Central European Central European Monarchs ClashMonarchs Clash

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Section 3Section 3

Main IdeasMain Ideas

After a period of turmoil, absolute After a period of turmoil, absolute monarchs ruled Austria and the monarchs ruled Austria and the Germanic state of Germanic state of PrussiaPrussia..

Prussia built a strong military Prussia built a strong military tradition in tradition in GermanyGermany that that contributed in part to world wars in contributed in part to world wars in the 20the 20thth century. century.

IntroductionIntroduction

The Peace of The Peace of AugsburgAugsburg (1555) (1555) had temporarily settled their had temporarily settled their religious differences.religious differences.

They had agreed that the faith of They had agreed that the faith of each prince would determine the each prince would determine the faith of their subjects.faith of their subjects.

Churches in Germany could be Churches in Germany could be Lutheran or Catholic, but not Lutheran or Catholic, but not CalvinistCalvinist..

Peace was short-lived and was Peace was short-lived and was replaced by a long war.replaced by a long war.

Bohemian Protestants Bohemian Protestants RevoltRevolt

16181618 – War began. – War began. Ferdinand IIFerdinand II - head of - head of

the Hapsburg family.the Hapsburg family. Ruled Czech republic of Ruled Czech republic of

BohemiaBohemia.. Protestants in Bohemia did Protestants in Bohemia did

not trust Ferdinand.not trust Ferdinand. He was a He was a CatholicCatholic & a & a

foreigner.foreigner. Closed some Closed some ProtestantProtestant

churches.churches. RevoltRevolt Sends army to crush revolt.Sends army to crush revolt.

The Thirty Years’ WarThe Thirty Years’ War1618-16481618-1648

LutheranLutheran and and CatholicCatholic princes tried princes tried to gain followers.to gain followers.

Both groups felt threatened by Both groups felt threatened by Calvinism because it was spreading Calvinism because it was spreading through through GermanyGermany and gaining many and gaining many followers.followers.

Tension continued and the Lutherans Tension continued and the Lutherans formed the formed the Protestant UnionProtestant Union.. The Catholic princes then formed The Catholic princes then formed

the the Catholic LeagueCatholic League.. With two groups ready to fight, it With two groups ready to fight, it

wouldn’t take much to set off a war.wouldn’t take much to set off a war.

Beginning of Thirty Years’ Beginning of Thirty Years’ WarWar

German German ProtestantProtestant princes princes took this chance to challenge took this chance to challenge their Catholic emperor.their Catholic emperor.

This began the This began the Thirty YearsThirty Years’ ’ War.War. Conflict over Conflict over religionreligion and and

territory and for power among territory and for power among European ruling families.European ruling families.

Two phases: Hapsburg triumphs Two phases: Hapsburg triumphs & Hapsburg defeats.& Hapsburg defeats.

Hapsburg TriumphsHapsburg Triumphs During the first twelve years, During the first twelve years,

Hapsburg armies Hapsburg armies crushedcrushed Protestant Protestant armies.armies.

Ferdinand paid his army of 125,000 Ferdinand paid his army of 125,000 men by allowing them to men by allowing them to robrob German villages.German villages.

This army destroyed everything in its This army destroyed everything in its path.path.

Hapsburg DefeatsHapsburg Defeats Swedish army drove the Hapsburg Swedish army drove the Hapsburg

armies out of Germany.armies out of Germany. Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin

fearedfeared the Hapsburgs more than the the Hapsburgs more than the Protestants.Protestants.

They wanted the They wanted the French kingFrench king to stay to stay the most powerful.the most powerful.

Finished off the Hapsburg armies.Finished off the Hapsburg armies.

Ending the WarEnding the War

War greatly damaged War greatly damaged GermanyGermany..

It’s population It’s population dropped by 4 million.dropped by 4 million.

Germany’s Germany’s economyeconomy was ruined.was ruined.

Peace of Peace of WestphaliaWestphalia ended the war.ended the war.

Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia This treaty had many consequences:This treaty had many consequences: Weakened Weakened SpainSpain & Austria (Hapsburg & Austria (Hapsburg

states)states) Strengthened Strengthened FranceFrance by awarding it by awarding it

German territory.German territory. German princes became German princes became independentindependent

of Holy Roman emperor.of Holy Roman emperor. Ended Ended religiousreligious wars in Europe. wars in Europe. New method of peace New method of peace negotiationnegotiation..

Beginning of Modern StatesBeginning of Modern States The treaty The treaty bannedbanned the the

idea that the Catholic idea that the Catholic empire would rule most empire would rule most of Europe.of Europe.

Recognized Europe as a Recognized Europe as a group of equal, group of equal, independentindependent states. states.

Basically, the Catholic Basically, the Catholic Church Church losesloses control. control.

States Form in Central EuropeStates Form in Central Europe Strong states formed Strong states formed

more more slowlyslowly in central in central Europe than western Europe than western Europe.Europe.

Major central powers:Major central powers: PolandPoland Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

None were very strong None were very strong until the mid-1600s.until the mid-1600s.

Western Europe v. Western Europe v. Eastern Europe Eastern Europe

Economic Contrasts with the Economic Contrasts with the WestWest

Economy was very different from Economy was very different from westernwestern Europe. Europe.

In the West – In the West – serfsserfs slowly won slowly won freedom & moved to towns.freedom & moved to towns. Became middle-class & gained Became middle-class & gained

economic power.economic power. Central Europe passed laws Central Europe passed laws

restrictingrestricting the ability of serfs to the ability of serfs to gain freedom & move to cities.gain freedom & move to cities. Wanted serfs to produce large Wanted serfs to produce large

harvests.harvests. Sell the Sell the surplussurplus to western Europe. to western Europe.

Several Weak EmpiresSeveral Weak Empires Central Europe also Central Europe also blockedblocked the the

development of strong kings.development of strong kings. OttomanOttoman Empire had already Empire had already

expanded as far as possible.expanded as far as possible. Began to decline.Began to decline.

Holy RomanHoly Roman Empire was Empire was seriously weakened by the Thirty seriously weakened by the Thirty Years’ War.Years’ War. No longer had any real power.No longer had any real power.

Austria Grows StrongerAustria Grows Stronger HapsburgsHapsburgs tried tried

to become to become absolute monarchs.absolute monarchs.

1.1. Conquered Conquered BohemiaBohemia..

2.2. Centralized Centralized the government & the government & created an created an armyarmy..

3.3. Took Took HungaryHungary back back from the Ottoman from the Ottoman Empire.Empire.

Maria Theresa Inherits Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Thronethe Austrian Throne

With With AustriaAustria increasing their increasing their territory, they wanted to make territory, they wanted to make sure that they kept it.sure that they kept it.

Charles VI had other European Charles VI had other European leaders sign an agreement leaders sign an agreement recognizing his daughter, recognizing his daughter, Maria TheresaMaria Theresa as the heir to as the heir to all Hapsburg territories.all Hapsburg territories.

She still faced years of war.She still faced years of war. Main enemy Main enemy PrussiaPrussia..

Maria TheresaMaria Theresa

Looked out for Looked out for working classworking class..

Decreased power Decreased power of the of the nobilitynobility..

Mother of Mother of Marie Marie AntoinetteAntoinette..

Prussia Challenges AustriaPrussia Challenges Austria

PrussiaPrussia rose to power in rose to power in the late 1600s, like the late 1600s, like Austria.Austria.

Prussia’s ruling family = Prussia’s ruling family = HohenzollernsHohenzollerns..

Prussia had ambitions Prussia had ambitions that upset Europe’s that upset Europe’s balance of power.balance of power.

The Rise of PrussiaThe Rise of Prussia Controlled small Controlled small GermanGerman states states

of Brandenburg and Prussia.of Brandenburg and Prussia. Frederick William controlled Frederick William controlled

BrandenburgBrandenburg.. Decided that a strong army was Decided that a strong army was

needed to ensure safety.needed to ensure safety. Moved toward Moved toward absolute absolute

monarchy.monarchy. Created strongest Created strongest armyarmy in Europe. in Europe.

Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great Frederick William worried that his son, Frederick William worried that his son,

FrederickFrederick, was not military enough to , was not military enough to rule.rule. Loved music, philosophy & poetry.Loved music, philosophy & poetry. Tried to run away with a friend when he was Tried to run away with a friend when he was

young.young. Punishment? Watched his friend get Punishment? Watched his friend get

beheadedbeheaded..

Frederick the Great (cont.)Frederick the Great (cont.) Followed in his Followed in his

father’s father’s military military policies.policies.

Softened some of Softened some of his father’s laws.his father’s laws.

Encouraged Encouraged religious religious toleration & legal toleration & legal reform.reform.

Believed a ruler Believed a ruler should be a should be a fatherfather to his people.to his people.

War of Austrian SuccessionWar of Austrian Succession Maria Theresa succeeded her father.Maria Theresa succeeded her father. Frederick wanted Frederick wanted AustrianAustrian land that land that

bordered Prussia.bordered Prussia. He He underestimatedunderestimated Maria’s strength. Maria’s strength. He sent his army in 1740 & started a war.He sent his army in 1740 & started a war. Maria stopped Maria stopped PrussiaPrussia.. But pursuant to a treaty, Prussia But pursuant to a treaty, Prussia receivedreceived

the land.the land.

The Seven Years’ WarThe Seven Years’ War Maria Theresa made an alliance with Maria Theresa made an alliance with

FranceFrance.. Frederick became scared and signed a Frederick became scared and signed a

treaty with treaty with Great BritainGreat Britain.. Austria, France, Russia, etc. v. Britain & Austria, France, Russia, etc. v. Britain &

Prussia.Prussia. Prussia & Austria had switched Prussia & Austria had switched alliesallies.. RussiaRussia played a role in European affairs played a role in European affairs

for the first time.for the first time.

Seven Years’ War (cont.)Seven Years’ War (cont.) Frederick attacked Saxony, Frederick attacked Saxony,

Austria’sAustria’s ally.ally. All European powers were All European powers were

involved in war.involved in war. Fought in Fought in Europe, India & Europe, India &

North AmericaNorth America.. Did not change any territory Did not change any territory

in in EuropeEurope.. Britain got Britain got France’s France’s

colonies.colonies. Prussia emerges asPrussia emerges as a a

European power.European power.