Cell Energy Notes

Name ____________________Per_____

THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY The Endosymbiotic theory is the idea that a long time

ago, ___________________________ engulfed other

prokaryotic cells by ____________________________.

This resulted in the first _________________________

First proposed by ________________________

Explains the _____________________________

Explains the origin of certain

_______________________________________

MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES

Mitochondria = ____________________ organelle that

_____________________________________________

Chloroplast = _______________________organelle that

_____________________________________________

EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY:

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts

____________________, which is fairly different from

that of the cell nucleus, and that is ______________

______________(___________ and _________).

They are surrounded by ________________________,

and the innermost of these shows differences in

composition compared to the other membranes in the

cell. The composition is like that of a

__________________________________

New mitochondria and chloroplasts are formed only

through a process similar to _____________________

(prokaryote cell division).

Much of the internal structure and biochemistry of

________________, for instance the presence of

___________________ and particular chlorophylls, is very

similar to that of ____________________.

The size of both organelles is comparable to bacteria.

These organelle's ________________ are like those found

in bacteria (70s).

ATP

CELL ENERGY

• Cells usable source of ____________is called _________

• ATP stands for _________________________________

• ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate

• All energy is stored in the _________of compounds—

______________ the bond ______________ the energy

• When the cell has energy available it can store this energy

by adding a ______________________ to ______,

producing ________

ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the __________ between the ___________ and __________ phosphate groups and releasing __________ for cellular processes.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis

_________________ (small molecules combined)

_________________ (stores energy)

_____________________________ requiring process

that uses ____________ energy (photons: particles of

light) and water (H2O) to produce organic

macromolecules (______________)

_____________ energy is converted into ____________

energy

Plants

__________________ - produce their own food

(_____________). Known as _______________

o Examples - ___________________________________

Process called ___________________________

Mainly occurs in the __________________ of plants

a. __________ - pores

b. _______________ cells

Stomata (Stoma pl.)

_________ in a plant’s ____________ through which

___________ and ___________ are exchanged between

the plant and the atmosphere.

Found on the ________________ of leaves

Mesophyll Cell of Leaf

___________________________ occurs in these cells!

Chloroplast

Organelle where _____________________ takes place

_______________ stacks are connected together

____________ is a solution surrounding ______________

Thylakoid

_____________ make up the inner membrane

The Big Picture

Chlorophyll Molecules

Chlorophyll is a pigment

Pigment - _______________________________________

Located in the ______________________________

Chlorophyll have ________ in the center

Chlorophyll pigments _______________________

(photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue ____nm

and red - _____ nm are most important)

Plants are green because the _________ wavelength is

________________ not absorbed.

____________________ - other compounds found in the

___________________ membranes. Accessory pigments

that include __________, __________ and brown.

A close up of Chlorophyll

Wavelength of Light

Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll

During the Fall, What Causes the Leaves to Change Color?

In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other

pigments present

During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly

reduced,_______________________________________

_____________________ are pigments that are either

________, ____________, or __________________.

REDOX REACTION

Redox Reaction – the ______________ of one or more

_____________________ from one reactant to another

Two Types

o _____________________ is the ________ of e-

o _____________________ is the ________ of e-

Oxidation Reaction

The loss of __________________ from a substance or the

gain of __________________

Reduction Reaction

The _______________________________ to a substance

or the ______________ of ________________.

TWO PARTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Two reactions make up photosynthesis

1. ______________________________ or

_________________________________ - produces

energy from solar power ____________ in the form of

________ and ________________

2. __________________________ or

___________________________________

also called ___________________________ or

_______ fixation.

Uses energy (_______ and ____________) from

light reaction to make sugar (___________)

LIGHT REACTION (ELECTRON FLOW)

Occurs in the ____________________ membranes

During the light reaction, there are two possible routes

for electron flow

a. _________________________________

b. _____________________________________

CYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW

Occurs in the _________________________________.

Uses ___________________________________ only

________ reaction center – chlorophyll a

Uses ______________________________________ (ETC)

Generates _______________ only, more ATP required for

Adenosine Triphosphate – ATP

Because cells need a steady supply of energy to carry on cellular processes they store energy by bonding a third phosphate molecule to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) forming ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

What makes up ADP (adenosine diphosphate?

_____________________________________________ ___________________________________________

ATP consists of an __________________, a ____________ sugar, and _____________________________________

Energy stored in the bonds between phosphate molecules is released when a phosphate molecule breaks off. Since every activity an organism performs requires energy, this cycle is repeated again and again throughout the life of the cell

Cyclic Electron Flow

Pigments absorb light energy & excite e- of Chlorophyll a to produce ATP

Noncyclic Electron Flow

Occurs in the _______________________ membrane

Uses ___________________________________ and _____________________________________

____________ reaction center (PSII) - ________________

____________ reaction center (PSI) - ________________

Uses _____________________________________ (ETC)

Generates ____,______ and _______________

_____ +_____ ATP

_____ + _____ NADPH

_________ comes from the splitting of H2O, not CO2 (photolysis)

_______

Chemiosmosis

Powers ___________________________

Located in the _______________________

Uses ___________ and _________________ (____________) to make __________

___________________________________ addition of phosphate to ADP to make ATP

Calvin Cycle

Carbon Fixation (light independent reaction)

C3 plants (80% plants on earth

Occurs in the stroma

Uses _______ and _______ from light reactions as energy

Uses CO2

To produce glucose : it takes ____ turns and uses ______ ATP and ______ NADPH

Chloroplast

Calvin Cycle (C3 Fixation)

Remember : C3 = Calvin Cycle

Photorespiration

Occurs on ______, _______, ____________ days

_________________ close

___________________ of ____ instead of ______

Produces _________________________ instead of ____________________________

Produces _______________ molecules or no __________

Because of photorespiration, plants have special __________________________ (alternative pathways) to limit the effect of photorespiration 1. _____ Plants 2. _____ Plants

C4 Plants

Hot, moist environments

______ of plants (_________,________,______________)

Photosynthesis occurs in 2 places

C4 Plants continued

Light reaction - _________________________

Calvin cycle - __________________________

CAM Plants

Hot, dry environments

_____ of plants (____________ and ________________)

_________________ closed ______________________

_________________open ________________________

_____________________ - occurs during the day

___________________ - occurs when CO2 is present

Q: Why do CAM plants close their stomata during the day?

A:

Rates of Photosynthesis

1. 2. 3.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Breathing vs. Respiration

Breathing o Alternation of _______________ and _______________ o Exchange of gases in which organisms obtain

_____________ from the air (or water) and release _____________________

o Exchange occurs in _________ (or ________)

Cellular Respiration o Harvesting of _________ from _________ molecules o ______________ process (requires ___________) o Occurs inside _________ (_________________ and

____________________)

“Respiration” comes from the Latin word for breathing. Breathing and cellular respiration are closely related, but NOT the same process

Cellular Respiration Banks ATP

Reaction: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

What happens to the energy in glucose of other food molecules? o Only about _____% of energy is turned into _______

The rest is lost as ______________________________

One _______ molecule has about ____% of the chemical energy found in glucose

CATABOLISM

Process of splitting _______________ molecules to _________________ ones. Catabolic reactions are ___________________ and release free energy.

THREE MAJOR CATABOLIC PATHWAYS IN LIVING ORGANISMS

A. __________________________________________ B. __________________________________________ C. __________________________________________

MAJOR CATABOLIC PATHWAYS

A. Aerobic (cellular) Respiration

Requires ________________

Most commonly used metabolic pathway.

Over 30 reactions. Used to extract ___________ from ____________ molecules.

Final electron acceptor: ________________

Most efficient: ________ of glucose energy is converted to _________

Reaction:

B. Anaerobic Respiration:

Does not require _________________

Used by _____________ that live in environments without ______________

Final electron acceptor: __________________________

Very inefficient: only ____% of glucose energy is converted into ATP.

Final products: _______________, ___________, and other _____________________________

MAJOR CATABOLIC PATHWAYS Continued

C. Fermentation

Does NOT require __________

Used by ____________, __________________ and other cells when ________________ is not available

Final electron acceptor: __________________________

Very inefficient: only _____% of glucose energy is converted into ATP.

Products depend on type of fermentation: o _________________________________: used to

make cheese and yogurt. Carried out by muscle cells if oxygen is low.

o _________________________________: used to make alcoholic beverages. Produces alcohol and carbon dioxide.

FERMENTATION OCCURS WHEN OXYGEN IS NOT AVAILABLE

Yeasts normally use aerobic respiration to process food

If oxygen is not available, they use fermentation, which is less efficient

Types of fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation: Glucose 2 pyruvate _______________ + _________ Lactic Acid Fermentation: Glucose 2 pyruvate _____________________

WHERE DOES CELLULAR RESPIRATION TAKE PLACE?

It actually takes place in two parts of the cell

Glycolysis occurs in the ________________________

______________________ & ___________ take place in the mitochondria

Three Stages of Cellular Respiration

______________________

______________________

__________________________________

GLYCOLYSIS: “SPLITTING SUGAR”

Occurs in the _______________________ of the cell

Does not require oxygen

Net Result: ________________________ (6 carbons each) is split into two ____________________________ molecules of _____ carbons each.

Yield per glucose molecule o ______ (Substrate level phosphorylation) o __________________________ o 2 ATP are “invested to get 4 ATP back” o Pyruvic acid diffuses into the ____________________

_________________________ where all subsequent reactions take place

Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetly CoA

Before entering the next stage, pyruvic acid (3C) must be converted to ____________________ (2 C)

A carbon atom is lost as ___________

Yield per glucose molecule: ________________________

B. KREBS CYCLE

Occurs in the _______________ of the mitochondrion

A cycle of 8 reactions o Reaction 1: _______________ (2C) joins with 4C

molecule (oxaloacetic acid) to produce _______________________ (6C)

o Reactions 2 & 3: Citric acid loses 2C atoms as ________ o Reactions 4 & 5: ________________ reactions produce

_______________ and ________________ o Reactions 6-8: Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated.

o Detailed Krebs cycle below

Carbons are released as _______

Yield per glucose molecule o _______________ o ______________________ o ______________________ o

C. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN & CHEMIOSMOSIS

Most ATP is produced at this stage

Occurs on _____________________________________

____________ from ____________ and ______________ are transferred to electron acceptors, which produces a ________________________________

Proton gradient used to drive the ______________________________________

_______________________: __________________ allows ______ to flow across inner mitochondrial membrane down concentration gradient, which produces ______________

Ultimate acceptor of _______ and ______________ is _______________________, producing ______________

*Note: the electron transport chain only works when ____________________________ is available at the end of the chain to accept the electrons and ________ to form water

Yield of ATP through Chemiosmosis: o Each __________________ produces 3 ATP o Each __________________ produces 2 ATP

2 NADH (Glycolysis) x 3 ATP = ______________

2 NADH (Acetyl CoA) x 3 ATP = ______________

6 NADH (Kreb’s cycle) x 3ATP = ______________

2 FADH2 (Krebs cycle) x 2 ATP = _____________ Total = _______________ These ATP are made by ____________________________________________ or __________________________________

Cellular Respiration!