Chapter 12Section 2

Africa

Europeans in Africa

Europe ruled over most of Africa during the early 1900s

Improved farming methods meant more exports

However, this mostly benefited colonial rulers Europeans kept the best lands, and African

farmers were forced to grow cash crops instead of food

They also were forced to work in mines and then pay taxes to the colonial governments

How did whites treat the Africans? Racial discrimination White settlers forced Africans off the

best land Only white Europeans could grow the

profitable crops British forced Africans to carry ID cards Africans had to pay taxes Europeans restricted Africans’ travel

and places to live

How did whites treat the Africans? Africans forced to grow cash crops –

not food Africans died of starvation

African Hopes

Millions of Africans fought for Allies in WWI

Africans hoped their support would earn them more rights and opportunities

After WWI, the Allies treated Africans the same or worse despite African wartime support

Educated Africans

Educated Africans who studied in Europe decried the injustice toward Africans

Best jobs went to Europeans living in Africa, not the native Africans

Africans wanted their independence from European colonial masters

Africans began protesting against European imperialism (domination of one country over the politics/economy of another country/region)

Apartheid

Many Africans began criticizing imperial rule, but their freedoms only eroded further

An example was the system of apartheid in South Africa

Under this policy, black Africans were denied many of their previous rights, such as the right to vote

South African Blacks

Forced to carry ID passes at all times Evicted from the best lands reserved

for the white race Forced to live on crowded reserves

where crops grew poorly

Apartheid

A policy of rigid segregation of the races that continued until 1994 in South Africa!

African National Congress Africans formed a political party - the

African National Congress, or ANC Designed to promote greater

fairness for blacks and protest unfair laws

ANC’s efforts had no effect on the white South African government

Pan-Africanism

During the 1920s, the Pan-Africanism movement called for the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world

During the first Pan-African Congress, delegates asked world leaders at the Paris Peace Conference following WWI to approve a charter of rights for Africans

Their request was ignored The members of the negritude movement

in West Africa and the Caribbean protested colonial rule while expressing pride in African culture

These movements, however, brought about little real change

Pan-Africanism

Egypt

Britain ruled Egypt Egyptians suffered greatly during WWI Following protests, strikes, and riots,

Britain granted Egypt independence in 1922

Many Egyptians joined a nationalist movement called the Muslim Brotherhood that promotes Islamic nationalism and rejects Western culture

(Egypt’s formerly deposed president Morsi is a member of the Muslim Brotherhood)

Asia Minor

In Asia Minor, Mustafa Kemal overthrew the Ottoman ruler and established the republic of Turkey

Kemal was also known as Ataturk (father of the Turks), his government promoted industrial expansion by building factories and railroads

Inspired by Ataturks successes, Reza Khan overthrew the shah of Persia

Khan sought to turn Persia into a modern country Khan built factories and railroads

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)

Reza Khan

Map of Iran

Asia Minor

Khan also demanded a bigger portion of profits for Persia from British-controlled oil companies

Both leaders pushed aside Islamic traditions, replacing them with Western alternatives

Pan-Arabism

Pan-Arabism was a movement based on a shared history of Arabs living from the Arabian Peninsula to North Africa

Leaders of Arab nations and territories had hoped to gain independence after WWI, but felt betrayed when France and Britain were given control over their lands

In Palestine, Arab nationalists faced Zionists, or Jewish nationalists

Balfour Declaration

To win the support of European Jews, Britain issued the Balfour Declaration

The Balfour Declaration supported a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine

Arabs felt the declaration favored the Jews As a result, an ongoing conflict developed in

the Middle East still witnessed today

Homework

Watch the following You Tube video “The Legacy of Apartheid”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9WB5nOnHIY

Answer the following questions on the next slide

Video Questions

1. Define “apartheid”2. Identify the specific laws that

discriminated against blacks in South Africa

3. What was the name of the African political organization created to combat apartheid and improve conditions for blacks?

4. Which archbishop fought to end apartheid?

5. In what year did the South African government reject apartheid?

Powerpoint Questions

6. What did the Africans expect for having supported the Europeans during World War I?

7. Explain the goal of the Pan-Africanism movement

8. Identify the negritude movement9. Which leader overthrew the Ottoman ruler

and established the republic of Turkey?10. What was Pan-Arabism? Explain.11. What was the British goal of issuing the

Balfour Declaration? Explain.

The End