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SuccessesAalandsAlbaniaGreek-Bulgarian Border
FailuresThe RuhrCorfuVilna
ConclusionThe LON had mixed results as it dealt with
conflicts in the 1920s
1920s: Successes and Failures?
What were the 2 main aims of the LON?1) Collective Security2) Disarmament
What were the 5 main measures taken to keep the peace?
1) Moral Persuasion2) Arbitration3) Disarmament4) Economic Sanctions5) Military Sanctions
Recap
i) Two Crises in the 1930sii) Weaknesses of the LON
Lesson Objectives
Topic Inquiry Question: “What was the main reason for the weakness of the LON?”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_aZWY2Pm3g
Why did Japan invade Manchuria?How did Japan respond to opposition to its
invasion?
Manchuria: Video
Manchuria invaded by Japan in 1931Reasons:
Resources like minerals, timberLiving space
Manchuria, 1931
LON’s response1932: Commission led by Lord Lytton sent to
investigateDemanded that Japan leave ManchuriaSpecial LON Assembly agreed with Lytton
and condemned Japanese actions
Manchuria, 1931
Japan remained in Manchuria and walked out of the LON in 1933Impact?
Manchuria, 1931
Japan no longer needed to follow
Regulations set by the LON =
Free to do what it liked!
Mussolini prepared to invade Abyssinia – accused Abyssinians of aggression at Wal-Wal clashes!!
Abyssinia, 1935-6
LON’s responseImposed partial trade sanctions –
banned arms sales – did not include materials such as oil
Britain, a LON member, kept the Suez Canal open to the Italians
LON Commission proposed giving up part of Abyssinia to Italy
Abyssinia, 1935-6
OutcomeBritish and French had secret negotiations
with Italy – wanted to give Italy two huge areas in Abyssinia in order to stop the warPlan failed but what did it reveal to us?
By May 1936, Italy had conquered Abyssinia1937: Italy leaves LON
Abyssinia, 1935-6
21
What were the reasons for the weakness of the League of
Nations?
Structural weaknesses
StructuralWeaknesse
sLack of
authority and
credibility
League’s limited
membership
Post-war attitudes of the major
powers
Appeasement and
distrust
The Secretariat was understaffed and disorganised
Roles of the Assembly and Council were not clearly defined – Impact?
Structural Weaknesses
CONFUSION!
Issue of UnanimityAny action required a unanimous vote by the Council and a two-thirds majority vote in the AssemblyImpact on decision-making?
Structural Weaknesses
Difficult to take effective action, Esp. when a dispute involved
a LON member
Activity 1 – Individual Work (3 mins)Look at the cartoon
What do you see in it?What is the message of the cartoon?
Lack of Authority
Lack of Authority
Message:
Ridiculous that LON would be able to prevent international trouble when it is so weak
LON lacked REAL authority
"My offensive equipment being practically nil, it remains for me to fascinate him with the power of my eye."
No Military PowerCould not coerce aggressor nationsHad to army of its own to enforce military
sanctions
Lack of Authority
Lack of AuthorityNo Economic Power
Trade sanctions didn’t work – not binding on LON members, e.g. Abyssinian CrisisAggressor nation could simply
trade with non-LON membersMember nations were
more concerned with own economic and political interests, than with resolving conflictsUnwilling to impose sanctions
– why?
Legacy of Treaty of Versailles (TOV)LON closely linked to TOV – TOV was
unpopular and LON was affected by this unpopularity
LON lost credibility when it proved ineffective in stopping nations such as Germany, Italy and Japan from their expansionist goals
Lack of Authority
Absence of the USALON deprived of a powerful member –
USA the world’s largest economyLON lacked necessary military and
economic support from the USA to enforce its rulings
Membership Issues
Absence of othersGermany – blamed for WWI - 1926Soviet Union – viewed with suspicion –
1934
# Absence of 3 major powers weakened the LON as it needed their support to enforce its sanctions
Membership Issues
The post-war attitudes of the major powers affected their willingness to help maintain world peace and security
As most of the League’s members had suffered from World War I, they did not have enough military power to deal with military threats from a powerful country.Only the British and French military forces
would have been strong enough to handle a military threat, but both were unwilling to do so. Instead, they chose a policy of appeasement.
Post-war Attitudes
Post-war Attitudes# None of the major
powers in the LON were willing to ensure that the LON was able to enforce its decisions destroyed credibility of the LON