In the 2nd half of 15th century states and monarchs began to work to restore their kingdoms and central authority of the state

Renaissance Monarchs – “new monarchies” Some in western Europe succeeded in

extending and restoring political authority Kingdoms in eastern Europe were weak

and failed to impose their authority

France after the 100 Years’ War1. depopulated2. ruined economy3. out of control nobles Louis XI – the spider -> wily and devious1. used the taille as permanent source of royal

revenue2. Struggle with Charles the Bold of Burgundy3. Gained and brought more territories under

royal control4. Created the base for the later dev of a

strong French monarcy

THE WAR OF THE ROSES HENRY VII and THE TUDOR DYNASTY THE COURT OF THE STAR CHAMBER

HENRY VII – THE FIRST TUDOR MONARCH OF ENGLAND

THE MOORS

THE RECONQUISTA

ISABELLA OF CASTILE AND FERDINAND OF ARAGON

THE SPANISH INQUISITION

NEW MONARCHS IN SPAIN

Holy Roman Empire/Germany -> failure to develop strong monarchy

The House of Habsburg -> originally princes of Austria -> gain control and title of Holy Roman Emperor

The Habsburgs gained their lands and power through marriages

1. Maximillian + Mary of Burgundy - > the low countries

2. Philip + Joanna of Castile -> Spain3. Charles V inherits -> German lands, low

countries, Spain, and southern Italy

Poland1. Triumph of the nobles over the monarch2. Peasantry pushed back into serfdom3. Made the monarchy elected4. Failure to establish strong royal authority Bohemia Hungary Russia1. Under the control of the mongols2. Princes of Moscow increase their power and

lands3. Ivan III -> creates the Principality of Moscow and

throws off the control of the Mongols by 1480

The Greek Byzantine Empire had served as a buffer/wall between the Muslim East and the Latin Christian West

The Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire and in 1453 they take the city of Constantinople

The Ottomans move into the Balkans -> begin to threaten Hungary, Bohemia, Austria