List approximately how many times a day you use it and how many times a day you use it and the types of calls that you make. the types of calls that you make.

► If you lived before the telephone was If you lived before the telephone was invented, how do you think you would invented, how do you think you would have communicated with other have communicated with other people? How would your life be people? How would your life be different without a phone?different without a phone?

Setting the SceneSetting the Scene

►Turn to page 456 and follow along as Turn to page 456 and follow along as we read about Samuel Morse and his we read about Samuel Morse and his telegraph.telegraph.

Essential QuestionEssential Question

How and why did people’s daily lives How and why did people’s daily lives change in the decades following the change in the decades following the Civil War?Civil War?

Life in the 1860sLife in the 1860s► No indoor electric No indoor electric

lightslights► No refrigerationNo refrigeration► In 1860, most mail In 1860, most mail

from the East Coast from the East Coast took ten days to took ten days to reach the Midwest reach the Midwest and three weeks to and three weeks to get to the West get to the West Coast. A letter from Coast. A letter from Europe to a person Europe to a person on the frontier could on the frontier could take several months take several months to reach its to reach its destination. destination.

Life in the 1900sLife in the 1900s► Between 1860 and 1890 the Between 1860 and 1890 the

government issued almost government issued almost 500,000 patents–licenses 500,000 patents–licenses

► Power stations across the Power stations across the country provided electricity for country provided electricity for lamps, fans, printing presses, lamps, fans, printing presses, and many other appliances.and many other appliances.

► By 1900, there were 1.5 By 1900, there were 1.5 million telephones in use all million telephones in use all over the countryover the country

Changes in Daily Life

A Technological RevolutionA Technological RevolutionTechnologyTechnology ExamplesExamples Impact on Daily Life Impact on Daily Life

and Businessand Business

Electric PowerElectric Power RefrigeratorRefrigerator Reduced food spoilageReduced food spoilage

CommunicatiCommunicationon

Telegraph/Telegraph/TelephoneTelephone

Connected families in Connected families in distant parts, facilitated distant parts, facilitated expansion of national expansion of national businessesbusinesses

TransportatioTransportationn

Railroad networkRailroad network Revolutionized personal Revolutionized personal travel; led to time zones, travel; led to time zones, transformed the nature transformed the nature of business and industryof business and industry

Bessemer Bessemer ProcessProcess

Mass of steel Mass of steel productionproduction

Led to new industries Led to new industries and products, as well as and products, as well as the development of the development of skyscrapers and modern skyscrapers and modern bridgesbridges

New InventionsNew Inventions

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Experimented with a form of electricity called alternating current, which was less expensive and more practical than direct current, which Edison had used. By using a transformer, he improved the capabilities of power stations to make home use of electricity more practical.

George Westinghouse

Worked in Edison’s lab and patented an improved method for producing the filament in light bulbs

Lewis Latimer

An inventor from New Jersey who experimented with electric light. Developed a workable filament for the light bulb and the idea of a central power station to make electric power widely available.

Thomas A. Edison

Struck oil in Pennsylvania in 1859. New uses for oil grew rapidly. Oil refineries sprang up around the country as oil became a big business.

Edwin L. Drake

People develop new forms of Energy

The RailroadsThe Railroads

► On May 10, 1869, the On May 10, 1869, the transcontinental railroadtranscontinental railroad, , extending from coast to coast, was finished with the extending from coast to coast, was finished with the hammering of a golden spike at Promontory Point, hammering of a golden spike at Promontory Point, Utah.Utah.

► led to the development of many towns throughout led to the development of many towns throughout the western part of the United States.the western part of the United States.

► Before railroads, each town kept its own time, Before railroads, each town kept its own time, based on the position of the sun. In 1883, the based on the position of the sun. In 1883, the railroads adopted a national system of time zones railroads adopted a national system of time zones to improve scheduling, with four different time to improve scheduling, with four different time zones, eastern, central, mountain, and pacific. As a zones, eastern, central, mountain, and pacific. As a result, the clocks in broad regions of the country result, the clocks in broad regions of the country showed the same time, a system we still use today.showed the same time, a system we still use today.

RailroadsRailroads

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Railroads and IndustryRailroads and Industry

►Played a key role in revolutionizing Played a key role in revolutionizing business and industry in the United business and industry in the United States in several key ways.States in several key ways. They provided a faster, more practical They provided a faster, more practical

means of transporting goods.means of transporting goods. They lowered the costs of production.They lowered the costs of production. They created national markets.They created national markets. They provided a model for big business.They provided a model for big business. They encouraged innovation in other They encouraged innovation in other

industries.industries.

Bessemer ProcessBessemer Process

► In 1856, Henry Bessemer received the first In 1856, Henry Bessemer received the first patent for the patent for the Bessemer processBessemer process, which , which made steel production easier and less made steel production easier and less expensive.expensive.

► The Bessemer process made possible the The Bessemer process made possible the mass productionmass production, or production in great , or production in great amounts, of steel.amounts, of steel.

► As a result, a new age of building began. As a result, a new age of building began. The Brooklyn Bridge, designed with steel The Brooklyn Bridge, designed with steel cables suspended from high towers, was cables suspended from high towers, was one important project that was made one important project that was made possible by the mass production of steel.possible by the mass production of steel.

The Brooklyn Bridge: A Symbol The Brooklyn Bridge: A Symbol of American Successof American Success

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The Growth of Big BusinessThe Growth of Big Business

►Chapter 13 Section 2Chapter 13 Section 2►Pages 467 - 472Pages 467 - 472

3 Minute Madness3 Minute Madness

►Write down what you think is the Write down what you think is the difference between a “mom and pop” difference between a “mom and pop” business and a “big business”. business and a “big business”.

►Why do you think this time period Why do you think this time period (1860-1900) saw the birth and rapid (1860-1900) saw the birth and rapid growth of many different types of big growth of many different types of big businesses?businesses?


►Open your books to page 467 and Open your books to page 467 and meet Andrew Carnegie, one of the meet Andrew Carnegie, one of the most successful business leaders of most successful business leaders of American history.American history.


►Why were American industrialists of Why were American industrialists of the late 1800’s called both “robber the late 1800’s called both “robber barons” and “captains of industry”?barons” and “captains of industry”?

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie

Robber Baron or Captain of Robber Baron or Captain of Industry?Industry?

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The Story of Oil: John D. The Story of Oil: John D. Rockefeller and the Rockefeller and the

Standard Oil CompanyStandard Oil Company

Robber Baron or Captain of Robber Baron or Captain of Industry?Industry?

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Growth of BigBusiness

CausesFeatures

Effects

GovernmentRelations

Methods

CAUSESCAUSES

•Technological boom

•Heavy Investment in technology

•Railroads encouraged theexpansion of big business

•Social Darwinism helped create •favorable public opinion

FeaturesFeatures

•Large pools of capitals, large scaleof business operations

•Wider geographic span

•Revised role of ownership, manyowners, “professional managers”

•New administrative techniques

•Oligopolistic

•Economies of scale

•Robber barons vs. captains of industry

EffectsEffects

•Raised standard of living in the United States

•Opened up many jobs for immigrants and failed farmers

•Business cycles, including economic booms and downturns

•The United States became an industrial power, bringing new strengths and new challenges

Government RelationsGovernment Relations

•Friendly to big business

•Minimal interference in business practices

•Sherman Antitrust Act passed in 1890; used against labor unions, not big business

MethodsMethods

•Vertical consolidation(Carnegie Steel)

•Horizontal consolidation(Standard Oil)

•Formation of Trusts

•Economies of Scale

•Movement toward monopolisticcontrol of their industry

Industrialization and WorkersIndustrialization and Workers

►Chapter 13 Section 3Chapter 13 Section 3►Pages 473-476Pages 473-476


►Look at the tags in the articles of Look at the tags in the articles of clothing that you are wearing today clothing that you are wearing today (shirts, shoes, book bags, etc.). Make (shirts, shoes, book bags, etc.). Make a list of the countries where these a list of the countries where these items were made. items were made.


►What were the positive and negative What were the positive and negative effects of industrialization?effects of industrialization?


►Turn to page 473 and meet 13 year Turn to page 473 and meet 13 year old Sadie Frowne, a polish immigrant old Sadie Frowne, a polish immigrant from Poland.from Poland.

Effects of IndustrializationEffects of IndustrializationEvent/AspectEvent/Aspect Positive EffectsPositive Effects Negative EffectsNegative EffectsGrowing Work Growing Work ForceForce

Open up many new jobs Open up many new jobs for immigrants and ex-for immigrants and ex-farmersfarmers

Increasing supply of Increasing supply of workers drives wages workers drives wages down; whole families down; whole families are forced to workare forced to work

Scientific Scientific Management and Management and Division of LaborDivision of Labor

Increases business Increases business efficiency and efficiency and productivityproductivity

Workers are unhappy Workers are unhappy being manage in this being manage in this way; work becomes way; work becomes more routine; more routine; increased efficiency increased efficiency can lead to layoffs.can lead to layoffs.

Piecework SalaryPiecework Salary The more you produce, The more you produce, the more you get paid – the more you get paid – benefits stronger, benefits stronger, younger workersyounger workers

No insurance for No insurance for injuries; older slower injuries; older slower workers get paid less workers get paid less for the same number for the same number of work hoursof work hours

Unsafe/Unhealthful Unsafe/Unhealthful ConditionsConditions

NoneNone Negative impact on Negative impact on worker health-worker health-especially childrenespecially children

Read Read

►Read page 476 – Read page 476 – Working Families Working Families and answer the following questions:and answer the following questions: Why was it necessary for entire families to Why was it necessary for entire families to

work?work? By the end of the 1800’s, how many By the end of the 1800’s, how many

children were working? children were working? Why did children work?Why did children work?

Look at the photos on page 476- How do Look at the photos on page 476- How do you think Americans at the time reacted you think Americans at the time reacted to photos such as these?to photos such as these?

The Darker Side of Progress: The Darker Side of Progress: Poor Working Conditions in Poor Working Conditions in

Factories Factories

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The Great StrikesThe Great Strikes

►Chapter 13 Section 4Chapter 13 Section 4►Pages 477 - 483Pages 477 - 483


►Working with a partner, choose the Working with a partner, choose the ways people would react to the ways people would react to the following situation:following situation: Restaurant workers are told than unless Restaurant workers are told than unless

they agree to work four additional evening they agree to work four additional evening hours each week for no extra pay, they hours each week for no extra pay, they will be fired. will be fired.


►What were the successes and failures What were the successes and failures of labor unions?of labor unions?


►Open your books to page 477 and hear Open your books to page 477 and hear what Samuel Gompers has to say what Samuel Gompers has to say about workers and their poor working about workers and their poor working conditions.conditions.

Labor Unions

Successes FailuresFailuresThe Knights of Labor protected The Knights of Labor protected railroad wages from being cut in railroad wages from being cut in 1885 through the use of the strike1885 through the use of the strike

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 turned violent, giving the public turned violent, giving the public and the government a bad taste and the government a bad taste for labor unionsfor labor unions

Unions helped workers during bad Unions helped workers during bad economic times and provided a economic times and provided a support base for struggling support base for struggling workersworkers

The Haymarket Riot of 1886 The Haymarket Riot of 1886 turned violentturned violent

Unions provided a forum for Unions provided a forum for workers to express and file their workers to express and file their complaints to employerscomplaints to employers

The Homestead Strike of 1892 The Homestead Strike of 1892 turned violentturned violent

The AFL introduced collective The AFL introduced collective bargaining as a useful tool for bargaining as a useful tool for workersworkers

Pullman, 1894: The ARU lost a Pullman, 1894: The ARU lost a battle against the government, battle against the government, Eugene V. Debs was arrested, Eugene V. Debs was arrested, and the ARU was dissolvedand the ARU was dissolved

The ARU successful organized an The ARU successful organized an industrial railroad workers’ union industrial railroad workers’ union and won a battle for workers and won a battle for workers against the Great Northern against the Great Northern RailroadRailroad

In general, labor unions could not In general, labor unions could not gain the government support they gain the government support they neededneeded

Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike

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Current StrikesCurrent Strikes

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Chapter 13: The Expansion of American Industry. Section 1: A Technological Revolution