Western Europeans Western Europeans Divide AfricaDivide Africa

(Ch.11 Sec. 1)(Ch.11 Sec. 1)

Africa Before ImperialismAfrica Before Imperialism Africa was divided into hundreds of ethnic Africa was divided into hundreds of ethnic

groups (over 1,000 different languages)groups (over 1,000 different languages)

Some were Christian or Muslim (mostly in the North), but Some were Christian or Muslim (mostly in the North), but most believed in indigenous African religionsmost believed in indigenous African religions

Keeping Euros Out 1450s-Keeping Euros Out 1450s-1850s1850s

Powerful African armies Powerful African armies were able to keep were able to keep Europeans out from Europeans out from 1450’s-1850’s1450’s-1850’s

by 1800 Euros only by 1800 Euros only controlled 10% of Africa controlled 10% of Africa (on the coast)(on the coast)

Keeping Euros OutKeeping Euros Out up to 1800 Euros did not up to 1800 Euros did not

travel into the interior of travel into the interior of Africa (they could not Africa (they could not navigate Africa’s rivers navigate Africa’s rivers until the steamboat engine)until the steamboat engine)

large African trade large African trade networks kept Euros networks kept Euros from controlling from controlling trade in Africa up to trade in Africa up to 18501850

Euros Compete for Overseas Euros Compete for Overseas EmpiresEmpires

● ● David LivingstoneDavid Livingstonelate 1860’s: Scottishlate 1860’s: Scottish

minister traveled deepminister traveled deep

into Africa in search ofinto Africa in search of

the source of the the source of the NileNile

River: River: Euros read of his African Euros read of his African

adventures in books: this adventures in books: this sparks interest in Africasparks interest in Africa

Belgium Colonizes CongoBelgium Colonizes Congo BelgiumBelgium African CongoAfrican Congo

Belgium Colonizes CongoBelgium Colonizes Congo King Leopold II (Belgium)King Leopold II (Belgium)

1882 signed treaties with Congo chiefs that gave 1882 signed treaties with Congo chiefs that gave King King Leopold IILeopold II (Belgium) personal control of (Belgium) personal control of TanzaniaTanzania and and Lake TanganyikaLake Tanganyika

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo TanzaniaTanzania Lake TanganyikaLake Tanganyika

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo● ● King Leopold II allowed companies to brutalize local King Leopold II allowed companies to brutalize local

Africans by forcing them to collect sap from rubber Africans by forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants plants

● ● Belgians treated Tanzanians and Congolese so bad that Belgians treated Tanzanians and Congolese so bad that humanitarians demanded changeshumanitarians demanded changes

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo Belgian Congo (colony) was 80 times bigger than Belgian Congo (colony) was 80 times bigger than

BelgiumBelgium!!!!!!

Other Euros Join InOther Euros Join In 1882 1882 FranceFrance took control of the Congo River took control of the Congo River

(near Belgian Congo)(near Belgian Congo)

Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and SpainGreat Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain felt left outfelt left out

Social Darwinism

Greed

Pursuit of National

Greatness

Racism

Motives Driving Imperialism

RacismRacism the belief that your ethnic group, nationality, the belief that your ethnic group, nationality,

and/or race is better than anotherand/or race is better than another

racism was how Euros justified their imperialismracism was how Euros justified their imperialism

GreedGreed ImperialismImperialism: The takeover of a country by a stronger : The takeover of a country by a stronger

nation with the intent of dominating the political, nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the peopleeconomic, and social life of the people

Euros searched for new places to take raw materials Euros searched for new places to take raw materials from and new places to sell their finished products from and new places to sell their finished products (made with raw materials)(made with raw materials)

Pursuit of National GreatnessPursuit of National GreatnessEuros viewed an empire as Euros viewed an empire as national greatness national greatness

Euro nations used this attitude to justify Euro nations used this attitude to justify taking over much of the globetaking over much of the globe

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism the belief in survival of the fittest, or “only the the belief in survival of the fittest, or “only the

strong survive” – adapted from Charles Darwin’s strong survive” – adapted from Charles Darwin’s theories in naturetheories in nature

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism many Western Euros saw people of color as inferior many Western Euros saw people of color as inferior

because they were not as technologically advancedbecause they were not as technologically advanced

“…“…..since weaker people can’t defend themselves, it’s ..since weaker people can’t defend themselves, it’s our duty to take them over”our duty to take them over”

European AdvantagesEuropean Advantages Maxim Machine Gun Maxim Machine Gun (1889)(1889)

Africans had outdated weaponsAfricans had outdated weapons

European AdvantagesEuropean Advantages Steam EngineSteam Engine

Allowed Euros to quickly navigate African rivers to set up Allowed Euros to quickly navigate African rivers to set up bases of colonial control in Africabases of colonial control in Africa

European AdvantagesEuropean Advantages Railroads, TelegraphsRailroads, Telegraphs

made communication and travel easy made communication and travel easy

between colonies and the mother between colonies and the mother

nation (made control easier)nation (made control easier)

European AdvantagesEuropean Advantages Drug Drug QuinineQuinine

● ● allowed Euros to colonize the interior of Africa (not allowed Euros to colonize the interior of Africa (not just coasts)just coasts)

● ● gave Euros immunity to gave Euros immunity to MalariaMalaria

● ● disease cause by African mosquitoesdisease cause by African mosquitoes

Internal Problems in Internal Problems in AfricaAfrica

Africa has huge Africa has huge variety of languagesvariety of languages and and culturescultures

made unity against European imperialism made unity against European imperialism difficultdifficult

Internal Wars and ResentmentInternal Wars and Resentment many wars between African many wars between African

cultural groupscultural groups

made unity difficultmade unity difficult Europeans knew this: they Europeans knew this: they learned to play groups against learned to play groups against each other while colonizing each other while colonizing them allthem all

Wars over land, trade, water Wars over land, trade, water rights: led to lasting rights: led to lasting resentment amongst different resentment amongst different groupsgroups

Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference 1884-1885: 14 European nations met to prevent 1884-1885: 14 European nations met to prevent

war for African colonieswar for African colonies

laid down the rules for carving up Africa like a pizza!laid down the rules for carving up Africa like a pizza!

Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference no African rulers were allowed to attendno African rulers were allowed to attend the meeting divided up Africa and sealed its fatethe meeting divided up Africa and sealed its fate

Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference by by World War IWorld War I (1914) only (1914) only LiberiaLiberia and and

EthiopiaEthiopia were independent African nations were independent African nations

Cash CropsCash Crops Europeans developed cash-crop plantations in Europeans developed cash-crop plantations in

Africa: crops grown just for making money not for Africa: crops grown just for making money not for foodfood

peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, rubber, coffeepeanuts, palm oil, cocoa, rubber, coffee Africans then became dependent on Europeans for Africans then became dependent on Europeans for

food as wellfood as well

African ResourcesAfrican Resources Belgian CongoBelgian Congo: rich in copper and tin: rich in copper and tin

South AfricaSouth Africa: rich in gold and diamonds: rich in gold and diamonds

South AfricaSouth Africa● ● Native Native Africans, Dutch, British continually Africans, Dutch, British continually

clashed over land and resources in clashed over land and resources in South South AfricaAfrica

South AfricaSouth Africa 1816 1816 Shaka ZuluShaka Zulu used disciplined military to used disciplined military to

organize a centralized state (organize a centralized state (ZulusZulus: African tribe in S. : African tribe in S. Africa)Africa)

1887 Zulu lands were conquered by British (after 1887 Zulu lands were conquered by British (after Shaka’sShaka’s death)death)

South AfricaSouth Africa 1652: Dutch first colonized 1652: Dutch first colonized Cape of Good HopeCape of Good Hope

(South Africa)(South Africa)

a stopping point between Asia and The Netherlands a stopping point between Asia and The Netherlands (Dutch homeland)(Dutch homeland)

The BoersThe Boers Dutch settlers in South AfricaDutch settlers in South Africa Dutch for “farmers”Dutch for “farmers” took over South Africans’ land and established large took over South Africans’ land and established large

farmsfarms

Great TrekGreat Trek 1830’s 1830’s BoersBoers moved farther north into South moved farther north into South

Africa to escape BritishAfrica to escape British

Boers fought wars with Zulu tribe and others whose land Boers fought wars with Zulu tribe and others whose land they were takingthey were taking

The Boer WarThe Boer War (1899-1902)(1899-1902) 1860’s British wanted gold/diamonds from 1860’s British wanted gold/diamonds from South South

AfricaAfrica

Boers Boers rebelled against the British in rebelled against the British in S. AfricaS. Africa 1899 1899

The Boer War The Boer War (1899-1902)(1899-1902) Boers Boers used guerilla tactics (hit and run/hide and seek) used guerilla tactics (hit and run/hide and seek)

against the Britishagainst the British

British responded by burning Boer farms and British responded by burning Boer farms and imprisoning women and children in concentration campsimprisoning women and children in concentration camps

The Boer WarThe Boer War (1899-1902) (1899-1902) 1902 Britain won1902 Britain won

Britain allowed Britain allowed BoersBoers to have some self- to have some self-government in S. Africa but Britain owned the government in S. Africa but Britain owned the colony of colony of South AfricaSouth Africa

The Boer WarThe Boer War (1899-1902) (1899-1902) Western Europeans fought the Western Europeans fought the Boer WarBoer War for South for South

Africa Africa

Native South Africans had no control over the fate Native South Africans had no control over the fate of their countryof their country

ApartheidApartheid BoersBoers (Dutch) left in South Africa established a (Dutch) left in South Africa established a

system of separate facilities for whites and blacks system of separate facilities for whites and blacks in South Africain South Africa

Black South Africans were second class citizens Black South Africans were second class citizens in their own country until 1991in their own country until 1991

Class AssignmentClass Assignment

Read Pages 310-311Read Pages 310-311 Complete Skill Builder Questions on 310 Complete Skill Builder Questions on 310

& 311.& 311. Stamp at the end of the periodStamp at the end of the period

Class AssignmentClass Assignment

Page 315, questions 1-3Page 315, questions 1-3 Stamp at the end of the periodStamp at the end of the period