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Ch. 31:Decolonization
A. New Nations
South & S.E. Asia: Middle East: Africa:1946: The Philippines1947: India (Gandhi & Nehru) & Pakistan1948: Burma & Malaysia1949: Indonesia (Sukarno)
1932: Iraq1944: Syria1946: Jordan1948: Israel
1922: Egypt (Nasir)1951: Libya1960: Congo (Lumamba)1962: Algeria1963: Kenya (Kenyatta)
Decolonization in Africa
B. Patterns of Decolonization:
1. Violent Revolutions & Civil War: China, Algeria, Angola, & Vietnam
2. Non-Violent Independence:India, Ghana, & Turkey (Kemal Ataturk)
3. BOTH violent & non-violent:Kenya, Congo, Egypt, & South Africa
* Guatemala (1954): CIA overthrows the Guatemalan President who attempted to take land from the U.S.-owned United Fruit Co.
C. Algeria
Goals:
independence from French RuleArab Nationalism
Methods:
FLN (National Liberation Front)used violence, guerilla warfare, terrorism, torture8 year civil war (1954-1962)
D. Sub-Saharan Africa Independence
1. Less violent overall, but suffered from:arbitrarily drawn bordersdependence on export cropslack of roads & railroads
*Egyptian coup led by Gamal Abdel Nasser: nationalized Suez Canal (1956)…war w/ Israel
2. African National Congress (ANC) leaders:Ghana: Kwame NkrumahKenya: Jomo Kenyatta
Kwame Nkrumah & Jomo Kenyatta
E. Race Conflict in Africa
Race conflict severe in southern Africa:
Portuguese colonies of Angola & MozambiqueBritish colony of Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)South Africa (Apartheid system)
F. The “Third” World
1. “Third World”= newly decolonized “nonaligned” countries within the “bipolar” Cold War
2. 1955: Bandung Conference meeting of 29 African & Asian countries by the Indonesian President Sukarno
- role of Soviets & U.S.?
II. Chinese Cultural Revolution
1. 1949: communist victory by Mao Zedong & creation of People’s Republic of China (PRC)
2. 1958: Mao’s “Great Leap Forward” to industrialize PRC
3. 1966: Cultural Revolution Cultural Revolution (creation of Red Guard units to purge dissidents…3 million killed)
III. The Middle East
1. Arab-Israeli conflict:1947: U.N. Partition into Jewish & Palestinian land1948: creation of Israel…war w/ Arabs1967: Six-Day War…led to creation of Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) by Yasir Arafat
Munich Olympics hostage
2. Middle East Oil: oil-producing states formed OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
- monopoly on oil supply- Yom Kippur War (1973) against Israel led OPEC to embargo
oil to U.S. for supporting Israel…
IV. Global Environmental Concerns
1. Overpopulation fears
- “Green Revolution”: agricultural tech increased food supply
- overuse of pesticides/herbicides
- Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring
2. Industrial & Nuclear Waste
- 1970: Earth Day
Outline:I. Thesis (2-3 sentences)
II. Economic III. SocialIV. Political*1 diff. & 1 similarity for each)
Thesis?
Thesis?
Thesis?