Appeasement: giving in to a dictator to avoid war.

Militarism

The glorification of war, in which a nation strengthens its military and stockpiles weapons in preparation for war.

An important aspect of militarism is that the glorification of war is incorporated into all levels of society, including education of the nation’s youth.

Militaristic societies have existed throughout human history.

Ancient Sparta is an example of a militaristic society

Hitler Youth group

Nationalism

Nationalism is the belief in the superiority of one’s own nation over all others.

In the extreme, it can lead to major conflicts between nations.

Hitler, Mussolini, and Japan’s Tojo each touted their nation’s ability to dominate all others in the years leading up to WWII.

Nazi flag, Italian fascist logo, Japanese flag

Anti-Communism

Under communism, all means of production are controlled by the government, as are property, the media, and all other aspects of society.

The 1930s saw the rise of many totalitarian regimes; but most people chose fascism over communism.

Hitler exploited people’s fear of a communist takeover in Germany to rise to power in 1933.

A Battle for Germany: Nazi anti-communist book from

1933

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7

HITLER’S HITLER’S WW II WW II PARTNERSPARTNERS

8

Brazil

India

THE ALLIED THE ALLIED POWERS IN POWERS IN WW IIWW II

German Aggression

German RemilitarizationAustria: 1938 Anschluss: all German speaking

people belong with one German nationCzechoslovakia: 1938; 3 million people;

Sudetenland; AppeasementAppeasement: giving in to the demands of an

aggressor to avoid war

Appeasement

Munich Conference 1938Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Edouard DalidierHitler wanted Sudetenland / 3 million

German Speaking peopleWestern Section of CzechoslovakiaDemocracy

Appeasement

Why?Devastation of WWIGreat DepressionUnfairness of Versailles TreatyFear of CommunismLack of International cooperationNeutrality of the United States

13

14

HITLER INVADES POLAND:SEPTEMBER 1, 1939

WWII Begins on September 1, 1939

The Blitzkreig

Lightening AttackUse of fast moving vehicles, air force and

infantry to invade Poland Sept 1, 1939.Start of WWIISept 3 Britain and France declare war on

GermanyThe Phony War

Technology of Modern Warfare

Superior air power – LuftwaffeBombing of strategic military and civilian targetsArmored tanks and troop carriersImproved designs on planes, subs, and machinery

(bombs and guns)Inventions: RADAR and SONARMedical advances for soldiers and synthetic products

replacing scarce, strategic resources

17

HITLER CONQUERED DENMARK, NORWAY, NETHERLANDS, BELGIUM, AND LUXEMBOURG

18

MAGINOT LINE.

. MAGINOT LINE, LARGE UNDERGROUND FORTS FRANCE BUILT AT ENORMOUS COST TO PROTECT ITSELF FROM GERMANY, THE GERMANS WENT AROUND

THEM AND THEY PROVED USELESS.

19

FRENCH AND BRITISH TROOPS TRAPPED AT DUNKIRK

20

ALLIED TROOPS ESCAPE THE ADVANCING GERMAN FORCES. HUNDREDS OF SHIPS FROM GREAT BRITAIN CAME TO TAKE THEM OFF THE DUNKIRK BEACHES AND BACK TO ENGLAND.

21

AFTER THE GERMANS LEFT DUNKIRK, THEY TURNED SOUTH AND DEFEATED THE REMAINING FRENCH ARMIES

JUNE 22, 1940, FRANCE SURRENDERED TO GERMANY. GERMANY WAS MASTER OF ALL EUROPE, ITS FACTORIES AND RESOURCES, WITH EXCEPTION OF THE USSR.

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August 1940: Which nation will be Hitler's next target for conquest?

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GREAT BRITAIN GETS A NEW PRIME MINISTER: WINSTON CHURCHILL

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PLANE TYPE AT PLANE TYPE AT START OF AIR START OF AIR

BATTLE,BATTLE,

AUGUST 1940AUGUST 1940

GERMANLUFTWAFFE

ROYALAIRFORCE

BOMBERSBOMBERS 960 500

FIGHTERSFIGHTERS 760 700

PLANE LOSSES PLANE LOSSES AT END OF AT END OF

BATTLE, MARCH BATTLE, MARCH 19411941

2840 PLANES 915 PLANES

STATISTICS OF THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN

Turning Point of the War: Germany’s first defeat.

25

PHOTOS FROM THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD THE GERMANS HAD

SEVERE PROBLEMS CAPTURING THE CITY OF STALINGRAD. IT WAS A GRITTY, DEADLY BATTLE WHERE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF SOLDIERS ON BOTH SIDES WERE KILLED

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•FIGHTING IN NORTH AFRICA

•Battle of El Alamen won by the Allies:

•Push Germany off the African Continent

•Now Allies could invade Sicily: Tough bloody battles won by the Allies

•Italy next: Rome first European capital freed by Allies

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•ALLIES INVADE FRANCE

•BATTLE OF THE BULGE

•SOVIET ADVANCE INTO EASTERN EUROPE AND GERMANY

•HOLOCAUST

•GERMANY SURRENDERS

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D-day: the Allied invasion of Nazi occupied Western Europe

D-Day StatisticsGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower Allied supreme commander

Nine allied divisions invaded on D-Day, 3 airborne and 6 infantry, 150,000 soldiers

12,000 planes

5,000 ships escorted the invasion force

20,000 troops were landed by air either parachute or gliders to protect the flanks of the invasion force from German counterattacks

Shoulder sleeve insignia are of the American units, division and above, that were involved in the Normandy invasion on June 6, 1944.

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THOUSANDS OF ALLIED SOLDIERS ENTERED BATTLE FROM THE AIR

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A HEAVY PRICE WAS PAID FOR THE SUCCESSFUL INVASION OF FRANCE

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THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A SURPRISE ATTACK THROUGH THE ARDENNES FOREST THAT CAUGHT THE U.S. ARMY UNPREPARED. . THE FIGHTING LASTED FROM DECEMBER 16TH TO FEBRUARY 9TH 1945.

Battle of the Bulge

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DEAD U.S. SOLDIERS WHO WERE DEAD U.S. SOLDIERS WHO WERE MURDERED BY GERMAN TROOPS AFTER MURDERED BY GERMAN TROOPS AFTER SURRENDERING SURRENDERING

AMERICANS CAPTURED IN THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE

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Killed, wounded, captured, missing at the Battle of the Bulge

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Tanks Planes

American

German

Both sides lost massive amounts of men and equipment but while the Americans could easily make up the losses the Germans could not and the war would be over within months

34

Hitler commits suicide as the Russians approach his underground bunker in Berlin

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German Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel surrenders at Soviet headquarters in Berlin, May 9, 1945. The war in Europe is over!

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NEWSPAPERS CELEBRATE THE SURRENDER OF GERMANY BUT WARN THERE IS STILL JAPAN TO DEFEAT

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The war in the Pacific from Pearl Harbor to Midway

JAPANESE DECEMBER 1941 CONQUESTSUS FLEET AT PEARL HARBOR DEVASTATED BY JAPANESE ATTACK ON DEC. 7TH

INVASION OF MALAYA DEC. 7-25

US AIRFORCES IN THE PHILIPPINES DESTROYED ON DEC. 7TH AND 8TH

US ISLAND OF GUAM CAPTURED BY JAPANESE TROOPS DEC. 11TH

TARAWA AND MAKIN ISLANDS ATTACKED, DEC. 9TH AND 10TH

BORNEO INVADED DEC. 20TH

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THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC FROM PEARL THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC FROM PEARL HARBOR TO MIDWAY TO MIDWAY

JAPANESE 1942 ADVANCESJAPAN INVADES DUTCH BORNEO, TIMOR, CELEBES, JAN. 11

SINGAPORE FALLS, 36,000 JAPANESE CAPTURE 85,000 ALLIED SOLDIERS, FEB. 15TH

RANGOON AND BURMA CAPTURED ON MAR. 10TH

US SURRENDERS THE PHILIPPINES ON MAY 6TH

JAPANESE PORT MORESBY INVASION FLEET TURNED BACK AT NAVAL BATTLE OF CORAL SEA ON MAY 7TH

40

U.S. SURRENDERS THE PHILIPPINES AND OVER 70,000 AMERICAN AND FILIPINO SOLDIERS GO INTO JAPANESE CAPTIVITY WHERE MANY DIED OF MALNUTRITION AND MISTREATMENT.

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BATAAN DEATH MARCH AND THE HORROR OF JAPANESE CAPTIVITY

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THE UNITED STATES STRIKES BACK: THE BATTLE OF MIDWAY, JUNE 1942

JOSEPH ROCHEFORT: NAVAL INTELLIGENCE OFFICER WHO LED THE TEAM THAT BROKE THE JAPANESE MILITARY CODE “PURPLE” THAT ALLOWED THE US TO READ 10% TO 15% OF THEIR CODE AND ALLOWED THE US TO PLAN FOR A JAPANESE ATTACK ON THE US BASE ON MIDWAY ISLAND.

WHERE THE JAPANESE WOULD STRIKE AFTER CORAL SEA WAS THE CRUCIAL QUESTION. THE US HAD THREE CARRIERS TO COUNTER ANY JAPANESE OFFENSIVE MOVE BUT THEY NEEDED TO KNOW WHERE THEY SHOULD BE SENT.

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44

THE U.S. VICTORY AT MIDWAY WAS A DEVASTATING DEFEAT FOR JAPAN AND A TURNING POINT IN THE PACIFIC WAR. NOW THE UNITED STATES COULD GO ON THE OFFENSIVE WINNING BACK THE ISLANDS CONQUERED BY JAPAN IN THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OF THE WAR.

45

•GUADALCANAL: Tough battle eventually won by the Americans

•ISLAND HOPPING CAMPAIGN

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PACIFIC LAND BATTLE LISTPACIFIC LAND BATTLE LIST

1. JAPANESE DEC. 71. JAPANESE DEC. 7THTH 1941 TO MAY 6 1941 TO MAY 6THTH 1942 OFFENSIVE 1942 OFFENSIVE

2. ALEUTIAN CAMPAIGN, JUNE 72. ALEUTIAN CAMPAIGN, JUNE 7THTH, 1942 –AUGUST 15, 1943, 1942 –AUGUST 15, 1943

3. GUADALCANAL BATTLE, AUGUST 73. GUADALCANAL BATTLE, AUGUST 7THTH, 1942 –FEBRUARY 9, 1942 –FEBRUARY 9THTH, 1943, 1943

4. NEW GUINEA AND THE SOLOMON’S, AUGUST 1942-MAY 19444. NEW GUINEA AND THE SOLOMON’S, AUGUST 1942-MAY 1944

5. BOUGAINVILLE, AUGUST 155. BOUGAINVILLE, AUGUST 15THTH, 1943 TO MARCH 1944, 1943 TO MARCH 1944

6. MAKIN AND TARAWA, NOVEMBER 206. MAKIN AND TARAWA, NOVEMBER 20THTH, 1943-NOVEMBER 23, 1943-NOVEMBER 23RDRD 1943 1943

7. KWAJALEIN AND ENIWETOK/DECEMBER 1943-FEBUARY 19447. KWAJALEIN AND ENIWETOK/DECEMBER 1943-FEBUARY 1944

8. THE CAPTURE OF THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS/FEBRUARY 1944-MARCH 8. THE CAPTURE OF THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS/FEBRUARY 1944-MARCH 19441944

9. THE BATTLE FOR SAIPAN/JUNE 15, 1944-JULY 7,19449. THE BATTLE FOR SAIPAN/JUNE 15, 1944-JULY 7,1944

10. THE BATTLE FOR TINIAN/JUNE 16, 1944-JUNE 23,194410. THE BATTLE FOR TINIAN/JUNE 16, 1944-JUNE 23,1944

11. THE RE CAPTURE OF GUAM/JULY 21-AUGUST 10, 194411. THE RE CAPTURE OF GUAM/JULY 21-AUGUST 10, 1944

12. THE BATTLE FOR THE PALAU ISLANDS/SEPTEMBER 15-OCTOBER 13, 194412. THE BATTLE FOR THE PALAU ISLANDS/SEPTEMBER 15-OCTOBER 13, 1944

13. THE CAPTURE OF MOROTAI/SEPTEMBER 15-SEPTEMBER 19, 194413. THE CAPTURE OF MOROTAI/SEPTEMBER 15-SEPTEMBER 19, 1944

14. THE BATTLE FOR LEYTE/OCTOBER 17, 1944-DECEMBER 25, 194414. THE BATTLE FOR LEYTE/OCTOBER 17, 1944-DECEMBER 25, 1944

15. THE RECAPTURE OF LUZON/DECEMBER 15, 1944-SEPTEMBER 2, 194515. THE RECAPTURE OF LUZON/DECEMBER 15, 1944-SEPTEMBER 2, 1945

16. THE BATTLE FOR IWO JIMA/FEBUARY 19, 1945-MARCH 6, 194516. THE BATTLE FOR IWO JIMA/FEBUARY 19, 1945-MARCH 6, 1945

17. THE BATTLE FOR OKINAWA/APRIL 1, 1945-JUNE 26, 194517. THE BATTLE FOR OKINAWA/APRIL 1, 1945-JUNE 26, 1945

MAJOR PACIFIC LAND BATTLES. THE DROPPING OF THE ATOMIC BOMB ON JAPAN ELIMINATED THE NEED TO INVADE THE JAPANESE HOME ISLANDS

47

•IWO JIMA, OKINAWA, AND THE KAMIKAZES

•FIREBOMBING OF JAPAN

•PROPOSED OPERATION DOWNFALL

•HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI

48

Photos of the vicious fighting on Iwo Jima.

49

Famous photograph of the flag raising on Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima taken by Joe Rosenthal in February of 1945

50

The U.S. suffered terrible causalities on Iwo Jima, losing an estimated 20,000 soldiers. Total U.S. losses, mostly Marines, were 6,821 killed, 19,217 wounded, and 2,648 cases of combat fatigue. Worse was to come when the U.S. invaded Okinawa.

51

STRATEGIC BOMBING CAMPAIGN OVER JAPAN, 1944-1945

52

American casualties on Okinawa would exceed 68,000. Of the nearly 16,000 servicemen killed the burden fell to the naval forces: 8,343 dead sailors, coast guardsmen and marines, the highest toll in naval history. Much of the naval loss was due to the Japanese use of kamikaze suicide plane attacks.

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KAMIKAZE

Kamikazes were the suicide attacks the Japanese began late in the war when they realized they could not defeat conventional US forces. While the attacks were made mainly in aircrafts against US ships there were other types of kamikaze vehicles as well. These included small boats, flying human missiles or ohkas, human torpedoes and even the great battleship Yamato.

54

All combined kamikaze operations combined sunk 34 ships, and damaged 288 ships.The most damage done by kamikaze’s was at Okinawa where 1465 suicide planes sank 30 ships and damages 130 more.

The horrendous losses the U.S. suffered at Iwo Jima and Okinawa combined with the devastating kamikaze attacks was only a prelude to the slaughter that would happened if the U.S. invaded the Japanese home islands

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

IWO JIMA OKINAWA

KILLED

WOUNDED

TOTAL

US losses at both battles

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Why did the United States Drop the Atomic Bomb on Japan?

1. The US was afraid the loss of human life would be in the hundredths of thousands.

2. Political fallout from not using the bomb would hurt the Democratic party. Americans would not tolerate a large loss of life if it could have been prevented by a weapon.

3. Scare the Soviet Union.

Why did the Americans drop Two Atomic Bombs?

1. The Japanese military refused to surrender after the first bomb was dropped. The code of bushido. Solider must die fighting or commit suicide.

56

THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB WAS DROPPED ON THE CITY OF HIROSHIMA

AUGUST 6TH, 1945, 70,000 KILLED AND EVEN MORE WOUNDED

57

A second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki and the Japanese surrendered

AUGUST 9TH, 40,000 KILLED

Effects of Bombing

Ground TemperatureHurricane force windsBuildings destroyedKilled ImmediatelyTotal deaths related to

A-Bomb

7,000 degrees

980 miles an hour

62,000 buildings70,000200,000

59

FOREIGN MINISTER SHIGEMITSU SIGNS JAPANESE SURRENDER DOCUMENT

60

CAPTURED NAZI LEADERS ON TRIAL FOR THEIR CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY

61

HIDEKI TOJO, FORMER JAPANESE PREMIER AND WAR MINISTER, TAKES THE STAND DURING THE JAPANESE WAR CRIMES TRIALS. HE WAS FOUND GUILTY OF WAR CRIMES AND HANGED.

62

WW II DEATHS PER COUNTRY

Effects of WWII

American Occupation of Japan till 1952British, French, Soviet, and US occupation of

GermanyDemocratic Governments setup in Germany and

Japan under pressure from the US.United Nations SetupSoviet occupation of all of Eastern Europe Soviets

setup a buffer zone between them and the west.

Effects of WWII

Atomic AgeCold War between the US and Soviet UnionRise of Nationalism in colonies/ beginning of

independence for African and Asian coloniesBritain, France, Italy,& Germany all major powers in

1939 are reduced in importance after 1945Rise of two Superpowers US and The Soviet Union

Effects of defeat on Germany and Japan

Germany and Berlin divide into 4 zones of occupation by Us, France, Britain and The Soviet Union.

Germany strategic location/Control Soviet Expansion/Allies help rebuild

Japan strategic location/Control Soviet Expansion/US helps rebuild

Japan

Constitution: only allowed to have a defensive force.

Americans setup a democracy