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Chapter 21 Section 3 Central European Monarchs Clash

Thirty Years War u  1618 Bohemia (Czech kingdom)

u  Protestants don’t trust Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor) who is a foreigner and Catholic

u  Ferdinand closes some Protestant churches, Protestants revolt, Ferdinand sends in Army

u  Protestant fight back = 30 years War u  2 main phases

u  Hapsburg Triumphs u  First 12 years Hapsburg armies from Austira and Spain crush

Protestant princes armies. u  Ferdinand paid an army of 125,000 by allowing them to plunder or

rob German villages. Destroy everything in their path u  Hapsburg defeats

u  Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden shifted the tide of war u  Drive Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany

u  Gustavus Adolphus killed in battle 1632 u  Cardinal Reichelieu and Cardinal Mazarin of France dominate the

rest of war. u  Catholic, but fear the Hapsburg more then the Protestants

Chapter 21 Section 3 Central European Monarchs Clash

Thirty Years War

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Chapter 21 Section 3 Central European Monarchs Clash

Thirty Years War u  Peace of Westphalia

u  War damages Germany u  Population drops from 20 million to 16 million u  Economy ruined- trade/agriculture u  One of reasons that Germany doesn’t become a

unified country. u  Important consequences

u  Weakens Hapsburg states (Spain and Austria) u  German Princes are independent of the Holy

Roman Emperor u  Ended religious wars u  Peace negotiations can end a war.(still used today)

Ø  Austria Ø  Hapsburgs of Austria become absolute

monarchs Ø  Conquered Bohemia during the 30 years War Ø  Wipe out Protestants & create a new Czech nobility

loyal to them Ø  Retake Hungary from Ottoman Empire

Ø  1711 Charles VI becomes ruler. Ø  Diverse country –Czechs, Bohemians, Hungarians,

Italians, Croatians, & Germans. Ø  Hard to keep it together….. Crowned king in 3

countries keeps it somewhat together.

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Chapter 21 Section 3 Central European Monarchs Clash

Central Governments of Europe Ø  Austria

Ø  Maria Theresa takes Throne. Ø  Tries to enable Hapsburgs continual rule of

throne Ø  Agree to recognize his daughter as heir.

Ø  Suppose to assure peace, but….. Ø  Face years of war Ø  Prussia (north of Austria) main foe Ø  Woman can’t lead

Chapter 21 Section 3 Central European Monarchs Clash

Prussia challenges Austria u  Hohenzollerns ruling family, control states of

Brandenburg & Prussia u  Destruction of 30 years war, feel they need a strong

Army u  Frederick William “Great Elector” = absolute monarch

u Army of 80,000 u Tax heavily to pay army u Resistance from nobles (Junkers)

u  They become officers. u  Prussia becomes a military state

u  King and nobles tied to military

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Chapter 21 Section 3 Central European Monarchs Clash

Prussia challenges Austria u  Frederick the Great (Frederick II)

u  Frederick Williams son is Frederick the Great u  Loves music, philosophy, poetry u  1730 Frederick’s father punishes his rebellious son

by beheading his friend u  Eventually rules and softened his father’s laws u  Become like a “father to the people”

Chapter 21 Section 3 Central European Monarchs Clash

Prussia challenges Austria u  1740, Frederick the Great vs Maria Theresa

u  Frederick underestimates Maria u  Maria gets Hungarians nobles to help her. u  Great Britian joins Austria to fight France who was

Prussia ally. u  Peace treaty gives Prussia Silessia

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Chapter 21 Section 3 Central European Monarchs Clash

Seven years war v  Maria Theresa (Austria) decides the French were no

longer their chief enemy u  She makes an alliance with them u  Prussia (Frederick) signs treaty with Britian (Austria’s

former ally) u  THEY HAVE SWITCHED ALLIANCES……. u  Russia is also added to the alliances

u  1756 Frederick attacks Saxony (Austrian ally) u  Every one who has alliance is in war and the 7 years

war starts u  No boundaries change u  BRITIAN EMERGED AS VICTOR BY GAINING SOLE

DOMININATION OF INDIA!!!!

Chapter 21 Section 3 Central European Monarchs Clash