Cavite’s Impending Water Crisis: An Analysis

Prof. Noel A. Sedigo

Chair, Department of Forestry and Environmental Science

Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite

2017 Philippine Golf Course Management

Conference

Legislative Map of Cavite

The Province of Cavite is subdivided into three geographical areas:

A. Lowland AreasB. Central Hilly AreasC. Upland Areas

Lowland Areas

Central Hilly Areas

Upland Areas

Population Forecasts

Year 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Cavite Province 3,406,037 3,909,526 4,820,324 5,822,156 6,877,928 7,955,369 9,015,368

District I 329,830 354,733 395,785 436,989 476,431 513,209 546,331

District II 580,991 678,400 854,845 1,047,494 1,247,588 1,447,241 1,637,818

District III 329,611 372,498 444,242 514,503 578,071 631,182 670,846

District IV 630,447 715,571 862,870 1,015,214 1,164,211 1,303,477 1,426,936

District V 459,278 509,078 594,594 683,684 772,566 858,748 939,477

District VI 664,398 823,290 1,135,685 1,512,454 1,947,933 2,433,496 2,953,932

District VII 411,483 455,956 532,302 611,818 691,129 768,016 840,029

Population Projection Summary (in persons)

The Six Major River Watersheds in Cavite

THE SIX MAJOR RIVER WATERSHEDS IN CAVITE

Name of Watershed: BACOOR RIVER

WATERSHED

Covered Cities/Municipalities: MUNICIPALITY OF SILANGDASMARIÑAS CITY IMUS CITYBACOOR CITY

Name of Watershed: IMUS RIVER WATERSHED

Covered Cities/Municipalities: TAGAYTAY CITYMUNICIPALITY OF SILANGDASMARIÑAS CITY MUNICIPALITY OF GENERAL

TRIASIMUS CITYMUNICIPALITY OF KAWITMUNICIPALITY OF NOVELETA

Name of Watershed: SAN JUAN RIVER WATERSHED

Covered Cities/Municipalities: MUNICIPALITY OF SILANGDASMARIÑAS CITY MUNICIPALITY OF GENERAL

TRIASIMUS CITYMUNICIPALITY OF KAWITMUNICIPALITY OF ROSARIOMUNICIPALITY OF NOVELETA

Name of Watershed: CAÑAS RIVER WATERSHED

Covered Cities/Municipalities: TAGAYTAY CITYMUNICIPALITY OF AMADEOMUNICIPALITY OF SILANGMUNICIPALITY OF INDANGMUNICIPALITY OF GENERAL

TRIASTRECE MARTIRES CITY MUNICIPALITY OF TANZAMUNICIPALITY OF ROSARIO

Name of Watershed: LABAC-ALEMANG RIVER

WATERSHED

Covered Cities/Municipalities: TAGAYTAY CITYMUNICIPALITY OF

MENDEZMUNICIPALITY OF

INDANGTRECE MARTIRES CITYMUNICIPALITY OF TANZAMUNICIPALITY OF NAIC

Name of Watershed: MARAGONDON RIVER WATERSHED

Covered Cities/Municipalities: TAGAYTAY CITYMUNICIPALITY OF MENDEZMUNICIPALITY OF ALFONSOMUNICIPALITY OF INDANGMUNICIPALITY OF GENERAL EMILIO AGUINALDOMUNICIPALITY OF MAGALLANESMUNICIPALITY OF NAICMUNICIPALITY OF MARAGONDONMUNICIPALITY OF TERNATE

PROJECTED POPULATION OF CAVITE PROVINCE (2012-

2040)

THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

RE-CHARGE ZONE

BUFFER ZONE

GROUNDWATER

• Rainfall in the Philippines ranges from 1000 to 4000 mm per year.

• 1000 to 2000 mm are collected as runoff by natural topography (Greenpeace, 2007)

THE WATERSHED CONCEPT

RE-CHARGE ZONE

AQUIFER

46.1 24.3 32.9890.06

250.62

397.92

501.54468.12

413.94

251.92

85.4460.98

JAN FEB MARCH APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Average rainfall in Labac-Alemang River Watershed from 2009 - 2012

RAINFALL (mm)

WATER QUALITY STATUS OF IMUS RIVER

Name of Watershed: IMUS RIVER WATERSHED

Covered Cities/Municipalities: TAGAYTAY CITYMUNICIPALITY OF SILANGDASMARIÑAS CITY MUNICIPALITY OF GENERAL

TRIASIMUS CITYMUNICIPALITY OF KAWITMUNICIPALITY OF NOVELETA

Water Quality Status of Imus River

2012 2013 2014 2015 DENR Criteria (Class C Waters)

BOD 12.0 9.5 9.7 13 7 (10) mg/LChlorides 759.7 761.1 698.5 1813 350mg/LDO

4.5 6.0 5.7 5.70minimum of

5mg/LPhosphate 2.169 1.105 1.225 1.585 0.4mg/LTSS 13 27 27 14 80mg/LTotal Coliform 160,000 247,578 164,586 95,021

5000MPN/100mL

FecalColiform 160,000 104,722 72,073 55,825

*Exceeded DENR Criteria for Class C water

WATER QUALITY STATUSLabac-ALEMANG RIVER WATERSHED

Name of Watershed: LABAC-ALEMANG RIVER

WATERSHED

Covered Cities/Municipalities: TAGAYTAY CITYMUNICIPALITY OF

MENDEZMUNICIPALITY OF

INDANGTRECE MARTIRES CITYMUNICIPALITY OF TANZAMUNICIPALITY OF NAIC

STATION LOCATIONDRY SEASON

STREAMFLOW(lps)

WET SEASONSTREAMFLOW

(lps)

A. Western Rivers

Poblacion II Brgy. Poblacion, Indang 57 130

Bulbok Prinsa Brgy. Calumpang, Indang 524 697

Labac Brgy. Balsahan, Naic 800 1100

B. Eastern Rivers

Saluysoy Brgy. Katapos, Indang 60 146

Ilat III Brgy. Palangue II & III, Indang 12 30

Alemang Brgy. Balsahan, Naic 621 830

Streamflow of Labac-Alemang River Watershed for dry and wet season (2015)

Physico-chemical characteristics of Labac-Alemang River (2015)

1

2

3

4

5

STATIONAVERAGE TOTAL COLIFORM

(MPN/100ML)May 2014 August 2014

1 1.60 x 104 3.53 x 106

2 2.40 x 104 3.70 x 104

3 2.10 x 104 3.53 x 106

4 1.80 x 104 6.37 x 104

5 1.07 x 105 3.53 x 106

“Environmental Assessment and Water Quality of Balsahan and Kay-Alamang Rivers of the Labac River

System at Naic, Cavite, Philippines”(2015)

Amyel Dale L. CeroMS Environmental Science

UPLB - SESAM

All values exceeded the total coliform limit for Class C waters of 5,000 MPN/100 mL.

Barangay Sabang

Barangay San Roque

Kay-Alamang River at Barangay Balsahan

Balsahan River at Barangay Balsahan

Near the middle of the stream towards the estuary

Microbiological characteristics of Labac-Alemang River (2014)

WATER QUALITY STATUSCAÑAS RIVER WATERSHED

STATION NAME OF STATION BOD DO PH TSS TOTAL

COLIFORMFECAL

COLIFORM

1 Julugan Wawa Hanging Bridge 4.75 4.86 7.75 25.17 350889.77 179817.18

2 Tejero Bridge 6.92 5.28 7.87 37.83 1389908.99 579809.93

3 Paradahan Bridge 7.08 5.88 8.01 28.67 2882433.41 1460793.98

4 Mag-asawang Layon Bridge 3.58 7.57 8.10 65.58 92443.95 28170.61

5 Patda Bridge 5.83 7.22 8.17 83.67 375408.05 272047.70

6 Panaysayan Bridge 3.33 7.38 8.18 26.50 296696.43 105771.32

Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of Cañas River (2014)

Water Supply and Demand Analysis for Cavite

Groundwater Availability

• The country has an extensive groundwater reservoir with am aggregate area of about 50,000 sq km.

• Several ground water basins are underlaid by about 100,000 sq km. of various rock formation (Greenpeace, 2007).

These resources are located in:•Northeast Luzon •Negros Island

•Central Luzon •Northeast Leyte

• Laguna Lake Basin •Ormoc-Kananga basin

•Cavite-Batangas-Laguna Basin

•Agusan-Davao basin

•Southeast Luzon •Occidental Misamis basin

•Mindoro Island •Lanao-Bukidnon-Misamisbasin

• As cited by Green Peace (2007), groundwater resources are continuously recharged by rain and seepage from rivers and lakes (PEM,2003; EMB, 2006)– Groundwater contributes 14 % of the total water

resource potential of the country.– The Philippines’ total available freshwater resource is at

145,900 MCM/year, and groundwater recharge or extraction at 20,000 MCM/year (NWRB-SPM,2003; PEM, 2003; ASEAN, 2005)

• Master Plan on Water ResourceManagement in the Philippines estimatethat only 1,907 cubic meters of fresh waterwould be available to each person each year,making the Philippines second to the lowestamong Southeast Asian countries with freshwater availability. (PEM 2003)

• 58% of groundwater that was sampled by NWRB-NWIN Project is found to be contaminated with coliform bacteria (Greenpeace, 2007).

Projected Water Demand by All Sectors

Year 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Domestic Water Demand 525 538 669 838 1,063 1,297 1,549

Agricultural Demand 1,094 1,090 1,087 1,077 1,074 1,077 1,089

Industrial Water Demand 122 136 160 172 184 188 192

Recreational Water Demand 12.02 12.45 13.03 13.46 13.90 14.47 15.17

Total Water Demand (MLD) 1,753 1,777 1,929 2,100 2,335 2,576 2,845

Water Supply (MLD) 618

Water consumption of municipalities in Cavite

CITY/ MUNICIPALITY

Recoverable Ground Water

Domestic Demand

Industrial Demand

Recreation Demand

Agriculture Demand

Total Groundwater Withdrawal

Surplus (Deficit)

District I

Cavite City 2.42 23.16 6.27 - 0.01 29.43 (27.01)

Kawit 2.75 16.93 1.66 0.21 0.69 19.49 (16.74)

Noveleta 1.15 8.09 0.05 - 0.74 8.88 (7.74)

Rosario 0.74 19.28 20.16 - 0.76 40.20 (39.46)

District II

Bacoor 5.13 98.52 0.42 - 2.58 101.53 (96.40)

District III

Imus 18.26 59.85 10.86 - 7.95 78.66 (60.40)

District IV

Dasmariñas 27.73 95.19 14.22 1.61 15.45 126.47 (98.74)

District V

Carmona 12.37 10.53 12.39 3.21 1.74 27.87 (15.50) Gen.Mariano Alvarez 3.51 22.01 0.48 - 0.72 23.21 (19.70)

Silang 91.31 35.52 15.95 0.90 25.59 77.96 13.35

District VI

Trece Martires 16.05 16.91 7.00 1.78 12.06 37.74 (21.70)

Amadeo 30.87 4.63 - - 2.39 7.02 23.85

Gen. Trias 26.78 40.04 27.80 1.75 14.57 84.16 (57.39)

Tanza 14.86 22.01 2.57 - 17.92 42.50 (27.64)

District VII

Tagaytay City 65.00 13.72 0.08 1.39 4.09 19.29 45.71

Alfonso 56.74 6.57 0.16 0.54 26.25 33.51 23.23

Gen. E. Aguinaldo 20.97 2.20 - - 6.08 8.28 12.69

Indang 52.71 8.53 0.10 - 4.18 12.82 39.89

Magallanes 32.26 2.16 0.81 - 9.42 12.39 19.87

Maragondon 43.03 4.39 - - 2.59 6.98 36.05

Mendez 14.67 4.34 - 0.06 2.75 7.15 7.52

Naic 24.19 8.93 0.99 - 3.20 13.13 11.07

Ternate 8.93 1.04 - 0.58 0.77 2.39 6.54

TOTAL 572.43 524.57 121.98 12.02 162.50 821.06 (248.63)

• Total recoverable groundwater potential is about 572 MLD while the total surface water available is 45 MLD or a total of 617 MLD.

• This translates into a deficit of 51 MLD by 2020for domestic water alone.

• It is estimated that the current supply from groundwater will be sufficient only up to 2018.

“Mathematical Modeling and Simulations of Water Resources in Cavite”

Guillermo Q. Tabios IIIInstitute of Civil Engineering & National Hydraulic Research Center, UP Diliman

Groundwater Availability Map of Southwest Luzon, Cavite, Laguna, and Batangas

Golf Courses in Cavite

• Eagle Ridge Golf & Country ClubBarangay Javalera, Gen. Trias, Cavite

• Manila Southwoods Golf & Country Club1 Southwoods Avenue, Cabilang Baybay, Carmona, Cavite, Southern Luzon

• Puerto Azul Beach and Country ClubBarangay Sapang, Ternate, Cavite City, Southern Luzon

• Riviera Golf and Country Clubalong Aguinaldo Highway in Silang near Tagaytay, Cavite

• Royale Tagaytay Country ClubE. Aguinaldo Highway, Buck Estate Alfonso, Cavite

• Sherwood Hills Golf ClubBrgy. Cabezas and Lailana, Trece Martirez City

Golf Courses in Cavite

• Splendido Taal Residential Golf & Country ClubTagaytay City

• Tagaytay Highlands International Highlands CourseTagaytay Highlands, Tagaytay City, Cavite, Philippines

• Tagaytay Highlands International Midlands courseTagaytay Highlands, Tagaytay City, Cavite, Philippines

• The Orchard Golf & Country ClubKm 27 E. Aguilnado Highway Dasmariñas, Cavite, Southern Luzon

Water Consumption of Golf courses

• A typical golf course requires 100,000 to 1,000,000 gallons (378.5 m3 to 3,785 m3) of water per week in summer to maintain healthy vegetation.

Water Conservation in Golf Courses

• Improved Grasses that Require Less Water• New Irrigation System Technologies• Best Management Practices• Alternative Water Sources• Golf Course Design

• Best Management Practices Selecting low-water-use turfgrasses,

groundcovers, shrubs and trees for use on the course Providing adequate levels of nutrients to the

turfUsing mulches in shrub and flower beds to

reduce water evaporation losses Using soil cultivation techniques

Water Conservation on Golf Courses

• Best Management Practices Improving water drainage Cycling irrigation sessions to ensure good

infiltration and minimize runoff.

• Alternative Water Sources Storage ponds to collect storm runoff water

that might otherwise be lost and wasted. Use of tertiary treated effluent from municipal

sewage treatment facilities. Use of brackish waters or even ocean water to

supplement other water sources.

Water Conservation on Golf Courses

• Golf Course Design Use of innovative designs Careful earth shaping and good drainage design is used to

collect runoff and sub-surface drainage water in on-site storage lakes.

Water-demanding landscape areas are held to a minimum, resulting in water savings of 50% or more

Golf course sites with poor or inconsistent soils are capped with a 6-inch layer of sand to allow uniform water infiltration and a significant reduction in water use by reducing runoff and avoiding over-application of irrigation water.

(Source: USGA)

Water Conservation on Golf Courses

• Storm Water Collection and Use– Collecting the storm water or rainwater on the building site (roof,

parking lot, hardscape, landscape, etc.) is one of the fastest growing strategies in the water conservation industry and green building efforts. There are three distinct advantages to this strategy:

– The collected water can be stored and then used to irrigate the landscape during drier months.

– The water collected is prevented from entering the storm water system, which is often overtaxed in urban areas resulting in flash floods.

– The pollutants from the building site (fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, animal waste, automobile fluids, etc.) are prevented from being carried by storm water to streams, rivers, and other sensitive aquatic ecosystems.

“We will never know the worth of water till the well is dry.”

- Thomas Fuller

THANK YOU!