1

Central European Cities: Budapest, Prague, Vienna, 1450-1914.

William O’Reilly wto21@cam.ac.uk

A century ago, Budapest, Prague and Vienna were the capital cities of the western and eastern halves of the increasingly unstable Austro-Hungarian empire and scenes of intense cultural activity. Budapest produced such luminaries as Béla Bartók, Georg Lukács, and Michael and Karl Polanyi; Prague, Antonín Dvorák, Leos Janácek, Bertha von Suttner, Bedrich Smetana, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Franz Kafka; and Vienna was home to such figures as Sigmund Freud, Gustav Klimt, and Hugo von Hofmannsthal. This paper explores the long history of these cities leading up to the fin-de-siécle, examining how political, cultural, intellectual and artistic vibrancy common to all three cities emerged from deeply different civic cultures. In this paper we will survey the urban development of the three cities and review the effects of urban growth, of emigration and immigration, or invasion and expansion, and finally of modernisation and nationalism, impacted on various aspects of the three cities’ cultures. We will examine the process of physical change, as population growth, royal and imperial residence, religious persecution and toleration, of cultural experimentation and vibrancy, and of industrialisation and the rising middle class, came to usher in a new age of tenements, suburbs, and town planning. We will explore the mentality of nobles and elites, or Christians, Jews and Muslims, or residents and newcomers, through a study of primary and secondary sources. Through snapshots of such subjects as the mentality of the nobility, the views of Turkish soldiers outside the walls of Vienna, of operettas and musical life, of attitudes toward Germans and Jews, we will reveal the striking relationship between historical memory and creation, social marginality and cultural creativity. In comparing the three cities, we will explore how Vienna, famed for its spacious parks and gardens, was often characterized as a ‘garden’ of esoteric culture, while Prague was a city of alchemistry and magic, and Budapest as a new, dense, city surrounded by factories, whose cultural leaders referred to the offices and cafés where they met as ‘workshops’. These differences were reflected in the contrast between Prague’s long history as a seat of religious and royal heritage, of Vienna's aesthetic and individualistic culture and Budapest's more moralistic and socially engaged approach. This course aims, then, to acquaint students with the history and urban development of three principal Central European cities – Vienna, Prague and Budapest– in the context of the European urban tradition, focusing especially on unique moments in their history. We will examine the social, economic, political and cultural conditions of the time and the changing spatial and temporal dimensions of political power and culture. Study of the selected cities will be set within the context of the main stages of urban history and planning in Europe, moving quickly from the end of the Roman Empire, drawing comparisons with Western European and certain non-European cities. Further themes include the process and causes of urbanization, the changing populations of the cities (including religious and ethnic minorities, migrant and worker communities); analysis of the physical

2

city (its urban form and spatial topography, landmarks and architectural monuments); the distinctive identities of capital cities; and debates on urban planning and historical preservation. Class meetings will consist of lectures, class discussions, student presentations, analysis of readings, occasional films and perhaps a fieldtrip. Start date October 2018 Teachers Dr William O’Reilly (wto21) and others Teaching regime for this paper Teaching: There will be three two-hour introductory classes, each one setting out the major debates in the history of the city (What is a city? How do we study cities?); on the history of urban life (Defining the Urban – Classic Texts and Approaches); and on area studies and Central Europe (What is Central Europe? Do Historical Regions Matter?). There will then be 13 two-hour classes on the thematic topics set out below (headings 4-16; five in Michaelmas, eight in Lent). Classes will be structured around student presentations and group discussion. Some classes will begin with a twenty-minute lecture introducing the topic and providing necessary context. In Easter term there will two classes: one on the different kinds of sources used in the course and one on gobbet preparation, on consolidation and revision.

Michaelmas: 8 x 120-min classes

Lent: 8 x 120-min classes

Easter: 2 x 120-min classes

Fieldtrip: It may be possible to organize a fieldtrip to Central Europe; this is contingent on securing financial support and will not be an essential element in this paper.

LONG ESSAY SAMPLE QUESTIONS

1) Assess the emergence of either (a) Buda or (b) Prague as an early modern Residenzstadt.

2) Analyse and assess the multi-ethnic nature of Buda, to 1700.

3) ‘Architecture and religious experience alone supported the legacy of Charles IV in Prague.’

Discuss.

4) How and to what extent did alchemy serve as a language of mediation at the Habsburg court

in Prague?

5) What were the parameters of urban Jewish life in either Buda or Prague or Vienna, before

1781?

3

6) Why did Vienna emerge as a centre of baroque political culture?

7) Assess the importance of music in the creation of ‘Vienna Gloriosa’.

8) How was Magyar nationalism and symbolic politics imprinted on fin-de-siècle Hungary?

9) How recognizable is Kafka’s reading of Prague as a city?

10) Assess the contributions of Austrian Feminists to the sexual debate in fin-de-siècle Vienna.

11) “Pluralist Myth and Nationalist Realities: the dynastic myth of the Habsburg Monarchy was a

futile exercise in the creation of identity.” Discuss.

12) “Architecture is a gesture.” Discuss, with reference to the central European city.

Background Reading:

Habsburg Lands/Austria

Steven Beller, ed. Rethinking Vienna 1900 (New York, 2001)

Allan Janik and Stephen Toumlin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna (New York, 1973)

Barbara Jelavich, Modern Austria. Empire & Republic, 1800-1986 (New York, 1987)

Robert A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526-1918 (Berkeley, 1974)

Frederic Morton, A Nervous Splendour. Vienna 1888/1889 (New York, 1980)

Frederic Morton, Thunder at Twighlight. Vienna 1913-1914 (New York, 1989)

Joseph Roth, The Radetzky March (New York, 1991) [Novel]

Carl Schorske, “The Ringstrasse, Its Critics, and the Birth of Urban Modernism,” in Fin-de-Siècle

Vienna: Politics and Culture, (New York, 1981): 24-115 and from the same book: “Gustav Klimt:

Painting and the Crisis of the Liberal Ego,” 208-278.

Alan Sked, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815-1918(London, 2001)

Bohemia/Czech Lands

Hugh Agnew, The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (Palo Alto, 2004)

Peter Demetz, Prague in Black and Gold (New York, 1997)

Cathleen Giustino, Tearing Down Prague’s Jewish Town, (Boulder, 2003)

Jaroslav Hašek, The Good Soldier Švejk (New York, 1985) [Novel]

Ladislav Holy, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation (Cambridge, 1996)

Wilma Iggers, Women of Prague (Providence, 1995)

Milan Kundera, The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, (New York, 1985) [Novel]

4

Carol Leff, The Czech and Slovak Republics (Boulder, 1997)

Robert B. Pynsent, Questions of Identity. Czech and Slovak Ideas of Nationality and Personality (Budapest,

1994)

Derek Sayer, The Coasts of Bohemia. A Czech History (Princeton, 1998)

Scott Spector, Prague Territories. National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Franz Kafka’s Fin-de-Siècle,

(Berkeley, 2000)

Hungary

András Gerő, “March the Fifteenth,” in Modern Hungarian Society in the Making. The Unfinished

Experience, (Budapest, 1993): 238-249.

Peter Hanák, “Urbanization and Civilization: Vienna and Buadpest in the Nineteenth Century,”

in The Garden and the Workshop, (Princeton, 1998): 3-43.

Lázló Kontler, A History of Hungary. Millennium in Central Europe (London, 2003)

John Lukacs, Budapest 1900 (New York, 1988)

Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians. A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat (Princeton, 2004)

Peter Sugar, ed. A History of Hungary (Bloomington, 1990)

1 Introduction I: What is a city? How do we study cities?

Spiro Kostof, The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History, (London: Thames & Hudson, 1991) 37-41. Shane Ewen, What is Urban History (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016) 1-32. Setha Low, “The Anthropology of Cities: Imagining and Theorizing the City.” Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996): 383-409. Peter Clark, European Cities and Towns (New York: Oxford UP, 2009) 1-20. Jan De Vries, European Urbanization 1500-1800 (London: Methuen, 1984) 3-13. Michel Foucault, Security, Territory, Population. Lectures at the Collège de France. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007) 16-38.

5

2 Introduction II. Defining the Urban – Classic Texts and Approaches Georg Simmel, “Metropolis and Mental Life” In Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms. ed. Donald Levine (Chicago: Chicago University Press 1971. [1903]) 324-39. Georg Simmel “The Stranger” In Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms. ed. Donald Levine (Chicago: Chicago University Press 1971. [1903]) Max Weber, “The Nature of the City” and “The Occidental City” In The City (Glencoe: Free Press, 1958) 65-120. Walter Benjamin, “Paris: capital of the 19th century” In Metropolis: Center and Symbol of Our Times. (Ed.) Kasinitz, P. New York: New York University Press. 46-57. Lewis Mumford, “The culture of cities” In Metropolis: Center and Symbol of Our Times. ed. P. Kasinitz (New York: New York University Press) 21-29. Kevin Lynch, “The Image of the City” (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960) Introduction.

3 Introduction III: What is Central Europe? Do Historical Regions Matter?

Balázs Terncsényi, “Central Europe” in European Regions and Boundaries – A Conceptual History (New-York – Oxford: Berghahn, 2017) 166-187.

Nora Berend, “The Mirage of East Central Europe: Historical Regions in a Comparative Perspective” in Medieval East Central Europe in a Comparative Perspective: From Frontier Zones to Lands in Focus (London, 2016) 9-23.

Maciej Janowski, Constantin Iordachi, and Balázs Trencsényi, “Why Bother About Historical Regions? Debates Over Central Europe in Hungary, Poland and Romania” East Central Europe 35 (2005) 5-58.

Jenő Szűcs, “The Three Historical Regions of Europe: An outline” Acta Historica Academiae 29 (1983) 131-184.

Maria Bogucka, “The towns of East Central Europe from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century”, in East Central Europe in Transition, eds. Antoni Mączak, Henryk Samsonowicz, Peter Burke. (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985) 97-108.

4 The Birth of Medieval Cities –The Roman origins

Leonardo Benevolo, The European City, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993) 1-22.

6

Peter Clark, European Cities and Towns (New York: Oxford UP, 2009) 21-89. Gábor Klaniczay, “The Birth of a New Europe about 1000 CE: Conversion, Transfer of Institutional Models, New Dynamics,” in Eurasian Transformations, Tenth to Thirteenth Centuries: Crystallizations, Divergences, Renaissances. eds. Johann P. Arnason and Björn Wittrock (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2004) 99-130. Harald Kleinschmidt, Understanding the Middle Ages: The Transformation of Ideas and Attitudes in the Medieval World (Rochester: The Boydell Press, 2008) 15-61. (Experiences of Time; Conceptions of Space)

Katalin Szende, “Town Foundations in Central Europe and the New World in a Comparative Perspective” Medieval East Central Europe in a Comparative Perspective: From Frontier Zones to Lands in Focus (London, 2016) Primary Sources: Visiting the Map Room at the UL

5 The Multi-Ethnic Buda: A Late Medieval City Primary Sources: Antonio Bonfini, Rerum Hungaricarum Decades, (Excerpts: Description of the Renaissance Buda Castle) – Unpublished translation (5 pages) György Szerémi, Epistola de perditione Regni Hungarorum, (Excerpts: Description of how the Germans and Hungarians escaped from Buda before the arrival of the Ottomans in 1526; Sultan Soliman’s secret visit to Buda) – Unpublished translation (9 pages) A. B., A letter to a friend, being an historical account of the affairs of Hungary, more particularly relating to Buda and how treacherously it was surprised by Solyman the Magnificent from the Christians, 1541–1684, (14. 11. 1684) London: Davies, 1684. (4 pages) Secondary Sources: András Végh, “Buda: The Multi-Ethnic Capital of Medieval Hungary”, in Segregation – Integration – Assimilation. Religious and Ethnic Groups in the Medieval Towns of Central and Eastern Europe, eds. Derek Keene, Balázs Nagy and Katalin Szende. (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009) 89-101. Katalin Szende, “Buda and the Urban Development of East Central Europe”, in Medieval Buda in Context eds. Balázs Nagy, Martyn Rady, Katalin Szende and András Vadas (Brill: Leiden, 2016) 526-553. Ernő Marosi, “Matthias Corvinus, the Medieval Man. Gothic and Renaissance”, in Matthias Corvinus, the King: Tradition and Renewal in the Hungarian Royal Court, 1458–1490. eds. Péter Farbaky, Enikő Spekner, Katalin Szende and András Végh, (Budapest: Budapest History Museum, 2008) 113-128.

7

András Kubinyi, “Buda, Medieval Capital of Hungary” in Medieval Buda in Context eds. Balázs Nagy, Martyn Rady, Katalin Szende and András Vadas (Brill: Leiden, 2016) 366-383. Valery Rees, “Buda, as a Center of Renaissance and Humanism” in Medieval Buda in Context eds. Balázs Nagy, Martyn Rady, Katalin Szende and András Vadas (Brill: Leiden, 2016) 472-493. László Veszprémy, “Buda: From a Royal Palace to an Assaulted Border Castle, 1490–1541” in Medieval Buda in Context eds. Balázs Nagy, Martyn Rady, Katalin Szende and András Vadas (Brill: Leiden, 2016) 495-512. Jacob Richards, A journal of the siege and taking of Buda by the imperial army (under the conduct of the Duke of Lorrain, and His Electoral Highness, the Duke of Bavaria) Anno Dom. 1686.(London: M. Gilliflower and J. Patridge, 1687.) (excerpts)

6 Prague as capital of the Holy Roman Empire – Political and Cultural Centre Primary Sources: The Autobiography of Emperor Charles IV. Chapter 8. (CEU Press, Budapest 2001) 65-85. Beneš Krabice of Veitmile, “Chronicle of the Prague Church”, In The Czech Reader: History, Culture, Politics eds. Jan Bažant, Nina Bazantová, Frances Starn (Duke UP, 2010) 35-38. Anonymous, “The Ointment Seller (ca. 1323–1347)” In The Czech Reader: History, Culture, Politics eds. Jan Bažant, Nina Bazantová, Frances Starn (Duke UP, 2010) 39-42. Anonymous, “Tkadleček” (early 15th century) In The Czech Reader: History, Culture, Politics eds. Jan Bažant, Nina Bazantová, Frances Starn (Duke UP, 2010). 43-45. “Miracula sancti Sigismondi martyris, per ipsum in sanctam Pragensem ecclesiam manifeste demonstrata.” In Catalogus codicum hagiographicorum latinorum antiquorum saeculo XVI qui asservantur in Bibliotheca Nationali Parisiensi, ed. the Bollandists, vol. 3, 462-69. Brussels, 1893. - The Miracles of the Martyr Saint Sigismund which he obviously demonstrated in the Holy Church of Prague. – Unpublished Translation. (7 pages) Secondary Sources: Paul Crossley and Zoe Opacic “Prague as a New Capital” in Prague: The Crown of Bohemia, 1347-1437. eds. Barbara Drake and Jiri Fajt (New Haven-London: Yale UP – MET, 2006) 59-76. Jan Royt, The Prague of Charles IV. 1316-1378. (Prague: Karolinum Press, Charles University, 2016) Excerpts

8

František Kavka, “Politics and Culture under Charles IV,” in Bohemia in History, ed. Mikuláš Teich (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998). 59-78. Peter Demetz, Prague in Black and Gold – Scenes from the Life of a European City (London: Penguin, 1997) 67-117. Zoë Opačić “Architecture and Religious Experience in 14th-Century Prague,” in Kunst als Herrschaftsinstrument: Böhmen und das Heilige Römische Reich unter den Luxemburgern im europäischen Kontext, ed. Jiří Fajt and Andrea Langer (Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2009), 136–49. Wolfgang Braunfels, Urban Design in Western Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988) 307- 327.

7 Knowledge and Magic in Renaissance Prague Primary Sources: Pierre Bergeron, “Description of Prague During the Time of Rudolph II (1585-1638)” In The Czech Reader: History, Culture, Politics eds. Jan Bažant, Nina Bazantová, Frances Starn (Duke UP, 2010) 77-79. Jan Campanus, “To the Memory of Tycho Brahe (1572-1622)” In The Czech Reader: History, Culture, Politics eds. Jan Bažant, Nina Bazantová, Frances Starn (Duke UP, 2010) 76. Rudolph II, Letter of Majesty (1552–1612) In The Czech Reader: History, Culture, Politics eds. Jan Bažant, Nina Bazantová, Frances Starn (Duke UP, 2010) 80-81. Secondary Sources: R. J. W. Evans, “Prague Mannerism and the Magic Universe,” in Rudolf II and His World. A study in intellectual history, 1576-1612, (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1973). 243-274 Paul Kléber Monod, The Power of Kings. Monarchy and religion in Europe 1589-1715. (New Haven-London: Yale UP, 1999) 54-62. Beatriz Porres de Mateo, “Astronomy between Prague and Vienna in the 15th Century: the case of John Sindel and John of Gmunden” In Tycho Brahe and Prague : crossroads of European science : proceedings of the International Symposium on the History of Science in the Rudolphine Period. eds. John Robert Christianson, Alena Hadravova, Petr Hadrava and Martin Sole (Frankfurt-am-Main: Harri Deutsch, 2001) 248–257. György E. Szőnyi, “Scientific and Magical Humanism at the Court of Rudolf II” in Rudolf II and Prague:

the court and the city ed. Eliska Fucikova (London; New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997) 223-230.

9

Terez Gerszi, “Landscapes and City Views of Prague” in Rudolf II and Prague: the court and the city ed.

Eliska Fucikova (London; New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997) 130-145. Pamela H. Smith, “Alchemy as a Language of Mediation at the Habsburg Court,” Isis 85, no. 1 (1994): 1–25. Andrea Bubenik, “Art, Astrology and Astronomy at the Imperial Court of Rudolf II (1576-1612)” In Tycho Brahe and Prague : crossroads of European science : proceedings of the International Symposium on the History of Science in the Rudolphine Period. eds. John Robert Christianson, Alena Hadravova, Petr Hadrava and Martin Sole (Frankfurt-am-Main: Harri Deutsch, 2001) 256-263. Peter Marshall, The Mercurial Emperor: The Magic Circle of Rudolf II in Renaissance Prague , (London: Pimlico, 2007) 43-86.

8 Jewish communities in medieval and early modern Buda, Prague and Vienna Primary Sources: “Letters from Ordinary Jews of Prague 1619.” In The Jews in Christian Europe: A Source Book, 315–1791. Eds. Jacob Rader Marcus, Marc Saperstein (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015) 614-621. “Mordecai Meisel, Financier and Philanthropist Prague, 1592–1601” In The Jews in Christian Europe: A Source Book, 315–1791. Eds. Jacob Rader Marcus, Marc Saperstein (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015) 451-455. Secondary Sources: Nora Berend, At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and “Pagans” in Medieval Hungary, c. 1000–c. 1300 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001) Chap 7. Katalin Szende, “Scapegoats or competitors? The expulsion of Jews from Hungarian towns on the aftermath of the battle of Mohács (1526)” In Expulsion and Diaspora Formation: Religious and Ethnic Identities in Flux from Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century. Ed. J. V. Tolan (Turnhout: Brepols, 2015) 51-83.

Jirina Sedinova, “The Jewish Town in Prague” In Rudolf II and Prague: the court and the city ed. Eliska

Fuc ikova (London; New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997) 302-309. Hillel J. Kieval, “Pursuing the Golem of Prague: Jewish Culture and the Invention of a Tradition.” Modern Judaism 17, no. 1 (1997): 1-23.

10

Eveline Brugger, “Neighbours, Business Partners, Victims: Jewish-Christian Interaction in Austrian Towns during the Persecutions of the Fourteenth Century” in Intricate Interfaith Networks in the Middle Ages ed. E. Shoham-Steiner (Turnhout: Brepols, 2016) 267-286. Brigit Weidl, “Jews and the City: Parameters of Urban Jewish Life in Late Medieval Austria” In Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Ages ed. Albrecht Cassen (Berlin-New York: De Gruyter, 2009) 273-308.

9 The Turkish Wars and Baroque Vienna – Baroque Political Centre

Primary Sources: A relation or diary of the siege of Vienna written by John Peter a Valcaren, judge-advocate of the Imperial army; drawn from the original by His Majesties command (London: William Nott, 1684) Excerpts 81-107. Osman Aga, “Prisoner of the Infidels” In Orientations: An Anthology of East European Travel Writing, Ca. 1550-2000 42-48. Further excerpts on his stay in Vienna - Unpublished Translations (7 pages) Secondary Sources: R. J. W. Evans, “The Habsburgs and Central Europe. 1683-1723” In Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs. Essays on Central Europe, c. 1683-1867. (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006) 3-17. Susan Wollenberg, “Vienna under Joseph I and Charles VI” In The Late Baroque Era From 1680s-1740. ed. Georg J. Buelow (London: Macmillan, 1993) 324-354. Henry A. Hamilton, Triumph of the Baroque: Architecture In Europe, 1600-1750 (Washington DC: Nation Gallery, 1999) Excerpts. Jeroen Duindam, “The Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary: The Court of the Austrian Habsburgs C. 1500-1750,” in The Princely Courts of Europe: Ritual, Politics and Culture under the Ancien Régime, 1500-1750, ed. John Adamson (New York, NY, 1999), 165–88. Jeroen Duindam, Vienna and Versailles: the courts of Europe's dynastic rivals, 1550-1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003). Excerpts. Rona Johnston Gordon, “Controlling Time in the Habsburg Lands: The Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar in Austria below the Enns,” Austrian History Yearbook 40 (2009): 28–36. Leonardo Benevolo, The European City, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), 136-159. (23 pages)

Lonnie R. Johnson, Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbours, Friends, (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996), 85-102.

11

Spiro Kostof, The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History, (London: Thames & Hudson, 1991) 208-275.

10 Baroque Prague – Time and Space in Baroque Prague

Primary Sources: Jan Táborský, “Report on the Prague Astronomical Clock” (1570) Jaroslav Folta, “Clockmaking in Medieval Prague,” Antiquarian Horology 23, no. 5 (1997) 408. Bohuslav Balbín, “Jan of Nepomuk” In The Czech Reader: History, Culture, Politics eds. Jan Bažant, Nina Bazantová, Frances Starn (Duke UP, 2010) 96-99. Anonymous, “The Rakovník Christmas Play (1680s)” In The Czech Reader: History, Culture, Politics eds. Jan Bažant, Nina Bazantová, Frances Starn (Duke UP, 2010) 100-110. Anton Strnadt, Beschreibung der berühmten Uhr- und Kunstwerke am Altstädter Rathause und auf der königl. Sternwarte zu Prag (Prague and Dresden: Walther, 1791). Unpublished Translation. 6-10. Secondary Sources: Howard Louthan, “Religious Art and the Formation of Catholic Identity in Baroque Prague” Embodiments of Power: Building Baroque Cities in Europe ed. Gary B. Cohen, Franz A. J. Szabo (New York-Oxford: Berghahn, 2008) 53-79.

Paul Kléber Monod, The Power of Kings. Monarchy and religion in Europe 1589-1715. (New Haven-London: Yale UP, 1999) 81-93. Howard Louthan, Converting Bohemia: Force and Persuasion in the Catholic Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009) … Josef Petráň, “Baroque Culture and Society in Bohemia,” in: The Glory of the Baroque in Bohemia. Essays on art, culture and society in the 17th and 18th centuries, ed. Vít Vlnas, (Prague: National Gallery, 2001) 61-77. Ivan Kalmar, “The Turks of Prague” In Orientalism: Imagined Islam and the Notion of Sublime Power ed. Ivan Kalmar (London: Routledge, 2012) 44-55.

12

Daniel Schmal, Ágnes Prépoka, Zoltán Szilárdfy, Time in the Baroque (Pannonhalma: Bencés Kiadó, 2009). 5-49. Wolfang Braunfels, Urban Design in Western Europe, (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988) 289-302.

11 Vienna in the 18th century: Architecture, Art & Music

Primary Sources: Enrico Fubini, Music and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Europe, edited by Bonnie J. Blackburn, translated by Wolfgang Freis, Lisa Gasbarrone, and Michael Louis Leone (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1994). Vernon Gotwals, ed. and trans., Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits (Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968). Robert Spaethling, ed. and trans., Mozart’s Letters, Mozart’s Life (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 2000). Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann, Court, Cloister and City: The Art and Culture of Central Europe 1450-1800 (Chicago, 1995), Introduction, Chapters 1-2, 6. Hellmut Lorenz, “‘Vienna Gloriosa’: Architectural Trends and Patrons,” in Circa 1700: Architecture in Europe and the Americas, ed. Henry A. Millon (Washington, New Haven & London, 2005), pp. 46- 63. Secondary Sources: Frances D. Fergusson, “St. Charles’ Church, Vienna: The Iconography of its Architecture,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 29, no. 4 (December 1970), 318-326. Frederick Noonan, trans., Beethoven Remembered: The Biographical Notes of Franz Wegeler and Ferdinand Ries (Arlington, VA: Great Ocean, 1987). Daniel Heartz, Music in European Capitals: The Galant Style, 1720–1780 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003). Charles Rosen, The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven [expanded edition] (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1997). Richard Taruskin, The Oxford History of Western Music , Vol. 2, The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005). Leslie Topp, “The Michaelerplatz Building, An Honest Mask,” in Architecture and Truth in Fin - de -Siecle Vienna (Cambridge, 2004), chapter 4, pp. 132-173.

13

Considering the visual evidence for the work of a number of architects and artists: Building Types - the baroque church - the urban palace [Stadtpalais] - the suburban palace [maison de plaisance / Gartenpalais / Lust-Gebäude] - commercial architecture: the boutique; the mall Artists - Andrea Pozzo (1642-1709) - Domenico Martinelli (1650-1718) - Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (1656-1723) - Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach (1693-1742) - Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt (1668-1745) - Jean Nicolas Jadot de Ville-Issey (1710-1761)

12 Budapest in the 19th century

Primary Sources:

"Cassandra Letter": 1867 Letter of Lajos Kossuth to Ferenc Deák, - Unpublished Translation

National Self-Fashioning: Photographs on the 1896 Hungarian Millennium Exhibitions https://www.fortepan.hu/?view=owner&lang=hu&name=budapest+fovaros+leveltara Secondary Sources:

Péter Hanák, The Garden and the Workshop: Essays on the Cultural History of Vienna and Budapest (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1998) 63-97.

John Lukacs: Budapest 1900 – A Historical Portrait of a City and its Culture, (New York: Grove Press, 1989), 3-66 (63 pages) Mary Gluck, “The Budapest Flâneur: Urban Modernity, Popular Culture and the ‘Jewish Question’ in Fin-de-Siècle Hungary,” Jewish Social Studies 10 (2004) 3, pp. 1-22. Markian Prokopovych, "Scandal at the Opera: Politics, the Press and the Public at the Inauguration of the Budapest Opera House in 1884," Austrian History Yearbook (2013), pp. 88-107. Bálint Varga, Magyar Nationalism and Symbolic Politics in Fin-de-siècle Hungary (New York-Oxford: Berghahn 2016). Chapter 12. The Millennial Monuments in the Public Space, 1896–1918.

14

Gábor Gyáni, Identity and the Urban Experience: Fin-de-siécle Budapest (Boulder: Social Science Monographs 2004) 4-23.

Eve Blau and Monika Platzer, eds. Shaping the great city: modern architecture in Central Europe, 1890-1937 (Munich: Prestel, 1999), 58-93.

13 Fin-de-siécle culture in Vienna

Primary Sources: Otto Wagner, ‘Inaugural Address to the Academy of Fine Arts, 15 October 1894’, in Otto Wagner (trans. Harry Francis Mallgrave), Modern Architecture: A Guidebook for his Students to this Field of Art [1902 edition], (Santa Monica: Getty, 1988), 159-162. Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, trans. by Joyce Crick, ed. with notes by Ritchie Robertson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999 [1900]). Excerpts. Secondary Sources: Carl Schorske, Fin-de-siécle Vienna: Politics and Culture, (New York: Vintage Books, 1981) Chap 1. and 2. (101 pages) Julie M. Johnson, ‘“The Streets of Vienna are Paved with Culture, the Streets of Other Cities with Asphalt”: Museums and Material Culture in Vienna – A Comment’, Austrian History Yearbook 46 (2015), 89-96. Charlotte Ashby, “Time and Space in the Café Griensteidl and the Café Central” in The Viennese cafe and fin-de-siecle culture eds. Charlotte Ashby, Tag Gronberg, Simon Shaw-Miller (New York-Oxford:Berghahn, 2013). Steven Beller, Vienna and the Jews 1867-1938. A cultural history (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1989), 1-32. George V. Strong, ‘The Austrian Idea: An Idea of Nationhood in the Kingdom and Realms of the Emperor Franz Joseph I’, History of European Ideas 5/3 (1984), 293-305. Alan Sked, ‘Franz Joseph and the Creation of the Ringstrasse’, The Court Historian 11/1 (2006), pp. 29-41. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The railway journey: The industrialization of time and space in the 19th century (Oakland: University of California Press, 2014) 50-56. (Excursus: The Space of Glass Architecture) Carl E. Schorske, "Politics and patricide in Freud's Interpretation of Dreams," American Historical Review 78 (1973): 328–347. Leslie Topp, “The Michaelerplatz Building, An Honest Mask,” in Architecture and Truth in Fin - de -Siecle Vienna (Cambridge, 2004), chapter 4, pp. 132-173.

15

Carol Duncan and Alan Wallach, “The Universal Survey Museum,” Art History 3, no. 4 (December 1980), 448-469. Diana Reynolds Cordileone, “The Austrian Museum for Art and Industry: Historicism and National Identity in Vienna 1863-1900," Austrian Studies 16 (2008), 123-41. Robert J. Clark, “Olbrich and Vienna,” Kunst in Hessen und am Mittelrhein 7 (1967), 27-51. James Sedel, “Art and Identity. The Wiener Secession, 1897-1938,” in Secession: The Vienna Secession from Temple of Art to Exhibition Hall (1986), 13-36. Considering the following: Themes - Art in fin-de-siècle Vienna; the Secession; Jugendstil; Art Nouveau - Academic art education Building Types - the museum - the library - the residential block [Gemeindebauten] Artists - Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (1656-1723) - Gottfried Semper (1803-1879) - Gustav Klimt (1862-1918) - Otto Wagner (1841-1918) - Joseph Maria Olbrich (1867-1908) - Peter Behrens (1868-1940) - Jozef Frank (1885- 1967) - Hubert Gessner (1871-1943)

14 Prague – The world of Kafka

Primary Source:

Franz Kafka, “A Report to an Academy” In The Czech Reader: History, Culture, Politics eds. Jan Bažant, Nina Bazantová, Frances Starn (Duke UP, 2010) 223-230. Alois Jirásek, “Golem” In The Czech Reader: History, Culture, Politics eds. Jan Bažant, Nina Bazantová, Frances Starn (Duke UP, 2010) 219-222. Secondary Sources:

16

Marek Nekula, “The Divided City: Prague’s Public Space and Franz Kafka’s Readings of Prague” In Franz Kafka im sprachnationalen Kontext seiner Zeit: Sprache und nationale Identität in öfflentichlen Institutionen der böhmischen Länder, edited by Nekula, Fleischmann, Greule et al., (Cologne, Weimar: Böhlau, 2007.) 87–108.

Cathleen M. Giustino, Tearing Down Prague's Jewish Town: Ghetto Clearance and the Legacy of Middle-Class Ethnic Politics Around 1900. (Boulder: East European Monographs, 2003) 17-38.

Derek Sayer, The Coasts of Bohemia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998) 195-208.

Garry B. Cohen, The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861-1914 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981) 3-18, 274-282. Rostislav Švácha, The Architecture of New Prague (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1995) Part 1. Otto Urban, “Czech society 1848-1918,” in: Bohemia in History, ed. Mikuláš Teich (Cambridge University Press 1998) 198-214.

15 Gender, Desire and the City in late nineteenth-century: Vienna and Budapest Primary Sources: “Memoires of Josefa Náprstková (1838-1907)” In Women of Prague Ethnic diversity and social change from the eighteenth century to the present ed. Wilma Iggers (New York-Oxford: Berghahn, 1995) 90-115. Otto Weininger, Sex and Character: An Investigation of Fundamental Principles (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2005 [1903]). “Motherhood and Prostitution” Hungarian Police Records from the Late-Nineteenth Century. – Unpublished Translation. Gustav Klimt: “The Kiss” Secondary Sources: Susan Zimmermann, “Making a living from disgrace. The politics of prostitution, female poverty and urban gender codes in Budapest and Vienna.” 1860-1920. in The city in Central Europe: Culture and Society from 1800 to the Present eds. Malcolm Gee, Tim Kirk, Jill Steward (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999) 175-95. Éva Bicskei “The Image of Woman in Nineteenth Century Hungarian Fine Arts" In The Garden and the Workshop: Disseminating Cultural History in East-Central Europe. In Memoriam Péter Hanák. Ed. Marius Turda (Budapest: Central European University, 1998) 236–260. Michaela Raggam-Blesch “’If a woman Should Be True to Her Natural Destiny, She Ought Not to Compete with Men’ Jewish Intellectual Women between Anti-Semitism and Misogyny in Fin-de-Siècle

17

Vienna” in Gender and Modernity in Central Europe: The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and its Legacy ed. Agatha Schwartz (Ottwa: Ottawa University Press, 2010) 133-152. Karin J. Jusek, “The Limits of Female Desire: The Contributions of Austrian Feminists to the Sexual Debate in Fin-de-Siècle Vienna” In Austrian Women in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries ed. David F. Good, Margarete Grandner and Mary Jo Maynes (New York-Oxford: Berghahn, 1996) Jill Scott, “Public Debates and Private Jokes in Gustav Klimt’s The Kiss: Effeminate Aesthetism,Virile Masculinity, or Both?” Gender and Modernity in Central Europe: The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and its Legacy ed. Agatha Schwartz (Ottwa: Ottawa University Press, 2010) 29-46.

16 Public spaces and monuments – Nationalisms and the Empire

Primary Sources: István Széchenyi, “Hunnia” In National Romanticism: Formation of National Movements, Volume II. eds. Balázs Trencsényi and Michal Kopecek (Budapest: CEU Press, 2007) 224-229. Karel Havlíček Borovský, “The Slav and the Czech” In National Romanticism: Formation of National Movements, Volume II. eds. Balázs Trencsényi and Michal Kopecek (Budapest: CEU Press, 2007) 249-254. Secondary Sources:

Gary Cohen, "Society and Culture in Prague, Vienna, and Budapest in the late Nineteenth Century," East European Quarterly 20 (1986), 467-84.

Jeremy King, “The Nationalization of East Central Europe: Ethnicism, Ethnicity and Beyond,” in Staging the Past: The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe, 1848 to the present eds. Maria Bucur and Nancy Wingfield (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2001), 112-42. Peter Urbanitsch, “Pluralist Myth and Nationalist Realities: The Dynastic Myth of the Habsburg Monarchy – A Futile Exercise in the Creation of Identity”, Austrian History Yearbook 35 (2004), 101-141. Philipp Blom, ‘Rebelling in a World of Façades: Style and Identity in Vienna around 1900’, in Jill Lloyd and Christian Witt-Dörring (ed.), Birth of the Modern: Style and Identity in Vienna 1900 (Munich, 2011), pp. 20-39.

Michael Laurence Miller, “A Monumental Debate in Budapest: The Hentzi Statue and the Limits of Austro-Hungarian Reconciliation, 1852–1918,” Austrian History Yearbook 40 (2009), 215-37.

Cynthia Paces, “The Fall and Rise of Prague's Marian Column” Radical History Review 79 (2001) 141-155.

18

Cynthia Paces, “The Battle for Public Space on Prague's Old Town Square,” In Composing Urban History and the Constitution of Civic Identities. eds. John J. Czaplicka, Blair A. Ruble, Lauren Crabtree (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003) 165-91. Leslie Topp, “The Postal Savings Bank: Pragmatism and ‘Inner Truth’,” in Architecture and Truth in Fin-de-Siècle Vienna (Cambridge, 2004), chapter 3, pp. 96-131. Donald J. Olsen, “The Vienna of Franz Joseph,” in The City as a Work of Art (New Haven & London, 1986), chapter 5, pp. 58-81. Jozsef Sisa, "Neo-Gothic Architecture and Restoration of Historic Buildings in Central Europe: Friedrich Schmidt and His School," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 61, no. 2 (June 2002), 170-187. Paul Wijdeveld, “‘Architecture is a gesture’,” in Ludwig Wittgenstein, Architect (Cambridge, Mass, 1994), chapter 6, pp. 159-182. [see chapter 5 for plans and photographs] Considerng the following: Themes - Civic and residential architecture, late 19th – early 20th centuries - Biedermeier (1815-1848) - the Vorstädte (inner suburbs) - the Ringstrasse Building Types - the neo-gothic church - the bourgeois apartment block - the garden suburb [Gartensiedlung] Artists - Gottfried Semper (1803-1879) - Eduard van der Nüll (1812-1868) + August Sicard von Sicardsburg (1813-1868) - Theophilus Hansen / Baron Theophil Edvard von Hansen (1813-1891) - Friedrich von Schmidt (1825-1891) - Heinrich von Ferstel (1828-1883)