Co-benefits in Asia’s Transportation Sector: Methods and Applications

Singapore, 8 Nov 2010

Case Study: Bangkok BRTCase Study: Bangkok BRT

Thaned Satiennam

Khon Kaen Universityy

Sittha JaensirisakSittha Jaensirisak

Ubon Ratchathani

with support from

Nihon University

Bangkok BRT

• Bus Rapid Transit is a new transit system in BangkokBus Rapid Transit is a new transit system in Bangkok

• Bangkok BRT project belonging to Bangkok Metropolitan Authority

• BKK BRT has its own stations and bus priority lane

• BRT route network planned to feed mass transit systems (Sky train and Subway)

• Bus controlled by ITS for assuring punctuality and safety• Bus controlled by ITS for assuring punctuality and safety

Source: www.bangkokbrt.com

Target Route: South Route (Sathorn–Ratchapruek)

Corridor Characteristic Bangkok BRTNo. of corridor 1Total length 15.9 kmLocation of bus lane center of roadway( p ) Location of bus lane center of roadway

Bus priority laneBus-exclusive and sharing HOV lane

Station Characteristic No. of station 12A Di t B t t ti 1 kN BRT北線N BRT北線BRT N th Aver. Dist. Between station 1 kmLocation of station Median of roadway

At level boarding and alightingHigh floor bus and

stationStop close to platform Arm guidance

N BRT北線（計画中）

N BRT北線（計画中）BRT North

p p gArrival information Arrival display monitorBus Characteristic Bus length 12 mCapacity 80 pas.Fuel Type NGV

地下鉄道MRT

高架鉄道BTS 地下鉄道

MRT

高架鉄道BTSBTS MRTM

RTMRT

Fuel Type NGVNo. of passenger Testing operation, no fare 20000 pas./dayReal operation, 10 Baht fare 15000 pas./dayOperation Characteristic

RTRT

p

Frequency5 min:peak, 10 min:off

peakTime schedule 6AM-12PMAver. Speed 30 km/hrFare Collection BRT南線BRT南線 Fare Collection Fare collection system off-board collectionFare rate 12-20 BahtSmart card Contactless smart card

Connecting pointConnecting to BTS at

BRT南線（建設中）

0 5km2 5

BRT南線（建設中）

0 5km2 5

BRT South

Connecting pointChong Nonsri station

P&R Area 200 cars at terminusITS Bus Signal PriorityFeeder Shuttle Bus

0 5km2.50 5km2.5

3

Future Plan: Long Term

• BRT Master plan of BMAplan of BMA

• Full network with 14with 14 corridors in 2022

Comparison Bangkok BRT with other BRTs

BogotaBangkok

15.9km

(1 corridor

Bogota

86.5km

(6 corridor ith 115(1 corridor

with 12 stations)

with 115 stations)

Beijin

54km

Jakarta

125+km

(3 corridor with 60

stations)

(8 corridor with 145 stations)

Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/bangkok.aspx

Scenario Establishment

To evaluate the co-benefit of Bangkok BRT, threescenarios were established

1. Current network in 20061. Current network in 20062. Future network with BRT in 20113. Future network without BRT in 2011

Study Area (BMR and its 5 neighboring provinces)

N

1,333 1 334

1,066 1,067

1 0681,0581,059

1,0621,063

1,053

Nakhorn Pathom

Prathumthani

325263 265262261 264

1,304

1,364

1,3601,3621,3631,361

1,3651,370

1,371

1,3731,3721,374

1,368

1,3691,3671,366

1,312

1 3131,3091,3101,311

1,3141,315

1,3071,308

1,325

1,3281,327 1,3191,3161,318

1,3171,330

1,331

1,329

, 1,334

1,3321,338

1 291

1,298

1,3011,3021,3031,300

1,321

1,320

1,3541,352 1,3531,359

1,3501,3511,2941,2961,295

1,297

1,3771,378 1,379

1,3751,376

1,3851,3861,390

1,3911,388

1,387

1,3891,380

1,3811,382

1,383

1 384 1 293

1,299

1,3361,335

1,3411,342

1,3391,340

1,355

1,347

1,3571,3561,3581,3491,348

1,337

1,3241,3231,322 1,326

899 900

901902

881882 838896 821886

888891890

898897

822

1,057944943954

946947955

959 945 1,018990

938 935937914936 934

952 912953 913

923

909907908

906903904905

919 921927929928926925924

932933930931916915917918

940

911910

958957956

941 942

987

984

981

982

978

9801,006

1,0071,005

1,0091,0101,008

1,0191,020

1,0111,0121,0131,0141,0151,0161,017

1,069

1,070

1,068

1,0651,064

1,061

1,060

1,0561,052

1,0511,054

1,050

1,049

1,048

1,047

1,0461,045

1,0431,044

1,0351,036

1,0421,037

1,0251,0241,0281,029

1,0341,032

1,033

1,0211,0231,022

1,031

1,039

1,0049929949951,0039969979981,0009991,0021,001

964969972960 976963966

991993

970

950951

949 939

1,0279481,0301,026

989988985983979977975974

973971968967965962961922920

9861,0401,041

1,038

1,055

Nonthaburi

BMR

473472

475474

482464

471

5

470

672 1331 1144511513 158149111610 20712553 20563 68 2369565 117

478 479476477

481480

465466461462463

468467 469

440 441

457456

458459460

447446

437438439322320321

325326 323324327

311312313309314310

442443449450452

448453454451

455

392393390 391

444445

328329331332333330

389388

349350348347352346354

351

353

319317315316318417416

337336335334339

338343342344345341340

384383379380378

376377 387382288289290291292294293296295

286285

282

287

283284272276275

281279

271270273280277

274278

421424419420418

422426425423

415413414303302297298300

304305299301306307308

263259260

266265262

255 257256258254253251250252

247248249 269268

237245236239238231230232233235

234241240

244243 242246

267

402403405404406

407409408412411410

228224

433434170436431435430429432

428427165163166167169168164161160159

162

13813914014114214314614414510410099103105106107

101102444345

193192191190155156158157

187185186154153188189182183184113112

152151148149147150223225220 222221219218226

20820921021221121421320620420520319194196122123124121120118119115116

484746545553 11111010810949505152242526273536

1718192122

2829518517414240393837

3431303332

8990949591969897

9293 5657596058636261656472747573717080777876567566557564556555554562

514515516506507510509

505508503

502

504 512540539538544541543542590591593599

1,289 1,269 1,2701,286

1,273

1,2761,266 1,2511,241 1,2501,240

1,2301,2351,075 1,2421,071

1 206

1,2241,223

1,2811,282

1,2131,2111,2101,2081,2091,1951,1901,1911,234

1,2311,2331,183 1,1921,1821,2321,181

1,1801,2281,2271,229

1,2791,280

1,278

1,277

1,236

1,2391,238

1,237

1,244

1,2431,2451,2461,247

1,2531,2521,254

1,2551,2561,2481,249

1,2671,2681,2651,264

1,2621,261

1,2591,260

1,258

1,2571,2721,271

1,275

1,274

1,1741,1731,1711,172

1,1691,1701,168

1,086

1,0851,0841,150

1,1451,1461,149 1,1671,1531,1541,1551,1561,1571,1511,152

1,1581,1591,1601,1611,1661,165

1,1381,1391,1411,140

1,1281,1301,129

1,1261,127

1,1001,1011,1051,1021,1031,1131,1101,1081,1091,1121,1111,1071,1041,106

1,072

1,0741,0731,076

1,0891,0911,0901,114

1,1151,116

1,0871,088

1,0921,117

1,1191,1181,0991,121

1,1251,1241,123

1,134

1,0791,0831,0811,080

1,3131,305 1,3061,291

1,2901,2951,384

1,343 1,3451,3441,346

1,293

1,292 1,2881,287

1,162

1,2141,2121,1941,193

1,283

1,2851,2251,284

1,226

1,0981,0971,0931,0941,0961,077

1,0951,078

1,196 1,207

1,2161,2211,2221,2171,2181,2191,2151,220

1,2631,1421,1641,163

1,1471,1481,1441,1431,082

1,1311,1371,1361,1221,1201,1351,1331,132

1 199

896835834

895880883 837836872

855 858

821823826831

828827

815829

818819817820810 812788787790793792791785786

783781782779780

777775776778

754774768771764765767766773772759760

842799798797802

809808

807806803

805804

833832

801800866

867

870868869

863861862859860

875864

865 877873874

879892

871

894893887

884876

878885886 889

853 851850846847845844 796795761

811784

824825816814813794758757756755

751762841840848839843849854852856857752753769763770

789

830

906 981978971968

1,4491,448

Samut SakhornSamut Prakarn

401400399

397398

395396

392393 394386385381380

375371369368374373365366372355360357361

358359363228226227229

212214213215216217171173174175172176177180181179178133132134135131 137136198199202200201197129130128126125127

20620520319519419665666764747573

574575577576568569571570573572

80798685878883818482777876487488489490496494495493492491486485484483

497501500498499 580582581578579586587585583584588

557562561559558560545543542590593

594601589

592 547546550548549551552

599

597598596

595600603602 525

526524

522523520

519521

531533532534

529527530528

535536

537

362364370367

3561,1751,176

1,1771,1781,2061,205

1,2031,2021,197

1,1851,184 1,1891,1791,1861,1881,1871,2001,2011,1981,196 ,

1,2041,199

734

614608

742

744743624645

695

702

641

674678677676

606

619618

623622621627626625629628631630

640639

635634638

687685

686

696697700701699698

741740

748749747

750

739738

737

733732

730731729728

725

726719 720

721722

723710

713 715

712 711

716707

706705

658656655663662660

647665664666667668669 672671670649648651652650691690689694

615

692693679637 680681682684683 703

704

745746

642633

632

617620616607605604609

610611612

613653657659661 708 709 714

735

727736

717724

718

675

688

646673

654

644643636

1,4791,483 1,4801,484 1,4861,485 1,4771,478

1,4321,497

1,498 1,4991,496

1,4951,494

1,5041,4911,492

1,4931,5011,500

1,503

1,5021,505

1,506

1,4521,453

1,455

1,4681,467

1,4631,4661,471 1,4691,470

1,4721,4731,4741,475

1,407

1,4091,4081,413

1,410

1,4121,4111,4141,4151,417 1,416

1,4251,4231,4241,4211,4221,4201,418

1,419 1,394

1,3971,396

1,395

1,4021,4011,4001,4281,446

1,429

1,4261,4271,4451,3991,4471,3981,4441,4381,4401,4391,441

1 431

1,430

1,4881,487

1,4891,490

1,4431,442

1,4621,4611,460

1,4811,482

1,437

1,4511,4641,465

1,4761,404

1,4051,406

1,450

1,392

1,4581,4591,4561,4571,454,

,

1,393

0 20,00010,000 MetersRoad Network

Rail Transit Route

7471,434 1,4331,435

1,4361,403

1,4021,431

Totally 1,506 Zones

Framework of estimation

BRT PlanDemand forecasting model based 

BRT Planon 4 step estimation

Other Policies/ 

Travel Speed/ Traffic Volume 

OD TableBRT Ridership

Micro Traffic Simulation

/Measures

d

by rinkBRT Ridership

LCA for  LCA for 

Land Use Travel Speed/ 

Location/TimeTravel Speed 

of BRT

CO2 Emission from Road

CO2 Emission from Road

Train Car

Infrastructure

Corridor l

from Road Transport

from Road Transport

Development, such as TOD

By Atsushi FUKUDA on International Environmental Cooperation Studies I, GELs, Hiroshima University

Total CO2 Emission by BRT Introduction

Network results from User Equilibrium Assignment

Entire network of Bangkok Metropolitan Region and its Neighboring 5 Provincesand its Neighboring 5 Provinces

Network surrounding BRT Corridor

Results of Demand Forecasting

2006 2011 2011 Difference2006Base year

2011Without BRT

2011With BRT

betweenTwo scenarios

Total vehicle kilometer 240 404 345 249 487 926 247 691 970 -1,795,956 traveled (km/day)

240,404,345 249,487,926 247,691,970 , ,(-0.73%)

Total in-vehicle time(hours/day)

16,296,587 14,647,926 14,572,683 -101,477(-0.69%)( y) ( )

Average speed (km/h)

14.75 17.00 17.00 0

Total link length 26 170 26 383 26 383 0g(km)

26,170 26,383 26,383 0

10

Users benefits Calculation

V l f T l ti f B k k C (U it B ht/ i )

PC MC TRUCK SPBUS2.01 0.35 1.03 1.03

Value of Travel time for Bangkok Case (Unit: Baht/min)

Source: OTP, 2010

Speed 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120PC 8.86 6.92 6.12 5.67 5.44 5.31 5.24 5.19 5.17 5.17 5.19 5.21MC 2 09 1 63 1 54 1 47 1 42 1 39 1 37 1 37 1 38 1 45 1 45 1 46

Vehicle Operating Cost for Bangkok Case (Unit: Baht/km)

MC 2.09 1.63 1.54 1.47 1.42 1.39 1.37 1.37 1.38 1.45 1.45 1.46TRUCK* 17.87 12.94 11.45 10.9 10.76 10.82 10.97 11.15 11.33 11.48 11.61 11.71

BUS 20.55 14.93 13.11 12.33 12.02 11.98 12.13 12.41 12.79 13.25 13.75 14.26

Source: OTP, 2010

Results of User’s Benefit Calculation

2006 2011 2011 Difference2006Present Situation

scenarioWithout BRT

scenarioWith BRT scenario

Difference between Two

scenariosTime Cost 467 088 340 223 372 519 518 162 369 352 291 793 -3 167 226 369(Baht/year) 467,088,340,223 372,519,518,162 369,352,291,793 3,167,226,369

Operating Cost(Baht/year) 758,591,194,274 771,676,100,219 766,519,611,334 -5,156,488,885

Loss by Accident 3 2 80 809 38 838 20 3 3 29 89 3 3 28 8

12

Loss by Accident(Baht/year) 143,215,180,809 138,838,420,713 137,465,291,897 -1,373,128,816

Estimation of Emission Reduction

• Emission factors by vehicle type, PC, Bus, Light Duty Truck, MC

y = 0.0584x2 - 7.4383x + 335.9000

R2 = 0.8825300

400

km)

y = -0.0001 x2 - 0.0692 x + 10.8667

R2 = 0.9193

20

25

30

km)

0

100

200

CO2 (g/

0

5

10

15

CO (g/k

∑ −= )( ,, kikii PEBEER0 20 40 60 80 100

Average speed (km/h)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Average speed (km/h)

y = 0.0002x2 - 0.0186x + 1.31342

5

∑ ,,

∑ ××= )( ,,,,, VjikkjBLki EFLQBE

R2 = 0.7817

1

2

3

4

NOx (g/km)

Emission factors of passenger car

∑ ××= )( ,,,,, VjikkjPJki EFLQPE

0

1

0 20 40 60 80 100

Average speed (km/h)

By Atsushi FUKUDA on International Environmental Cooperation Studies I, GELs, Hiroshima UniversityBy Atsushi FUKUDA on International Environmental Cooperation Studies I, GELs, Hiroshima University

Source: Study to Promote CDM Projects in Transport Sector in order to Resolve Global Environmental Problem (Bangkok Metropolitan Area Case), MLIT Japan, 2003

Results of Estimation of Emission Reductions

Pollutants Emissions reductions(t/day for CO2, kg/day for others)

2006

NOx

20062011 (Without BRT) 327,3892011 (With BRT) 325,930Reduction (Without –With BRT) 1,458

d (( h h )/ h ) 0 %

Air pollutants

Reduction rate ((Without –With BRT)/Without BRT) 0.45%

CO

20062011 (Without BRT) 1,173,6042011 (With BRT) 1,160,929

d ( h h )pollutants Reduction (Without –With BRT) 12,676Reduction rate ((Without –With BRT)/Without BRT) 1.0820062011 (Without BRT) 13,858

PM( ) ,

2011 (With BRT) 13,843Reduction (Without –With BRT) 15Reduction rate ((Without –With BRT)/Without BRT) 0.11%2006

Greenhouse gas CO2

20062011 (Without BRT) 67,3272011 (With BRT) 66,903Reduction (Without –With BRT) 424Reduction rate ((Without –With BRT)/Without BRT) 0 63%

14

Reduction rate ((Without With BRT)/Without BRT) 0.63%

Conclusions

The benefits are depended on• Transport demand forecasting model (a number of• Transport demand forecasting model (a number of

parameters are needed)• Monetary values of the benefits (including VOT• Monetary values of the benefits (including VOT,

VOC, accident cost and emission cost)In Thailand the monetary values are notIn Thailand, the monetary values are not standardised, thus the benefits cannot compare among projectsamong projects. Other values are needed, e.g. value of accessibility (increasing of land value)(increasing of land value).For long term effects, transport and land use interaction should be taken into accountinteraction should be taken into account.Further development of the guideline is needed.

BRT St ti ti t Sk t i

Source: Bangkok BRT

Thank you very much for your attentionBRT Station connecting to Sky train