Chapter 10 Key Issue 1

8/18/2019 Chapter 10 Key Issue 1

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Chapter 10Chapter 10

Agriculture AgricultureKey Issue 1Key Issue 1

Where did AgricultureWhere did AgricultureOriginate?Originate?


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Origins of AgricultureOrigins of Agriculture

This chapter deals with the major primary sector economicThis chapter deals with the major primary sector economicactivity-agriculture.activity-agriculture.

The origins o and diusion o agriculture are consideredThe origins o and diusion o agriculture are consideredirst. !arming varies around the world "ecause o a varietyirst. !arming varies around the world "ecause o a varietyo cultural and physical environmental actors.o cultural and physical environmental actors.

Agriculture is very dierent in less and more developedAgriculture is very dierent in less and more developedregions.regions. In less developed regions# dominated "y su"sistenceIn less developed regions# dominated "y su"sistence

agriculture# arm products are usually consumed near toagriculture# arm products are usually consumed near towhere they are produced.where they are produced.

$ommercial arming is the norm in more developed$ommercial arming is the norm in more developed

countries and armers sell what they produce. !armerscountries and armers sell what they produce. !armersace numerous pro"lems in each type o region.ace numerous pro"lems in each type o region.


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Origins of Agriculture cont.Origins of Agriculture cont.

%rior to the invention o agriculture# humans lived as nomadic%rior to the invention o agriculture# humans lived as nomadichunters and gatherers# traveling in small groups and collectinghunters and gatherers# traveling in small groups and collectingood daily.ood daily.

Over thousands o years plant cultivation evolved through aOver thousands o years plant cultivation evolved through acom"ination o accident and deli"erate e&periment.com"ination o accident and deli"erate e&periment.

In this way# a"out 1'#''' years ago# people started to practiceIn this way# a"out 1'#''' years ago# people started to practice

agriculture# the deli"erate modiication o the (arth)s suraceagriculture# the deli"erate modiication o the (arth)s suracethrough the cultivation o plants and domestication o animals# orthrough the cultivation o plants and domestication o animals# orsedentary ood production.sedentary ood production.

The wordThe word cultivatecultivate means *to care or#+ and a crop is any plantmeans *to care or#+ and a crop is any plantcultivated "y people.cultivated "y people.

According to the geographer $arl ,auer# there were two initialAccording to the geographer $arl ,auer# there were two initialtypes o cultivation. The irst was vegetative planting# which istypes o cultivation. The irst was vegetative planting# which isthe reproduction o plants "y direct cloning rom e&isting plants.the reproduction o plants "y direct cloning rom e&isting plants.

,eed agriculture came later this is the reproduction o plants,eed agriculture came later this is the reproduction o plantsthrough seeds. This is practiced "y most armers today.through seeds. This is practiced "y most armers today.


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Location of Agricultural HearthsLocation of Agricultural Hearths

There were pro"a"ly a num"er o agricultural hearths orThere were pro"a"ly a num"er o agricultural hearths or"oth vegetative planting and seed agriculture."oth vegetative planting and seed agriculture.

,auer "elieves that vegetative planting originated in,auer "elieves that vegetative planting originated in,outheast Asia and diused rom there to other parts o,outheast Asia and diused rom there to other parts oAsia# the iddle (ast# Arica# and southern (urope.Asia# the iddle (ast# Arica# and southern (urope.

There have "een many other independent vegetativeThere have "een many other independent vegetativehearths in west Arica and ,outh America.hearths in west Arica and ,outh America. ,auer identiied numerous hearths or seed agriculture# in,auer identiied numerous hearths or seed agriculture# in

Asia# Arica# and the Americas. Agriculture had multipleAsia# Arica# and the Americas. Agriculture had multiplehearths "ecause# to a certain e&tent# the physicalhearths "ecause# to a certain e&tent# the physicalenvironment determines the ood that will "e produced.environment determines the ood that will "e produced.


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Classifying Agricultural RegionsClassifying Agricultural Regions

In su"sistence agriculture# ound in lessIn su"sistence agriculture# ound in lessdeveloped countries /0$s2# armers producedeveloped countries /0$s2# armers producegoods to provide or themselves.goods to provide or themselves.

$ommercial agriculture# ound in more developed$ommercial agriculture# ound in more developed

countries /$s2# is the production o ood orcountries /$s2# is the production o ood orcompetitive# ree mar3et sale.competitive# ree mar3et sale. This type o agriculture emerged as a result oThis type o agriculture emerged as a result o

increased arming technology that was developedincreased arming technology that was developedduring the ,econd Agricultural 4evolution in theduring the ,econd Agricultural 4evolution in the

years preceding the Industrial 4evolution in 15years preceding the Industrial 4evolution in 15thth

century (urope.century (urope. In planned agricultural economies# such asIn planned agricultural economies# such as

communist countries# the government controlscommunist countries# the government controlsevery phase o agricultural production.every phase o agricultural production.


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Classifying Agricultural RegionsClassifying Agricultural Regions

cont.cont. !ive principal eatures distinguish commercial rom su"sistence agriculture.!ive principal eatures distinguish commercial rom su"sistence agriculture. /12 The purpose o arming is dierent in 0$s and $s./12 The purpose o arming is dierent in 0$s and $s. /62 Agriculture in 0$s is more la"or-intensive than the capital-intensive/62 Agriculture in 0$s is more la"or-intensive than the capital-intensive

agriculture which is the norm in $s. Thus there will always "e a higheragriculture which is the norm in $s. Thus there will always "e a higherpercentage o the la"or orce involved in agriculture in the developingpercentage o the la"or orce involved in agriculture in the developingworld.world.

/72 4elated to the percentage o armers in the la"or orce# agriculture in/72 4elated to the percentage o armers in the la"or orce# agriculture indeveloped countries involves more machinery and technology.developed countries involves more machinery and technology. /82 !arm si9e is larger in commercial agriculture# especially in the :.,. and/82 !arm si9e is larger in commercial agriculture# especially in the :.,. and

$anada. The loss o very productive armland# 3nown as prime agricultural$anada. The loss o very productive armland# 3nown as prime agriculturalland# is an increasing pro"lem in the :.,. "ecause o ur"an sprawl.land# is an increasing pro"lem in the :.,. "ecause o ur"an sprawl.

/;2 In commercial agriculture there is a close relationship "etween/;2 In commercial agriculture there is a close relationship "etweenagriculture and other "usinesses. This is not the case in su"sistenceagriculture and other "usinesses. This is not the case in su"sistenceagriculture. In developed countries the system o commercial arming isagriculture. In developed countries the system o commercial arming is

called agri"usiness "ecause arming is integrated into a large oodcalled agri"usiness "ecause arming is integrated into a large oodproduction industry.production industry.

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Chapter 10 Key Issue 1