Lecture 024

Kingdoms Fungi& Plantae

Plantae Fungi Animalia

Protista

Monera

Kingdom Fungi

About 100,000 species

About 300,000 species

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Fungi About 100,000 species

Uses: • medicine• food

Ecological value:• major decomposers• symbiotic relationships (N2 fixers)

Problems:• some strains are deadly• athletes foot• destroy library books• destroy crops

• About 30% of the 100,000 known species of fungi are parasites, mostly on or in plants.– American elms:

Dutch Elm Disease

Some fungi are pathogens

Was once one of America's most dominant trees

–American chestnut:

chestnut blight

• Other fungi, such as rusts and ergots, infect grain crops, causing tremendous economic losses each year.

Some fungi are pathogens

• Curse of the Mummy

Some fungi are pathogens

            

                  

Athletes Foot

Some fungi are persistant

Kingdom Fungi

Eukaryotic, absorptive

Mostly multicellular (except few, e.g. yeast)

Heterotrophic (decomposers & parasitic)

Mycelium (body of hyphae)

Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms

Kingdom Fungi

Firm cell walls (generally of “chitin”)

“Spores” as reproductive bodies

Unique chromosomes and nuclei

• hyphae - the vegetative bodies of most fungi, constructed of tiny filaments

• mycelium -an interwoven mat of hyphae

Human hair

Fungal hypha

Haustoria:

• Modified hyphae found in parasitic fungi

• Function: absorb nutrients from host

• Some fungi even have hyphae adapted for preying on animals.

Kingdom Fungi

Division Chytridiomycota

Division Ascomycota

Division Basidiomycota

Division Zygomycota

Division Deuteromycota

Fungus-like protist

Deuteromycota?

• The four fungal phyla can be distinguished by their reproductive features.

• mainly aquatic.

• Some are saprobes, while others parasitize protists, plants, and animals.

• chitinous cell wall

• flagellated zoospores

• the most primitive fungi

Division Chytridiomycota

Division Zygomycota

“Zygote fungi”(bread molds)

Zygote = “mated” hyphal strands

Live in soil, water

Some are parasites

600 species

Mated hyphal strands

Division Ascomycota

“Sac fungi”(truffles, yeast)

Beer > 6,000 years

Wine > 8,000 years

Lichens

Decomposers, pathogens

60,000 species“yeast” describes a form of fungi (i.e., non-hyphal)

Division Ascomycota

Scarlet cup

truffles Morchella

Roquefort cheeseClose up of cheese showing blue-green mycelium of Penicillium roqueforti.

Division Ascomycota

Yeast

Lichen

Lichen Anatomy

Division Basidiomycota

“Club fungi”(mushrooms)

Club-shaped reproductive structure

Food

Plant diseases

25,000 species

Fairy Ring

Division Deuteromycota

“Imperfect fungi”(penicillin)

Unrelated group

Asexual

No info on sexual cycle

25,000 species

Penicillin

Woops…now Ascomycota

Candida albicans“yeast infection”

Botrytis: “Noble Rot”

Plant-Fungal Relationships

Mycorrhizae (“fungus roots”)

90% of tree species have this association

Very important to absorption of water and nutrients

Soil surface

Plant roots

Mycorrhizae

Increases s.a. for absorption

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom PlantaeEukaryotic, multicellular organisms with

cells organized into distinct tissues.

Photoautotrophic nutrition.

Most adapted for a terrestrial existence and possessing vascular tissues.

Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls.

Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees, cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.

Kingdom Plantae

Division BryophytaDivision PteridophytaDivision ConiferophytaDivision Anthophyta

Kingdom Plantae

BryophytaPteridophyta

Coniferophyta

Anthophyta

Division Bryophyta

“Mosses,” “liverworts,” “hornworts”

Moist terrestrial

No vascular tissue

16,000 species

Vascular Systems

Water

Wateruptake

Anchor

Ability to grow tall

Reproduction

PollenSeedsor spores

Works in a dry environment

Works in a dry environment

Division Pteridophyta

“Ferns”

True vascular system

Seedless (spores)

12,000 species

Division Coniferophyta

“Conifers” (pines)

Naked seedsin a cone

Tallest, oldest plants

Important source of wood, paper

500 species

Division Anthophyta

“Flowering plants”

Particularly successful in dry habitats

Flowers and fruits: associations with animals

Transport sperm & reproductive propagules

230,000 species

Mangrove Distribution

                                                                                                                                     

   

• There are approximately 40 species of mangroves distributed worldwide

Prop roots:• help support the tree

Pneumatophores:• respiratory function– take in O2

• push nutrients to the upper soil layer

Ecological Role of Mangroves:• Stabilize sediment

• Accumulate detrital or other foreign material

• Habitat for epiphytes

• Fish and invertebrate nursery

• Nesting/roosting sites for birds

• Limited role as a direct food source

• Major contributor to detrital food chain• Protect shoreline from erosion during tropical

storms

• fish and shrimp cultivation• food for people• firewood and boat building material• tanning material• finest honey

Mangrove Use:

                     

                                                

Shrimp farm surrounded by degraded mangroves, Vietnam

Seagrass beds

57 species worldwide

Classification

Five kingdom system:

Monera Protista FungiPlantae Animalia

Angiosperms Gymnosperms

Distribution: 12 genera of seagrasses (5 in the high latitude and 7 in the low latitude)

• True marine angiosperm• Evolved from shoreline Lillie-like plants~100

mya• Vascular plants reinvaded the seas 3 different

times (algae is nonvascular; i.e., no need for roots to transport water and nutrients)

• Can grow and reproduce while completely submerged under water

Halophila hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii

Develop in:• intertidal and shallow

subtidal areas on sands and muds

• marine inlets and bays

• lagoons and channels, which are sheltered from significant wave action

1. Help stabilize the sediment

2. Prevents resuspension of sediments in water (water is clearer)

3. Binds substratum, reduces turbidity, and reduces erosion

4. Sediment accumulation slows velocity of incoming water

5. Food for many organisms

6. Refuge for many organisms

• Flowering plants provide nearly all our food.– All of our fruit and vegetable crops are

angiosperms.– Corn, rice, wheat, and other grain are grass

fruits.• The endosperm of the grain seeds is the main food

source for most of the people of the world and their domesticated animals.

• We also grow angiosperms for fiber, medications, perfumes, and decoration.

Agriculture is based almost entirely on angiosperms

Adverse Practices:Swidden (Slash & Burn Agriculture )

Logging Practices

Tropical deforestation is taking a heavy toll on global biodiversity.

• More than 25% of prescription drugs are extracted from plants, and many more medicinal compounds were first discovered in plants and then synthesized artificially.

Compound Example of Source Example of Use

Atropine Belladonna plant Pupil dilator in eye

Digitalin Foxglove Heart Medication

Menthol Eucalyptus tree Ingredient in cough medicines

Morphine Opium poppy Pain reliever

Quinine Quinine tree Malaria preventative

Taxol Pacific Yew tree Ovarian cancer drug

Tubocurarine Curare tree Muscle relaxant during surgery

Vinblastine Periwinkle Leukemia drug

A sample of medicine derived from plants

www.botany.hawaii.edu