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Chapter 12 Part II
Pages 434-455
Enter Question Text
A. AB. BC. CD. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%Response
Role of Parties in Congress
• Leadership positions in Congress assigned on a party basis
• Majority party appoints committee members in the House and Senate
• Majority party selects committee chairperson• Majority party controls debate in Congress
Which of the following was NOT intended to limit the federal government?
A. FederalismB. Checks and BalancesC. Separation of
PowersD. Enumerated PowersE. Bicameral
legislature Fe
deralis
m
Checks a
nd Balances
Separation of P
owers
Enumerated Powers
Bicameral le
gislatu
re
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10
Limitations to Party Action in Congress
• Separate Executive can veto legislation• Bicameral power sharing in Congress• Role of committees in Congress
Which of the following parties do liberals tend to support?
A. DemocratB. RepublicanC. GreenD. LibertarianE. Communist
Democrat
Republican
Green
Liberta
rian
Communist
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10
Role of Parties in Congress
• Party labels consistently predict congressional voting
• Party voting has increased noticeably• Parties have become more ideologically
homogenous and consistent – Liberals moving more towards the Democratic
side, conservatives more towards Republican– Party Polarization
The Presidential Party
• Highest elected official• Assumes the role of party leader• Appoints many party members to office• Consistently seeking approval from Congress
Which of the following is responsible for appoint members to the Supreme Court?
A. State legislatorsB. PresidentC. SenatorsD. House of
Representative members
E. Chief justiceState
legisl
ators
President
Senators
House of R
eprese
ntativ...
Chief justi
ce
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10
The Party in the Judiciary
• Supreme Court thought to be “above politics”• Politics do affect Supreme Court justices– Appointed by the president: president’s look for
justices that have made decisions similar to their ideological views
– Republican presidents appoint conservative justices
– Democratic presidents appoint liberal justices– Must be confirmed by Senate
Political parties officially name their presidential nominee through
A. A series of party caucusesB. The national conventions
of the political partiesC. A national meeting of
party governorsD. A series of state
presidential primary elections
E. The selection of “superdelegates” at the party conventions
A serie
s of p
arty ca
ucuse
s
The national conve
ntions ..
A national meeting of p
ar..
A serie
s of s
tate pre
sident..
.
The selecti
on of “su
perd...
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10
Parties and Governors
• Governors have made use of the line-item veto– Allows governors to veto single items in
appropriations bills– Line-item use by president was banned in Clinton
v. City of New York
Party Identification
• A citizen’s personal affinity for a party, usually expressed through voting
• Parents are the single greatest influence in establishing a person’s first party identification
• Voting choice usually limited to a Democratic or Republican candidate
Test
A. AB. BC. CD. D
A B C D
17%
6%
28%
50%
Since 1960s, support for Democratic party has declined the most in which group?
A. Labor union members
B. Business leadersC. African AmericansD. Native AmericansE. White Southerners
Labor u
nion members
Business
leaders
Africa
n Americans
Native Americ
ans
White
Southern
ers
0% 0%
100%
0%0%
Participant LeadersPoints Participant Points Participant1 Dutkiewicz, Abbigail1 Franklin, Paige1 Lane, Matthew1 Lang, Emily000 Alexander, Laila0 Buckman, James0 Evans, Kayla0 Formosa, Sabrina
Group Affiliations
• Geographic Region– South still exhibits some of the Democratic Party affinity
cultivated after the New Deal (Solid South)– Only in local elections
• Incumbency Advantage: continued to vote for Democrats who were already in office
• Gerrymandering: protected House districts for Democrats by establishing “safe seats”
• State vs. national parties: Congressional candidates appeal to local interest, presidential candidates appeal to a national constituency
– South tends to vote Republican in presidential elections– Support for the Democratic Party has decline the most among
White southerners since the 1960s.
Group Affiliations
• Gender– Women tend to be more Democratic voters, men
more Republican– 2004 exit polls showed a smaller gender gap, but it
still exists– Women have become more reliable Democratic
voters over time, increasing in number
Which of the following would be most likely to vote in a Republican primary
A. 25 year old with some high school education
B. 55 year old African American female
C. A 65 year old Hispanic male
D. A 35 year old female who is a devout Catholic
E. A 45 year old while business man who attends church weekly
25 year
old with
some hi..
55 year
old Africa
n Amer...
A 65 year old H
ispanic
male
A 35 year old fe
male who...
A 45 year old w
hile busi.
..
0% 0%
90%
0%10%
Group Affiliations
• Race and Ethnicity– African Americans vote Democratic more
frequently– Whites tend to vote more conservatively – Hispanics, Puerto Ricans, and Mexican Americans
also tend to vote Democratic– Cuban Americans more Republican
Group Affiliations
• Age– The younger a person is, the more likely the are to
vote Democrat– Elderly white males are the most Republican of
the group• Can change, especially for retirees
Group Affiliations
• Social and Economic Factors– Executives, professionals, and white-collar workers
tend to vote Republican– Democrat support increases among blue-collar workers
and the unemployed• Union workers becoming less reliable Democratic voters,
union supporter has decreased in number over time
– Education• Higher education=more likely to vote Republican
– Income• Higher income=more likely to vote Republican
Group Affiliation
• Religion– Republican support more affiliated with
Protestants – Democratic support increases with the Jewish
population and Catholics• However, like union workers, Catholics are becoming
less reliable Democratic supporters based on their conservative social views.
Which of the following people would be most likely to be a Democrat?
A. Cuban AmericanB. An Evangelical
ChristianC. A white southernerD. A Mexican AmericanE. A pro-life advocate
Cuban Americ
an
An Evange
lical C
hristian
A white
south
erner
A Mexica
n American
A pro-lif
e advocate
15%
31%
0%
54%
0%
Group Affiliations
• Ideology – Liberal vote more Democratic– Conservatives vote more Republican• Social Conservatives: More reliable Republican voters• Liberal Republicans: either have liberal social or
economic views• Conservative Democrats: either conservative social or
economic views
Third Parties
• Third Parties are “safety nets” to the two-party system
• Usually based on a single cause/issue neglected by the major parties
• Can be influential in elections– 1912 Bull Moose Party: 88 Electoral vote– 1948 Dixiecrats: carried 4 southern states– 2000 Green Party Ralph Nader
Third Parties
• Goal is to raise an issue being unrepresented by the two main parties
• Can have some success at local level elections– Ability to appeal to a few rather than a whole
• Usually are co-opted by one the two major parties– Adopt the issue to their platform– Secure the allegiance of third party supporters
Other roles of Third Parties
• New/different ideas or issues• Safety valve for discontent• Pushes major parties to include otherwise
underrepresented concerns
Which of the following is NOT a reason why Third Parties struggle for legitimacy?
A. Winner-take-all elections
B. Ballot access restrictions
C. Single-member plurality districts
D. They draw attention to underrepresented issues
Winner-t
ake-all e
lections
Ballot a
ccess
restr
ictions
Single-member p
lurality d
...
They dra
w attention to ...
21%
29%
36%
14%
Why Third Parties Tend to Remain Minor
• Winner-take-all aspect of the electoral college– Winner who gets the most/majority/plurality of
popular votes wins all of a state’s electoral votes– Might get a lot of popular votes, but zero electoral
votes• Single-member plurality districts• Ballot access restrictions – Might appear on some states and not on other states
• Campaign Financing
Types of Third Parties
1. Bolter Parties (a.k.a. Splinter Parties)
Formed because of a split in the major party. This has happened six times since the Civil War.
Examples:
Reform Party—Ross Perot capitalizes on discontent with the two major parties 1992
Progressive (“Bull Moose”) Party—Teddy Roosevelt left the Republicans in 1912
American Independent Party—George Wallace left the Republicans in 1968
Types of Third Parties
2. Ideological Parties (a.k.a. Parties of Ideological Protest)
Formed because they support a specific set of beliefs and often propose radical ideas.
Examples:
Libertarian Party—stresses freedom over equality
Communist Party—stresses an equal economy
Green Party—favors government action to protect the environment
Socialist Party—favors government intervention in the name of equality
Two Party System in 2008 Election