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A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
How difficult is it to get a group of your friends to agree on what movie to watch or game to play?
A. Very difficult
B. Somewhat difficult
C. Somewhat easy
D. Very easy A B C D
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Chapter 7 A More Perfect Union (1777-1790)
Section 1 The Articles of Confederation
How effective was government under the Articles of Confederation?
Second Continental Congress• Needed a plan of
government that met the needs of all 13 states
• The states joined to fight against the British, but would they be able to work together and maintain their independence?
• The states’ first task was to establish their own political institutions
State Constitutions• May 1776, Congress
asked the states to organize their governments
• Each state adopted a constitutionconstitution (Plan of government)
• Each learned from British rule and did not want too much power on a single ruler
• Each had limited power on the governor
• Pennsylvania even had an elected council with 12 members
Limiting Power• States also divided government
functions between the governor and the legislature
• Most states established bicameral (two-house) legislatures to divide power even further
• The writers of the constitutions wanted to keep the power in the hands of the people
• Elections were frequent • In order to vote (in most states)
you had to be a white male, 21 years old or older, and own property
• Some states allowed free African Americans to vote
Forming a Republic• Americans agreed that they
should be a republicrepublic• Citizens rule through elected
representatives• Disagreements arose on
organization of the powers• Most Americans wanted a
weak central government• Each state would be like
independent countries• States would act
independently on most issues• The central government
would only wage war and handle relations with other nations
Planning a New Government• 1776- Congress appointed a
committee to draw a constitution
• November 1777- The Articles Articles of Confederationof Confederation was adopted
• Was America’s first constitution• Central government in which
the states kept most of their power
• Under the Articles Congress had the power to conduct foreign affairs, maintain armed forces, borrow money, and issue currency
John Hanson- 1st President of the United
States under the Articles of
Confederation
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
A B
C
D
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Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress could do which of the following?
A. Regulate trade
B. Force citizens to join the army
C. Impose taxes
D. Conduct foreign affairs
Weaknesses of the Articles• Congress could not
regulate trade• Or force citizens to
join the army• Or impose taxes• If Congress needed
money they had to ask the state legislatures- but they were NOT required to contribute
• Congress lacked a chief executive
More of the Articles• The Articles were not fully
supported by the states• Each state got one vote,
regardless of population• All states had to approve the
articles and any amendments
• Larger states believed they should have more votes
• Some states claimed land in the West
• Maryland refused to approve the Articles until these states abandonedabandoned these land claims
• The states did and all 13 states approved the Articles on March 1, 1781
The Confederation Government• 1781-1789• Did not provide a strong enough
government• To pass a law 9 states had to
agree• Despite weaknesses it made
some important achievements• Under the Confederation
government, Americans won independence and expanded foreign trade
• Also helped with the governing if western territories
Moving West• Before the Revolutionary War,
on a few thousand lived west of the Appalachian Mountains
• 1790- About 120,000• Settlers hoped to organize
lands as states and join the union
• Land claims were given up and Congress took control of these lands
• 1784- Congress divided the western territory into self-governing districts
• When the number of people in a district reached the population of the smallest existing state, that district could petitionpetition for statehood
The Ordinance of 1785• 1785- Congress passed an
ordinanceordinance (law) that established a procedure for surveying and selling western lands north of the Ohio River
• Divided the massive territory into 6 miles by 6 miles townships
• Townships were divided into 36 sections (640 acres)
• Each would be sold at public auction
• To govern the territory, a new ordinance was needed
The Northwest Ordinance• 1787- Created a single
Northwest Territory• North of the Ohio River
and east of the Mississippi River
• Divided into 3 to 5 smaller territories
• When the population reached 60,000 the people could petition for statehood
• Each new state would have the same rights as the original 13 states
More of the Northwest Ordinance• Had a bill of rights for settlers• Guaranteed freedom of
religion and trial by jury• Slavery was outlawed• This clauseclause (condition added
to a document) marked the first attempt to stop the spread of slavery in the US
• The Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance opened the way for settlement of the Northwest Territory in a stable and orderly manner
Financial Problems• By 1781- The money printed
during the Revolutionary War depreciateddepreciated (fell in value) so far that it was almost worthless
• Taxes could not be collected so Congress and the states printed their own paper money
• Not backed in silver or gold, so it had no real value
• “Not worth a continental”- worthless
• War for independence left Congress with a huge debt
• Congress owned money to American citizens and foreign nations
• Still owed money to soldiers• States did not send money
Robert Morris’s Import Tax• 1781- The finances were
collapsing• Congress created a
department of finance led by Philadelphia merchant Robert Morris
• Morris proposed a 5% tax on imported goods to help pay the debt
• The plan called for the Articles to be changed to give Congress the power to tax
• Rhode Island refused so it did not pass
• The financial crisis continued to worsen
Problems With Britain• The British didn’t leave the
forts they were supposed to according to the Treaty of Paris (1783)
• Americans complained that the British were keeping them out of the West Indies and other British markets
• 1785- John AdamsJohn Adams was sent to London to discuss the problems
• The British responded that the United States didn’t live up to their side of the Treaty
• The states never paid the loyalists that lost their land and property
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
A B
C
D
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Who honored all the promises they made in the Treaty of Paris?
A. Both Britain and the United States
B. Just Britain
C. Just the United States
D. Neither Britain nor the United States
Problems With Spain• Spain wanted to stop
American expansion into its territory
• Spain closed the lower Mississippi River to American shipping in 1784
• Westerners no longer had this trade route
• The Confederation could not deal with these problems
• These problems worried many leaders and they saw that there was a need for a stronger government
How effective was government under the Articles of Confederation?
-Ineffective because the Congress lacked important economic and diplomatic powers.
Chapter 7 Section 1 Quiz
The Americans were ready to concentrate power in the hands of one ruler.
Tru
e
Fal
se
50%50%A. True
B. False
The war left the Continental Congress with a large debt.
Tru
e
Fal
se
50%50%A. True
B. False
The Americans formed a republic, a government in which citizens rule through
ele
cted
repre
sent
ativ
es.
mon
arch
ies.
kin
gship
s.
appoin
ted re
prese
nta...
25% 25%25%25%A. elected representatives.
B. monarchies.
C. kingships.
D. appointed representatives.
What was the single territory that was created out of the lands north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River?
Mis
siss
ippi T
errit
ory
Wes
tern
Ter
ritory
North
wes
t Ter
ritory
Ohio
Ter
ritory
25% 25%25%25%A. Mississippi Territory
B. Western Territory
C. Northwest Territory
D. Ohio Territory
One major weakness of the Confederation was that it could not deal with
dra
win
g map
s.
new
sta
tes.
Nat
ive
Amer
ican
s.
the
natio
n'
;s fi
...
25% 25%25%25%A. drawing maps.
B. new states.
C. Native Americans.
D. the nation's finances.
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