Cellular WorldCellular World

The Three DomainsThe Three DomainsEukarya

Archaea Bacteria

Kingdoms:AnimaliaPlantaeFungi

Protista

Kingdoms:AnimaliaPlantaeFungi

Protista

“Extremophiles”“Extremophiles” BacteriaCyanobacteria

BacteriaCyanobacteria

Eukaryotic: cells havea nucleus

Eukaryotic: cells havea nucleus

Prokaryotic:cells haveno nucleus

Prokaryotic:cells haveno nucleus

Prokaryotic cellsProkaryotic cells

Bacterial structureBacterial structureBacteria have no nucleus, but do have:

a cell membrane

a cell wall

a capsule

flagellae or cillia

DNA

Bacteria have no nucleus, but do have:

a cell membrane

a cell wall

a capsule

flagellae or cillia

DNA

Escherischia coliEscherischia coli

E. coli is a well-known gut bacteria that can also cause infections.

Like all prokaryotes, it has no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles, but is highly adaptable.

E. coli is a well-known gut bacteria that can also cause infections.

Like all prokaryotes, it has no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles, but is highly adaptable.

E. coliE. coli

The “hot dog” shape is a typical “bacillius” form.

Bacteria can also be round (“cocci”) or spiral-shaped (“spirilli”).

The “hot dog” shape is a typical “bacillius” form.

Bacteria can also be round (“cocci”) or spiral-shaped (“spirilli”).

E. coliE. coli

In this photo, you can see the bacterial DNA coiled up in the center of the organism.

Bacterial DNA forms one long loop rather than strands.

Small loops (“plasmids”) can be shared between bacteria.

In this photo, you can see the bacterial DNA coiled up in the center of the organism.

Bacterial DNA forms one long loop rather than strands.

Small loops (“plasmids”) can be shared between bacteria.

CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria

These are photsynthetic bacteria that gather in long strands.

Cyanobacteria were probably the first photosynthetic organisms on the planet.

These are photsynthetic bacteria that gather in long strands.

Cyanobacteria were probably the first photosynthetic organisms on the planet.

Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells

EukaryaEukarya

Eukaryotic cells, like this amoeba contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

The cell’s DNA is contained inside the membrane-bound nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells, like this amoeba contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

The cell’s DNA is contained inside the membrane-bound nucleus.

EukaryaEukarya

Paramecium, like Amoeba, is a self-contained, single-celled eukaryotic organism.

Paramecium, like Amoeba, is a self-contained, single-celled eukaryotic organism.

EukaryaEukarya

Volvox, a colonial alga, is composed of many single-celled algae clumped together.

Volvox, a colonial alga, is composed of many single-celled algae clumped together.

EukaryaEukarya

In multi-cellular Eukarya, cells take on specialized functions.

These flat, short-lived cells are from the inside of someone’s cheek.

In multi-cellular Eukarya, cells take on specialized functions.

These flat, short-lived cells are from the inside of someone’s cheek.

EukaryaEukarya

This scanning electron micrograph shows human bone marrow cells.

Proteins on the surface stick the cells together and help the body identify cells.

This scanning electron micrograph shows human bone marrow cells.

Proteins on the surface stick the cells together and help the body identify cells.

Cell StructureCell Structure

Animal CellAnimal Cell

Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane

NucleusNucleus

The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell.

The nucleus directs cell processes by transcribing genes and sending RNA instructions out to the rest of the cell.

The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell.

The nucleus directs cell processes by transcribing genes and sending RNA instructions out to the rest of the cell.

Nuclear StructureNuclear Structure

NucleusNucleus

Nuclei in onion skin

cells.

Nuclei in onion skin

cells.

Nucleus with chromosomes in onion root

tip.

Nucleus with chromosomes in onion root

tip.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)Endoplasmic

Reticulum (ER)

RNA from the nucleus travels into the ER.

There the RNA is “read” and the instructions are used to manufacture proteins.

RNA from the nucleus travels into the ER.

There the RNA is “read” and the instructions are used to manufacture proteins.

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

The Golgi bodies package materials made in the ER.

Vesicles containing products break off and float away to deliver their contents.

The Golgi bodies package materials made in the ER.

Vesicles containing products break off and float away to deliver their contents.

LysosomesLysosomes

Lysosomes “eat” up waste products, digest them, and recycle the molecules.

Lysosomes can also make a cell “self-destruct.”

Lysosomes “eat” up waste products, digest them, and recycle the molecules.

Lysosomes can also make a cell “self-destruct.”

MitochondriaMitochondriaThe mitochondria are the “power houses” of the cell.

Mitochondria use oxygen to extract energy from carbon compounds.

The mitochondria are the “power houses” of the cell.

Mitochondria use oxygen to extract energy from carbon compounds.

Animal Cell ReviewAnimal Cell Review

Plant CellPlant Cell

Plant CellPlant CellThe plant cell has everything an animal cell has except lysosomes.

The plant cell also has a cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts.

The plant cell has everything an animal cell has except lysosomes.

The plant cell also has a cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts.

Cell WallCell Wall

A plant cell wall is composed mostly of cellulose.

Pectin, a sticky fiber, “glues” plant cells together.

Lignin, a tough fiber, is found in wood.

A plant cell wall is composed mostly of cellulose.

Pectin, a sticky fiber, “glues” plant cells together.

Lignin, a tough fiber, is found in wood.

Cell wallCell wallThe plant cell wall, like an animal skeleton, holds the organism upright.

Cell walls also protect cells and help control movement of molecules between cells.

The plant cell wall, like an animal skeleton, holds the organism upright.

Cell walls also protect cells and help control movement of molecules between cells.

VacuoleVacuole

A large central vacuole serves as a storage tank.

The vacuole also serves some of the functions of a lysosome.

A large central vacuole serves as a storage tank.

The vacuole also serves some of the functions of a lysosome.

ChloroplastChloroplast

The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts collect light energy and use it to manufacture sugars.

The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts collect light energy and use it to manufacture sugars.

ChloroplastChloroplast

This electron

micrograph shows the

multi-layered

structures inside the

chloroplast.

This electron

micrograph shows the

multi-layered

structures inside the

chloroplast.

ChloroplastChloroplast

Sugars made by photosynthesis are used:Sugars made by photosynthesis are used:1) for the plant’s own metabolism1) for the plant’s own metabolism

2) to make complex carbohydrates and amino acids.2) to make complex carbohydrates and amino acids.

Endosymbiosis Theory

Endosymbiosis Theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA that resembles bacterial DNA, and have bacteria-like membranes.

Some scientists now view mitochondria and chloroplasts as symbiotic organisms.

Endosymbiosis theory may help explain how eukaryotic cells evolved.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA that resembles bacterial DNA, and have bacteria-like membranes.

Some scientists now view mitochondria and chloroplasts as symbiotic organisms.

Endosymbiosis theory may help explain how eukaryotic cells evolved.

Plant cell reviewPlant cell review

StructureDetermines

Function

StructureDetermines

Function