CH 27 EMPIRE AND EXPANSION

AMERICAN IMPERIALISM1890-1909

I. THE LEGACY OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE

A. 1823 President James Monroe’s address to Congress.

B. 1845 Manifest Destiny C. Policing the Hemisphere

II. WORLDWIDE AMBITIONS

A. The Spread of IdealsB. New Markets

1. China2. Japan3. Korea

II. WORLDWIDE AMBITIONS

C. Acquiring New Lands 18671. Midway Islands2. Alaska

a. 7.2 Millionb. Gold, Copper and Oil.

II. WORLDWIDE AMBITIONS

D. Moving into the Pacific1. 1878 Samoa2. The Hawaiian Islands

a. 1875b. 1887c. 1893d.1898

III. The War with Spain

A. Cuba1. 1895 Cuban Revolution2. U.S. Investments3. 1896 William McKinley

B. Headline Wars1. “Yellow Journalism” makes its appearance.

a. Sensationalism sells.b. William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzerc. Inventing news.d. Hearst sends Remington to draw the

revolution. Quote: “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.”2. Public outrage causes the President to send the USS Maine to Havana as a show of force.

III. The War with Spain

III. The War with Spain

3. February 15, 18984. April 24, 1898 The War Begins.5. Reality versus perception6. Volunteer organizations begin

to form such as the “Rough Riders,” led by the former Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt. Who had absolutely no experience.

The Boys of ‘98

31st Michigan Volunteer Infantry

The Boys of ‘98

C. Michigan in the War…it was closer than you think.

“There’ll be a hot time, in the old town tonight!”

D. From Havana to Manila 1. Feb 25, Commodore George Dewey leaves

Hong Kong for the Philippines.2. May 1, The Battle of Manila Bay.3. US Forces leave Tampa Florida and invade Cuba.4. The US Atlantic fleet blockades Cuba and Puerto Rico

US FORCES BOARD TRANSPORTS TO CUBA

LANDING IN CUBA

Santiago 1898

5. The fight for Cubaa. American forces are unpreparedb. Spanish forces are less preparedc. Santiago is surroundedd. The fight for San Juan Hill

6. Spain is defeated at sea near Cuba7. Occupying Cuba is worse than fighting there.

(malaria) Yellow Fever

E. The United States Victorious1. August 12, 1898

a. December 18981. Cuba2. Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines for 20 million

dollarsb. No independence for the Philippines

1.2.

2. After the War, we considered ourselves one of the “Great Powers” in the world.

INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW DBQ

KAPLAN: 60 MINUTESPAGE 4PAGE 17-22PAGE 53

FOREIGN POLICY UNDER ROOSEVELT AND TAFT

CH 28

IV. America’s Special Destiny

A. After the S-A War, the US gov’t became comfortable with an empire

1. Some wanted to add to ita. Annex: to add or attach new territory to an existing

countryb. US had a special destiny to uphold liberty and

freedomc. Spread American way of life to acquired lands

IV. America’s Special Destiny

B. Creating Overseas Markets1. Most Americans saw oversea markets as good2. Big business had run out of places to sell things

(railroads)3. A World Market would allow the American

Economy to grow.

IV. America’s Special Destiny

C. Anti-Imperialist Plea1. 1902—magazine called the Nation, called the US

hypocrites for doing the same thing Spain had done

2. We need to keep ourselves different from Europe—no colonialism and no militarism

3. One of the most outspoken against the idea of empire was Samuel Clements “Mark Twain.”

V. Policies in the Caribbean

A. The political and economic requirement was Pro-Imperialism

B. 1901—Theodore Roosevelt becomes president: Creates the US policy of influencing hemispheric affairs through power, not words

V. Policies in the Caribbean

1. Big Stick:West African Proverb: “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far”

2. Do not brag about American Power, be so strong so that other countries will bow down to the US.

3. Build the Panama Canal4. Extend the Monroe Doctrine

V. Policies in the Caribbean

C. The Big Ditch1. Building the canal cuts out 8,500 miles of travel

from San Francisco to NYa. Reduces travel time by 60 days

2. 1903—Hay-Herran Treaty with Columbia, offered $10 million, and $250,000 annually for 99 years, for a canal zone six miles wide in Panama (part of Columbia)

a. Colombian Senate rejects the treaty in hope of better financial terms

THE BIG DITCH

V. Policies in the Caribbean

2. Hay-Herran Treaty (cont’d)b. Roosevelt supports the revolution of Panama to

become an independent countryc. Nov. 3, 1903, Panamanians revolt

1. US warships block Colombian troops from landing 2. This helped Panama win its independence3. Panama accepts the US’s terms

V. Policies in the Caribbean

4. The cutting of the canal began in 1904 and was completed in 1914

a. In the first year, the project proved to be very costly

1. Many workers came down with yellow fever or malaria

2. Colonel William Gorgas put in a comprehensive sanitation program that included draining swamps, installing plumbing, and spraying pesticides

V. Policies in the Caribbean

5. Dec. 1905, yellow fever had been eliminated6. The canal would be made using a lake and

lock system7. The canal opened on Aug. 15, 1914, but the

world barely noticed. WHY?a. The greatest engineering project in the history of

the world had been dwarfed by WWI

VI. Expansion of the Monroe Doctrine

A. Revolution is only ok if it supports US interestsB. 1904-5—Dominican Republic: several European

powers threatened the DR because they wanted to collect money owed by the Dominican customs; US troops intervene

C. Roosevelt justified this by issuing a corollary, or proposition extending the Monroe Doctrine and committing the US to maintaining stability in the Western Hemisphere.

VI. Expansion of the Monroe Doctrine

D. Dollar Diplomacy1. 1909—Taft becomes pres., agrees with TR’s

spirit, but not his tactics2. Dollar Diplomacy—a milder approach to

expansion and influencing foreign gov’ts, one that substituted dollars for bullets

a. Taft encouraged Amer. Bankers to loan money to Central Amer. Countries to pay debts to Britain

b. He encouraged investment in Central Amer. =

VII. Policies in the Far East

A. The Chinese Market1. Huge population (400 million) = business

markets2. Religious missionaries built churches, schools,

and hospitals 3. Boxer Rebellion

4. US disadvantages in Chinaa. Geographic Location far from China.b. Our navy was inferior in size compared to Japan,

Germany, and Britain

VII. Policies in the Far East

5. 1899-1900—Sec. of State John Hay promoted a plan to strengthen the US’s position in China

a. Territorial Integrity: protection of a nation from the infringement on its land of another nation

b. Open Door Policy: allowing all nations equal opportunity to trade with other nations, particularly China

VII. Policies in the Far East

6. A War in the Philippinesa. Spanish for 300 yearsb. 1898—becomes part of the USc. Filipino revolutionaries, led by Emilio Aguinaldo

did not accept the US decision to annex the Philippines w/o a fight

1. Guerilla warfare until 1902a. 120,000 US troops fought, 4,200 diedb. 15,000 rebels and 200,000 civilians died

VII. Policies in the Far East7. Balancing Russia and Japan

a. TR sees them as a menace to open door diplomacy

b. 1904-5— Russo-Japan War1. TR supports Japan because he saw them as a lesser

enemy

c. 1905—TR mediated a peace agreement between the two and earns the Nobel Peace Prize

d. TR main goal was to keep any country from dominating Asia

THE NOBEL PRIZE

VII. Policies in the Far East

8. Racial Politicsa. 1906-7—Japan protested US treatment of

Japanese immigrants in San Franciscob. 1907—school segregation ended in San Fran,

while controlling Japanese immigrants to CAc. American Great White Fleet: modern and

stronger naval fleet of 16 battleships sent around the world in a show of US strength