Ch 14 A New Spirit of Change. Immigrants settle in the United States, American literature and art develop, and reform movements have a major impact on

Ch 14Ch 14

A New Spirit of A New Spirit of ChangeChange

A New Spirit of ChangeA New Spirit of Change

Immigrants settle in the Immigrants settle in the United States, American United States, American literature and art develop, literature and art develop, and reform movements and reform movements have a major impact on the have a major impact on the nation.nation.

Why People MigratedWhy People MigratedEmigrants—people who leave a Emigrants—people who leave a

countrycountryImmigrants—people who settle in Immigrants—people who settle in

a new countrya new countryDuring mid-1800s, most During mid-1800s, most

immigrants come from Europe immigrants come from Europe People immigrate because of People immigrate because of

push-pull factorspush-pull factors

Why People MigratedWhy People Migrated

Push factors—conditions that Push factors—conditions that push people out of their native push people out of their native landslands

Pull factors—conditions that Pull factors—conditions that pull people toward a new placepull people toward a new place

Push factors include:Push factors include:1) Population growth1) Population growth


2) agricultural changes, landlords 2) agricultural changes, landlords force tenants off landforce tenants off land

3) crop failures, farmers unable 3) crop failures, farmers unable to pay debts, families go hungryto pay debts, families go hungry

4) Industrial Revolution puts 4) Industrial Revolution puts many artisans out of workmany artisans out of work

5) religious and political turmoil 5) religious and political turmoil causes religious persecutioncauses religious persecution


Pull factors include:Pull factors include:1) freedom1) freedom2) economic opportunity2) economic opportunity3) abundant land3) abundant land

Germans Pursue Economic Germans Pursue Economic OpportunityOpportunity

Many Germans immigrate to Many Germans immigrate to Wisconsin; good climate for Wisconsin; good climate for growing oats growing oats

Also settle in Texas they found Also settle in Texas they found town of Fredericksburgtown of Fredericksburg

Work as bakers, butchers, Work as bakers, butchers, shoemakers, and carpenters in shoemakers, and carpenters in citiescities

Germans Pursue Economic Germans Pursue Economic OpportunityOpportunity

Germans were the largest Germans were the largest immigrant group of 1800s, immigrant group of 1800s, they have a large influence they have a large influence on U.S. cultureon U.S. culture

The Irish Flee HungerThe Irish Flee Hunger

Most Irish immigrants are Most Irish immigrants are CatholicCatholic

They immigrate in early They immigrate in early 1800s to escape poverty and 1800s to escape poverty and British mistreatmentBritish mistreatment

In 1845, disease attacks In 1845, disease attacks Ireland’s potato cropIreland’s potato crop


Causes famine—a severe Causes famine—a severe food shortage, this forces food shortage, this forces many to emigratemany to emigrate

In U.S., the Irish become city-In U.S., the Irish become city-dwellers, they have few skills, dwellers, they have few skills, and take low-paying jobs and take low-paying jobs


They compete with free They compete with free African-Americans for African-Americans for backbreaking work that no backbreaking work that no one else wantsone else wants

Following One’s ConscienceFollowing One’s Conscience

Writer Ralph Waldo Emerson Writer Ralph Waldo Emerson stresses self-examination and stresses self-examination and nature nature

Henry David Thoreau writes Henry David Thoreau writes about his life in the woods in about his life in the woods in Walden (1845)Walden (1845)


Emerson and Thoreau believe Emerson and Thoreau believe in transcendentalism:in transcendentalism:spiritual world more spiritual world more

important than physical worldimportant than physical worldfind truth through feeling and find truth through feeling and

intuitionintuition


Thoreau believes in following Thoreau believes in following individual conscienceindividual conscience

Peacefully refuses to obey Peacefully refuses to obey unjust lawsunjust laws

Uses non-violent protest—Uses non-violent protest—civil disobediencecivil disobedience

Exploring the Human Heart Exploring the Human Heart Walt Whitman writes Walt Whitman writes

unrhymed poems that praise unrhymed poems that praise common peoplecommon people

Emily Dickinson writes poems Emily Dickinson writes poems about God, nature, love, and about God, nature, love, and deathdeath

Whitman, and Dickinson shape Whitman, and Dickinson shape modern poetrymodern poetry

Exploring the Human HeartExploring the Human Heart

Edgar Allan Poe’s terrifying tales Edgar Allan Poe’s terrifying tales influence modern horror storiesinfluence modern horror stories

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The The Scarlet LetterScarlet Letter about love, guilt, about love, guilt, and revengeand revenge

Herman Melville writes novel, Herman Melville writes novel, Moby DickMoby Dick

Temperance SocietiesTemperance SocietiesTemperance movement—Temperance movement—

campaign to stop alcohol campaign to stop alcohol consumptionconsumption

Heavy drinking is common in Heavy drinking is common in the early 1800sthe early 1800s

Temperance speakers get a Temperance speakers get a million people to promise to million people to promise to give up alcoholgive up alcohol

Temperance SocietiesTemperance Societies

Business owners support Business owners support temperance, they want sober temperance, they want sober workersworkers

By 1855, 13 states pass laws By 1855, 13 states pass laws to ban alcohol, but most are to ban alcohol, but most are repealedrepealed

Fighting for Workers’ RightsFighting for Workers’ RightsWomen mill workers start labor Women mill workers start labor

unionunionLabor union—workers who ban Labor union—workers who ban

together, get better working together, get better working conditionsconditions

Women go on strike—stop work Women go on strike—stop work to get better working conditions to get better working conditions (1836)(1836)

Fighting for Workers’ RightsFighting for Workers’ Rights

Many other strikes follow; Many other strikes follow; depression hits (1837), and depression hits (1837), and jobs are scarcejobs are scarce

Labor movement falls apart, Labor movement falls apart, achieves a few goalsachieves a few goals

Social ReformsSocial Reforms

Improving EducationImproving Education

Horace Mann heads first Horace Mann heads first state board of education in state board of education in the U.S. (1837)the U.S. (1837)

A few Northern cities start A few Northern cities start public high schoolspublic high schools

Improving EducationImproving Education

Churches and other groups Churches and other groups start many colleges; women start many colleges; women cannot attend most cannot attend most

Illegal to teach enslaved Illegal to teach enslaved person to read in the Southperson to read in the South

Care for the NeedyCare for the Needy

Caring for the NeedyCaring for the Needy

Dorothea Dix pushes reforms Dorothea Dix pushes reforms for the care of mentally ill for the care of mentally ill

Reformers improve prisons: Reformers improve prisons: separate children from main separate children from main

jailsjailscall for rehabilitation of adult call for rehabilitation of adult

prisonersprisoners

Abolitionists Call for Ending Abolitionists Call for Ending SlaverySlavery

Abolition—movement to end Abolition—movement to end slavery, it begins in the late slavery, it begins in the late 1700s1700s

Abolitionists demand a law Abolitionists demand a law ending slavery in the Southending slavery in the South

Abolitionists Call for Ending Abolitionists Call for Ending SlaverySlavery

William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison publishes an abolitionist publishes an abolitionist newspapernewspaper

Sisters Sarah, Angelina Sisters Sarah, Angelina Grimké lecture against Grimké lecture against slaveryslavery

Eyewitnesses to SlaveryEyewitnesses to Slavery

Frederick Douglass speaks Frederick Douglass speaks about his own experience of about his own experience of slavery slavery Publishes autobiography Publishes autobiography

(1845), does lecture tour, and (1845), does lecture tour, and buys his freedombuys his freedom

Eyewitnesses to SlaveryEyewitnesses to Slavery

Sojourner Truth flees Sojourner Truth flees enslavement, and lives with enslavement, and lives with Quakers who free herQuakers who free herWins court battle to recover Wins court battle to recover

her son, she speaks for her son, she speaks for abolitionabolition

The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad

Underground Railroad—Underground Railroad—aboveground escape routes aboveground escape routes from South to Northfrom South to North

Runaway slaves travel on Runaway slaves travel on foot, also take wagons, boats, foot, also take wagons, boats, and trainsand trains

The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad

Henry Brown escapes slavery Henry Brown escapes slavery by being packed in a box and by being packed in a box and shipped Northshipped North

Runaways usually travel by Runaways usually travel by night and hide by day in night and hide by day in places called stations places called stations

Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman

People who lead runaways to People who lead runaways to freedom are called conductorsfreedom are called conductors

Harriet Tubman is a famous Harriet Tubman is a famous conductorconductorShe escapes slavery (1849), She escapes slavery (1849),

she makes 19 journeys to free she makes 19 journeys to free enslaved personsenslaved persons

Enemies offer reward for her Enemies offer reward for her capture, but is never caughtcapture, but is never caught

Journey to FreedomJourney to Freedom

Follow the Drinking Gourd SongFollow the Drinking Gourd Song

Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights

Women Reformers Face Women Reformers Face BarriersBarriers

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton attend anti-slavery Stanton attend anti-slavery convention convention

They are not allowed to speak in They are not allowed to speak in public because they are womenpublic because they are women

In 1800s, women have few legal In 1800s, women have few legal or political rightsor political rights

The Seneca Falls ConventionThe Seneca Falls Convention

Stanton and Mott hold Seneca Stanton and Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention for women’s Falls Convention for women’s rights (1848)rights (1848)

Declaration of Sentiments and Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions states men and Resolutions states men and women are equalwomen are equal

Lists resolutions for women’s Lists resolutions for women’s rights including suffrage—the rights including suffrage—the right to voteright to vote

Continued Calls for Women’s Continued Calls for Women’s RightsRights

Sojourner Truth speaks for Sojourner Truth speaks for women’s rightswomen’s rights

Scientist Maria Mitchell starts Scientist Maria Mitchell starts Association for the Association for the Advancement of Women Advancement of Women

Continued Calls for Women’s Continued Calls for Women’s RightsRights

Susan B. Anthony builds Susan B. Anthony builds women’s movement into a women’s movement into a national organizationnational organizationShe supports laws that give She supports laws that give

married women rights to own married women rights to own property and earn wagesproperty and earn wages

By 1865, 29 states have laws By 1865, 29 states have laws that give women property and that give women property and wage rightswage rights

Documents

Ch 14 A New Spirit of Change. Immigrants settle in the United States, American literature and art develop, and reform movements have a major impact on