Chapter 11Chapter 11IndustryIndustry

Key Issue 1Key Issue 1

Where Is Industry Distributed?Where Is Industry Distributed?

Manufacturing Value AddedManufacturing Value Added

Fig. 11-1: The world’s major manufacturing regions are found in North America, Europe, and East Asia. Other manufacturing centers are also found elsewhere.

EuropeEurope The Industrial Revolution originated in Britain during the late The Industrial Revolution originated in Britain during the late

1818thth century because of the combination of entrepreneurs, century because of the combination of entrepreneurs, capital, raw materials, and available labor.capital, raw materials, and available labor.

Three-quarters of the world’s industrial production is Three-quarters of the world’s industrial production is concentrated in four regions: northwestern Europe, eastern concentrated in four regions: northwestern Europe, eastern Europe, eastern North America, and East Asia.Europe, eastern North America, and East Asia.

Western Europe has major industrialization regions in Britain, Western Europe has major industrialization regions in Britain, the Rhine-Ruhr Valley, the mid-Rhine, and northern Italy.the Rhine-Ruhr Valley, the mid-Rhine, and northern Italy.

Britain’s is the oldest of these industrial regions, although it Britain’s is the oldest of these industrial regions, although it is now attracting high-tech industries, especially Japanese is now attracting high-tech industries, especially Japanese companies. Most British industries locate in southeast companies. Most British industries locate in southeast England today.England today.

The Rhine-Ruhr has been important largely because of coal The Rhine-Ruhr has been important largely because of coal and iron deposits and steelmaking.and iron deposits and steelmaking.

The mid-Rhine includes parts of Germany and France and The mid-Rhine includes parts of Germany and France and has been important because of its proximity to large has been important because of its proximity to large consumer markets.consumer markets.

The Po valley of northern Italy began with textile The Po valley of northern Italy began with textile manufacturing and has benefited from low labor costs.manufacturing and has benefited from low labor costs.

Manufacturing Manufacturing Centers in Centers in Western Western EuropeEurope

Fig. 11-2: The major manufacturing centers in Western Europe extend in a north-south band from Britain to Italy.

Industrial Industrial Revolution Revolution

HearthHearth

Fig. 11-3: The Industrial Revolution originated in areas of northern England and southern Scotland. Factories often clustered near coalfields.

Diffusion Diffusion of of

RailwaysRailways

Fig. 11-4: The year by which the first railway opened shows the diffusion of railways and the Industrial Revolution from Britain.

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe The oldest industrial areas in eastern Europe are The oldest industrial areas in eastern Europe are

the central industrial district, which is centered on the central industrial district, which is centered on Moscow, and the St. Petersburg industrial district, Moscow, and the St. Petersburg industrial district, which was one of Russia’s early nodes of industrial which was one of Russia’s early nodes of industrial development.development.

Other industrial areas in eastern Europe include the Other industrial areas in eastern Europe include the Volga industrial district, particularly important for Volga industrial district, particularly important for petroleum and natural gas, and the Ural industrial petroleum and natural gas, and the Ural industrial district, which has become a main source of raw district, which has become a main source of raw materials but lacks energy sources.materials but lacks energy sources.

The Kuznetsk is Russia’s most important industrial The Kuznetsk is Russia’s most important industrial region east of the Ural Mountains.region east of the Ural Mountains.

Outside the former Soviet Union there are Outside the former Soviet Union there are important industrial regions in eastern Ukraine and important industrial regions in eastern Ukraine and Silesia, which includes parts of Poland and the Silesia, which includes parts of Poland and the Czech Republic. Czech Republic.

Manufacturing Centers in Manufacturing Centers in Eastern Europe and RussiaEastern Europe and Russia

Fig. 11-5: Major manufacturing centers are clustered in southern Poland, European Russia, and the Ukraine. Other centers were developed east of the Urals.

North AmericaNorth America North America became a major industrial region North America became a major industrial region

later than Europe. Textiles were important in later than Europe. Textiles were important in the U.S. by 1860.the U.S. by 1860.

Manufacturing has been traditionally located in Manufacturing has been traditionally located in the northeastern U.S. with its numerous raw the northeastern U.S. with its numerous raw materials. These areas include New England, materials. These areas include New England, the Middle Atlantic, the Mohawk Valley, and the the Middle Atlantic, the Mohawk Valley, and the Pittsburgh-Lake Erie region.Pittsburgh-Lake Erie region.

The western Great Lakes have also become The western Great Lakes have also become important, especially because of the dominance important, especially because of the dominance of Chicago as a market center.of Chicago as a market center.

Canada’s most important industrial area is the Canada’s most important industrial area is the region around the St. Lawrence Valley, region around the St. Lawrence Valley, benefiting from its location and the availability benefiting from its location and the availability of cheap hydroelectric power.of cheap hydroelectric power.

Industrial Regions of North Industrial Regions of North AmericaAmerica

Fig. 11-6: The major industrial regions of North America are clustered in the northeast U.S. and southeastern Canada, although there are other important centers.

East AsiaEast Asia East Asia has become a major industrial East Asia has become a major industrial

region since the second half of the 20region since the second half of the 20thth century by taking advantage of its large century by taking advantage of its large labor force.labor force.

Japan emerged first, followed by South Japan emerged first, followed by South Korea, Taiwan, and China. The latter is Korea, Taiwan, and China. The latter is now the world’s second-largest now the world’s second-largest manufacturer and has the largest labor manufacturer and has the largest labor force.force.

Manufacturing Centers in East AsiaManufacturing Centers in East Asia

Fig. 11-7: Many industries in China are clustered in three centers near the east coast. In Japan, production is clustered along the southeast coast.