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*The mountains separated people, so different cultures developed independently. The mountains also made it difficult for one person to rule all the the kingdoms in Europe.
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*Pepin defeated the Lombards, who had threatened the pope, who then ruled the lands as if he were king.
Answer• Monks educated people, provided food to travelers, helped
care for the sick, and taught farming, carpentry, and weaving. They were also important in preserving knowledge. They made copies of important works, such as the Bible and works of Roman and Greek writers.
A. 1
*Charles Martel led the Franks against the Muslim army and stopped the Muslim advance into Europe.
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*Ideas about carpentry, weaving, better farming methods were ideas that monks help spread across Europe.
A. 4• Europe had no central gov’t. Nobles began to collect taxes and
enforce laws.• See birth of feudalism – transferring of power from kings to
nobles who then governed/protected people in exchange for services [e.g., fighting in noble’s army or farming the land]
A. 6• Guilds were business groups organized by craftspeople; • Determined quality of products, production, prices