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Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? Dave Moore Hospital for Tropical Diseases 26 th March 2014

Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

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Page 1: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

Chagas disease – who, how, what to do?

Dave MooreHospital for Tropical Diseases

26th March 2014

Page 2: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

What do I know about Chagasdisease?

(jot down an answer to each ‐ true or false)1. Chagas disease in Latin America is largely 

acquired through the bite of the assassin bug2. Transmission of Chagas disease is limited to 

South American countries below Panama3. Chagas disease is common in Latin American 

migrants in Europe4. Chagas disease can be passed from 

asymptomatic mothers to their babies5. One week of treatment is generally well‐

tolerated and highly effective6. Chagas disease should be Chagas’ disease

Page 3: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent
Page 4: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection

chronic infection

very rarely seen acute infectionacute infection

indeterminate determinate

lifelong infectiondisease‐free

20% of chronic infectionsover years‐decades

cardiomyopathygastrointestinal disease

most people with Chagasdon’t know they have it

Page 5: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent
Page 6: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent
Page 7: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent
Page 8: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent
Page 9: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent
Page 10: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

person‐to‐person transmission of T. cruzi

• Transplant

• Blood transfusion

• Mother to child

acai juice anyone?

Page 11: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent
Page 12: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

clinical importance 1

gastrointestinal cardiac• conduction system defects

• arrhythmias

• dilated cardiomyopathy and CCF

• apical aneurysm, thrombus, strokes

Page 13: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

clinical importance 2

neonatal Chagas

• 4‐8% vertical transmission

• equally likely in indeterminate

• drugs not used in pregnancy

• effective neonatal therapy available

key steps to prevention

• maternal antenatal diagnosis 

• early diagnosis of neonate

• early treatment of neonate

Page 14: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

treatment is toxic and not licensed in UK(alchemy?)

nifurtimox

• 90 days treatment

• Anorexia

• Nausea

• Weight loss

• Tremors

• Insomnia

• Peripheral neuropathy

benznidazole

• 60 days treatment

• Anorexia

• Dermatitis

• Bone marrow suppression

• Peripheral neuropathy

Page 15: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

evidence‐base for treatment efficacy is limited to specific subgroups

• Always treat – early congenital infection – good efficacy proven

• Generally offered– adults aged 19‐50 without advanced cardiomyopathy– might be useful in (non‐pregnant) women of child‐bearing age

• Individualised decision– adults > 50 years without advanced cardiomyopathy

Page 16: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

MP, Bolivian F, 46 yrs 

• Cleaner, living in UK 9 yrs• Palpitations whilst on holiday in Santa Cruz

– Resting ECG normal– T cruzi serology (antibody) POSITIVE

• Referred by GP to HTD on return– reports two brothers died suddenly playing football– confirmatory T cruzi serology positive– Resting ECG, echocardiogram, 3 day Holter – NORMAL– children aged 18, 21 and 29, need testing

Page 17: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

CS‐N Colombian F, 39yrs

• Told she had Chagas in Colombia and would need attention if became pregnant

• Referred by GP because 9/40 pregnant

• T cruzi serology POSITIVE• Asymptomatic – ECG normal

= indeterminate Chagas disease• (T cruzi PCR negative)

Page 18: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

CS‐N Colombian F, 39yrs, pregnant

Plan made• NOT for Chagas treatment of mother

– (a) indeterminate phase, so no evidence of benefit– (b) drugs contraindicated in pregnancy

• CLOSE FOLLOW‐UP of neonate– No need for special delivery arrangement– Can breast feed– PCR at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 months– treat if positive – good efficacy and tolerability

Page 19: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

CS‐N Colombian F, 39yrs

• Pregnancy lost at 12/40– Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas

• Subsequent discussion about treatment of indeterminate Chagas– Likely efficacy not clear for patient, nor in reducing risk to future offspring

– Lack of indicators of response to therapy– Must avoid pregnancy whilst on treatment

Page 20: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

CS‐N Colombian F, 39yrs

• Decided to take benznidazole

• 11 days into treatment – Marked myalgia

• 15 days into treatment– Extensive maculopapular rash

→ Treatment discontinued

Page 21: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

CS‐N Colombian F, 39yrs

• 2 years later...

• Referred back as 28/40 pregnant• (T cruzi PCR negative)• ECG and CXR normal

• Arrangements made for monitoring of infant• PCR at 3, 6, 9 months all negative

Page 22: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent
Page 23: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

Route of referral for Chagas patients

with thanks to Sophie Yacoub, HTD

Page 24: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

“what will you do at HTD?”

T cruzi serology

History, exam, tropical screen investigations appropriate to epidemiological exposures

negative

positive

not Chagas

PCR

negative positive

ECG +/‐ 24 hour tape

CXR

echo

GI investigations

(if indicated)baseline

annual ECG

Page 25: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

Diagnoses for Latin American migrants seen in HTD outpatients

with thanks to Sophie Yacoub, HTD

Page 26: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

What do I know about Chagas disease now?

1. Chagas disease in Latin America is largely acquired through the bite of the assassin bug

2. Transmission of Chagas disease is limited to South American countries below Panama

3. Chagas disease is common in Latin American migrants in Europe

4. Chagas disease can be passed from asymptomatic mothers to their babies

5. One week of treatment is generally well‐tolerated and highly effective

6. Chagas disease should be Chagas’ disease

Page 27: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent
Page 28: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

Take‐home messages

Chagas disease:• is a chronic parasitic infection 

that passes unnoticed in most people

• can cause cardiac (and GI) end‐organ damage after many years which may be life‐threatening (esp. arrhythmias) ‐ detection and management is important

• simple serological testing should be considered in any Latin American migrant

• Drugs are toxic and efficacy is modest so treatment is on a case‐by‐case basis

• Congenital infection is the important exception for which early detection and (well‐tolerated) treatment is vital

• Antenatal screening of Latin American migrants is key

Management:

Page 29: Chagas disease – who, how, what to do? 03 26 march 01 chagas disease.pdf · • Pregnancy lost at 12/40 – Not believed to be related to maternal indeterminate Chagas • Subsequent

“I have a Latin American patient and am not sure if I should be concerned about Chagas. 

What should I do?”

• Either send email inquiry

– Dr Dave Moore – [email protected]

• Or send text to 077 572 64153 with contact email address and we will call or email you back 

• Or refer directly to HTD for outpatient appointment (can offer more extended tropical screen)

Gracias por su atención!