Three Views of the Industrial Revolution Technological Change
Social Change Prime Actors/Industrialists Industrial Revolution
Slide 2 The Industrial Age Cometh!!! Industrial Revolution2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcr-KLBOhv8 Slide 3 Industrial
Revolution -- Definition Prime foci were: technology and
organization transforming the way in which goods production was
accomplished and organized --Unprecedented expansion of output and
productivity Resulted in and from new organizational, social,
economic, and political inventions and developments not just
industrial ones Industrial Revolution3 Slide 4 Impacts of
Industrial Revolution QOL -- Substantial increase in Quality of
Life including standard of living Demographic Transition
(especially in the Western World) GLOBALIZATION -- Set the stage
for modern phase of Globalization and all of its impacts Industrial
Revolution4 Slide 5 5 Three Approaches Technological (Machines)
Approach emphasizes the mechanics of the production Social
(Organizational) Approach emphasized changing societal structures,
institutions, and relationships Inventor/Entrepreneur/Industrialist
(Great Man) Approach emphasizes the Great Individual Slide 6
Industrial Revolution6 Current Distribution of Major Industrial
Regions Worldwide Note how few and concentrated these are and no
major concentration in Africa as yet Slide 7 Industrial Revolution7
Estimated PM10 Concentrations in World Cities Having More than
100,000 People Consequences in Pollution
http://www.gore.com/en_xx/products/filtration/cooling/cooling_pollution_map.html
Slide 8 Industrial Revolution8 Part 1: The Technical (Machine)
Hypothesis Source: Dr Raymond L Sanders Jr Geography University of
Texas at Austin Web source
www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/sanders/GRG305/PowerPoint/Industrial%20Geography%20-%20Part%20I.ppt
Slide 9 Industrial Revolution9 Sanders Learning Objective 1.Tracing
the development of the Industrial Revolution to Technological
Innovations 2. Discussing its spread across the landscape Slide 10
Industrial Revolution10 Two great economic revolutions occurred in
human development Agricultural Revolution -- Domestication of
plants and animals occurred in our dim prehistory (8,000bc approx.)
Ultimately resulted in a huge increase in human population Greatly
accelerated modification of the physical environment Resulted in
major cultural readjustments Slide 11 Industrial Revolution11 Two
great economic revolutions occurred in human development The
Industrial Revolution, started in the eighteenth century, is still
taking place today Involves a series of inventions leading to the
use of machines and inanimate power in the manufacturing process
Suddenly whole societies could engage in seemingly limitless
multiplication of goods and services Rapid bursts of human
inventiveness followed Gigantic population increases Slide 12
Industrial Revolution12 Two great economic revolutions occurred in
human development The Industrial Revolution, started in the
eighteenth century, is still taking place today Massive, often
unsettling, remodeling of the environment (human and physical)
Today, few lands remain largely untouched by its machines,
factories, transportation devices, and communication techniques On
an individual level, no facet of North American life remains
unaffected Just about every object and every event in your life is
affected, if not actually created, by the Industrial Revolution
Whats this??? Slide 13 Industrial Revolution13 Introduction Life
before the Industrial Revolution People were concerned with the
most basic of primary economic activities Acquired the necessities
of survival from the land Society and culture was overwhelmingly
rural and agricultural Before 1700 virtually all manufacturing was
carried on in two systems, cottage and guild industries, both
depended on hand labor and human power Slide 14 Industrial
Revolution14 Introduction Cottage industry Most common, was
practiced in farm homes and rural villages Usually a sideline to
agriculture Objects for family use were made in each household Most
villages had a cobbler, miller, weaver, and smith who worked
part-time at home Skills passed from parents to children with
little formality Slide 15 Industrial Revolution15 Introduction
Guild industry Consisted of professional organizations of highly
skilled, specialized artisans engaged full time in their trades and
based in towns and cities Membership came after a long
apprenticeship Was a fraternal organization of artisans skilled in
a particular craft Slide 16 Industrial Revolution16 Origins of the
Industrial Revolution Arose among back-country English cottage
craftspeople in the early 1700s First: human hands were replaced by
machines in fashioning finished products Rendered old manufacturing
definition (made by hand) obsolete new definition emerges
Manufacturing transformation of raw materials into finished goods
for sale, or intermediate processes involving the production or
finishing of semi-manufactures..wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing
Slide 17 Industrial Revolution17 Origins of the Industrial
Revolution First: human hands were replaced by machines in
fashioning finished products Weavers no longer sat at a hand loom,
instead large mechanical looms were invented to do the job faster
and more economically Slide 18 Industrial Revolution18 The Water
Frame (Richard Arckwright) Second: Human power gave way to various
forms of inanimate power Slide 19 Industrial Revolution19 Origins
of the Industrial Revolution Second: Human power gave way Machines
were driven by water power, burning of fossil fuels, and later
hydroelectricity and the energy of the atom Men and women became
tenders of machines instead of producers of fine hand made goods
http://www.sheepoverboard.com/ovine/shearing-2.html Slide 20
Industrial Revolution20 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Within
150 years, the Industrial Revolution greatly altered the first
three sectors of industrial activity Textiles Metallurgy Mining
Slide 21 Industrial Revolution21 Origins of the Industrial
Revolution Textiles Initial breakthrough occurred in the British
cotton textile cottage industry, centered in the Lancashire
district of western England First changes were modest and on a
small scale Mechanical looms, powered by flowing water were
invented Industries remained largely rural Diffused hierarchically
to sites of rushing streams Slide 22 Industrial Revolution22 Water
Power to Finished Cloth
http://personalweb.smcvt.edu/winooskimills/millshistory/architecture
and engineering/looms.htm Slide 23 Industrial Revolution23 Origins
of the Industrial Revolution Textiles Later in the eighteenth
century invention of the steam engine provided a better source of
power In the United states, textile plants were also the first
factories Slide 24 Industrial Revolution24 Origins of the
Industrial Revolution Metallurgy Traditionally, metal industries
had been small-scale, rural enterprises Slide 25 Industrial
Revolution25 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Metallurgy
Situated near ore sources Forests provided charcoal for smelting
process Chemical changes that occurred in steel making remained
mysterious even to craftspeople who used them Techniques had
changed little since the beginning of the Iron Age, 2500 years
before Slide 26 Industrial Revolution26 Origins of the Industrial
Revolution Metallurgy In the 1700s, inventions by iron makers in
the Coalbrookdale of English Midlands, created a new scientific,
large-scale industry Coke, nearly pure carbon, which is derived
from nearly pure coal, replaced charcoal in the smelting process
Large blast furnaces replaced the forge Efficient rolling mills
took the place of hammer and anvil Mass production of steel
resulted Slide 27 Industrial Revolution27 Origins of the Industrial
Revolution Mining First to feel effects of new technology was coal
mining Adoption of steam engine necessitated huge amounts of coal
to fire boilers Conversion to coke further increased demand for
coal Fortunately, Britain had large coal deposits New mining
techniques and tools were invented Coal mining became a large-scale
mechanized industry Slide 28 Industrial Revolution28 Origins of the
Industrial Revolution Mining Because coal is heavy and bulky,
manufacturing industries began flocking to the coal fields, to be
near supplies Similar modernization occurred in mining of iron ore,
copper, and other metals needed by growing industries Slide 29
Industrial Revolution29 Coalfields in UK Became centers for 19 th
Century Industrialization Consider the relationship of coalfields
in the US and our Industrial Belt (now the Rust Belt) Slide 30
Industrial Revolution30 Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Railroads Wooden sailing ships gave way to steel vessels driven by
steam engines Canals were built British-invented railroad came on
the scene Need to move raw materials and finished products from
place to place, cheaply and quickly, was main stimulus leading to
transportation breakthroughs Slide 31 Industrial Revolution31
Origins of the Industrial Revolution Railroads Impact of the
Industrial Revolution would have been minimized if distribution of
goods and services had not been improved British revolutionized
shipbuilding industry and dominated it from their Scottish
shipyards even into the twentieth century New modes of transport
fostered additional cultural diffusion New industrial-age popular
culture could easily penetrate previously untouched areas Slide 32
Industrial Revolution32 Diffusion from Britain For a century,
Britain held a virtual monopoly on its industrial innovations
Government actively tried to prevent diffusion Gave Britain
enormous economic advantage Contributed greatly to growth and
strength of British Empire Slide 33 Industrial Revolution33
Diffusion from Britain The technology finally diffused beyond the
British Isles Continental Europe first received its impact in last
half of the nineteenth century Took firm root hierarchically in
coal fields of Germany, Belgium, and other nations of northwestern
and Central Europe Diffusion of railroads provides a good index
Slide 34 Industrial Revolution34 Introduction of Railroads in
Europe Over the 19 th Century Slide 35 Industrial Revolution35
Diffusion from Britain The technology finally diffused beyond the
British Isles United States began rapid adoption of new technology
about 1850 About 1900, Japan was the first major non- Western
country to undergo full industrialization In the first third of the
1900s, diffusion spilled into Russia and Ukraine Recently,
countries such as Taiwan, South Korea, China, India, and Singapore
joined the manufacturing age Slide 36 Industrial Revolution36
Diffusion of Industrial Revolution in 19 th and 20 th Centuries
Slide 37 Industrial Revolution37 End of technological diffusion
hypothesis Slide 38 Industrial Revolution38 Part 2: The Social
Organizational Hypothesis Source: Mike Reibel - Associate Professor
Department of Geography and Anthropology California State
Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768 Web Source
www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/Class_Pages/GEO312/GEO32
www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/Class_Pages/GEO312/GEO32 Slide 39
Industrial Revolution39
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AY09DJkQMY&feature=related
Slide 40 Industrial Revolution40 Reibels Learning Objectives
1.Understand how changing social organization lead to the
Industrial Revolution 2.Outline several stages of development in
the Industrial Revolution based on Kondratievs Cycles Slide 41
Industrial Revolution41 Industrial Revolution First and foremost, a
revolution in the organization and control of labor Capitalist
entrepreneurs and managers break down production into bite-sized
tasks, hire less skilled workers Only possible at larger scales due
to need to break down tasks, efficiency gains Slide 42 Industrial
Revolution42 Remember! Industrial division of labor, NOT technical
innovation, defines industrialization Strategic investment, not
machines, makes industrial production possible All productivity
gains in early industrial age were from labor re-organization
http://www.inkcinct.com.au/Web/CARTOONS/2005/2005-539P-car-assembly-line.gif
Slide 43 Ford Assembly Line: Grinding Monotony Industrial
Revolution43 Henry had to pay well or no one would stay Slide 44
Industrial Revolution44 Capitalist Competition and Technical
Innovation Capitalist industry and faster technical innovation
happened separately in 1700s Slowly, technical innovation became a
strategy for industrial competition Material progress from this
combination - spirit of innovation, confidence in humans ability to
control nature Slide 45 Industrial Revolution45 Product Innovation
vs. Process Innovation Product Innovation: Development of new
products or new capabilities and features for existing products
Process Innovation: New production processes that reduce unit cost:
new machines or equipment innovations in operations management
(organization of labor & production tasks) Slide 46 Industrial
Revolution46 Evolution of Industrial Regions Continual expansion of
long-distance trade due to transport cost declines, leads to:
Greater specialization of production for export from region, less
local self- sufficiency 5. Opium and the expansion of trade By
1690, the Company had trading centres (known as 'factories') all
along the West and East coasts of India. The main centres were at
Madras, Calcutta and Bombay. The Company started to protect its
trade with its own armies and navies - very different from most
companies today
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/story/trade/4tradingplaces.html
Slide 47 Industrial Revolution47 Evolution of Industrial Regions
Expansion of specialized business services to match local
production specialties: transport, wholesale, finance, legal,
advertising, etc. The Managing Committee House of the Insurance
Company "Russia" in St.Petersburg
http://all-photo.ru/empire/index.en.html?img=14983&big=on Slide
48 Industrial Revolution48 Technology and Corporate Strategy
Product chains grow longer, leads to: Competitive advantage thru
vertical integration Horizontal integration also a growth strategy
Expanding markets and successful growth strategies of firms
consolidates market share, Slide 49 Industrial Revolution49
Technology and Corporate Strategy Expanding markets and successful
growth strategies of firms consolidates market share, Eventually
leads to monopolies Slide 50 Monopoly Defined Industrial
Revolution50 http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-
videos/60116/march-08-2006/the-word---monopoly Slide 51 Industrial
Revolution51 Fordist Industrial Age Includes most of Kondratievs
Third and Fourth Wave 1910s to mid 1970s Assembly line mass
production, scientific mgmt. Internal combustion replaces steam
-> change in transport & econ. geography New technologies -
electronics, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals Rise of corporate
R&D capabilities Close, two-way relationship between industrial
corporations and the state Slide 52 Industrial Revolution52 The
Great Depression: First Crisis of Fordism The great depression: a
downward spiraling feedback loop as follows: Overproduction ->
failure of demand -> collapse of prices ->falling profits
-> layoffs -> further collapse of demand, etc. Federal
Reserve made things worse, cut back money supply because shrinking
economy "didn't need more money in circulation Slide 53 Industrial
Revolution53 End of social organizational hypothesis Slide 54
Industrial Revolution54 Reibels Summary 1.Social organization lead
to the Industrial Revolution 1.Greater and greater subdivision of
labor 2.More and more low skilled (payed) workers 2.Industrial
Revolution progressed through a series of stages similar to
Kondratievs technological cycles 1.Booms and Busts part of the
story 2.Geography expands with each boom Slide 55 Industrial
Revolution55 Part 3: Some Examples of American Innovation Source
Obe Hostetter, Rockingham School District, Mountain View Elementary
School Harrisonburg, VA 22801 Web Source
jfhmsfc.rockingham.k12.va.us/~ohostetter/IndustrialRevolution.ppt
Slide 56 Industrial Revolution56 Hostetters Learning Objective
1.Provide Familiarity with major figures in Americas technological
advances during the early 19 th century Slide 57 Industrial
Revolution (1780-1850) - This part of history got its name because
Great Britain began inventing new machines and technology. -Great
Britain developed new machines for spinning cotton into yarn. As a
result, Great Britain sold the cheapest cloth. -It was illegal for
cotton spinning machines to leave the country or even skilled
machine technicians. Slide 58 Industrial Revolution58 Modern Day
Industrial Espionage Slide 59 Industrial Revolution59 Samuel Slater
Industrial Pirate In 1789, Samuel Slater memorized the British
spinning machinesSamuel Slater He came to the USA and began
building cotton spinning machines to sell to Americans. Slide 60
Industrial Revolution60 Eli Whitney Inventor In 1793, He invented
the cotton gin. This machine removed the seeds from the cotton.
Cotton was then sold more cheaply The USA did better in selling
cloth to other countries. Slide 61 Industrial Revolution61 Eli
Whitney Born on December 8, 1765 in Westborough, Massachusettes.
Slide 62 Industrial Revolution62 How it all started... Upon
graduating from college in 1792, Whitney traveled south, ending up
at Greene Plantation near Savannah, Georgia. During his stay on
Greene Plantation, Whitney heard of a need for a machine that would
separate cotton from its seed. Slide 63 Industrial Revolution63
Whitney quickly sketched out a model to explain his idea and within
ten days he completed a functioning cotton gin. Although he applied
for a patent on June 20, 1793, he did not receive one until March
14, 1794. Slide 64 Industrial Revolution64 The Cotton Gin Eli
Whitneys cotton gin allowed cotton to be easily separated from its
seed in a short amount of time. Slide 65 Industrial Revolution65
The Importance of the Cotton Gin Because cotton could be cleaned in
a shorter period of time, the South prospered in this industry. By
using the cotton gin, one man could clean ten times as much cotton
as he could have on his own. Slide 66 Industrial Revolution66
Francis Cabot Lowell Industrial Pirate He built the USAs first
power loom in Waltham, Massachusetts. Girls worked in the power
loom factory. They would work 12 to 14 hours a day 6 days a week.
They had to go to bed by 10 and wake up at 5:00 to work. They got
$3 a week for working 70 hours. Slide 67 Industrial Revolution67
Cyrus McCormick Inventor He improved the reaper. By hand, farmers
only did 2 or 3 acres. However, with the reaper, farmers did 12
acres a day. He also used interchangeable parts so the reapers
could be fixed easily. Slide 68 Industrial Revolution68 Other Great
Innovators Slide 69 Industrial Revolution69 Thomas Alva Edison He
loved inventing new machines. When he was 11, he built his own
telegraph set. His dad wanted Edison to read books and stop doing
science experiments so Edisons dad gave Edison a penny every time
he read. Edison used the pennies to buy chemicals. Slide 70
Industrial Revolution70 Alexander Graham Bell He asked Boston
University for a sabbatical to invent the telephone. He offered to
share the profits BU absolutely refused, so he quit By 1900, 1.5
million telephones were being used. He started the Telephone Bell
Company. Slide 71 Industrial Revolution71 John D. Rockefeller
Entrepreneurs He came from a poor family. However, he started an
oil-refinery business Slide 72 Industrial Revolution72 John D.
Rockefeller Through buying other companies and labeling them
different names, he got a monopoly. Slide 73 Industrial
Revolution73 Bill Gates Entrepreneurs Bill being pied. Wheres
Bill??? Slide 74 Industrial Revolution74 Conclusions Slide 75
Industrial Revolution75 Conclusions The Industrial Revolution is an
ongoing process of innovation and change It incorporates both
technological and social parts to these processes It is led by
visionary individuals
