T H E H I S T O R Y OF C A R T O G R A P H Y

V O L U M E S I X

Cartography

in the

Twentieth

P A R T 1

Edited byMARK MONMONIER

Associate Editors

P E T E R C O L L I E R

K A R E N S E V E R U D C O O K

A. J O N K I M E R L I N G

J O E L L. M O R R I S O N

T H E U N IV E R S IT Y O F C H IC A G O PR ESS • C H IC A G O A N D L O N D O N

Contents

List o f Entries by C oncep tual C luster endpapersList o f Tables xviiList o f A bbrev iations xix

PART 1Preface, M ark M o n m o n ier xxi In tro d u c tio n , M ark M o n m o n ier xxv

A_____________A cadem ic Parad igm s in C artog raphy 1

A cadem ic C artog raphy in C anada and the U nited States 1

A cadem ic C arto g rap h y in E urope 6 A ccuracy in M apping 13 A dm inistrative C artog raphy 16 A dvertising, M aps as 18 A eronautical C h a rt 22

A gricultural A d justm ent A dm in istra tion (U.S.) 30 Air-Age G lobalism 31 A irbrush 34 A irline M ap 35A kadem ie für R aum forschung und L andesp lanung

(A cadem y for Spatial R esearch and Planning; G erm any) 40

A lm agiä, R oberto 42 A lpine C artog raphy 43 A m erican A utom obile A ssociation (AAA) 46 A m erican Cartographer; The 49 A m erican G eographical Society 49

A naglyph M ap 54 A nalytical C artog raphy 55 A nim ated M ap 61 A ntarctica 63A ntiquarian M aps and G rand Larceny 72

A rctic, T he 73A rt and C artog raphy 78A strophysics and C artog raphy 84

A tlas 89Electronic A tlas 89 Facsimile A tlas 90 H isto rica l A tlas 92 H isto rical-B oundaries A tlas 94 N atio n a l A tlas 96

Regional A tlas 101 School A tlas 106 Subscription A tlas 110 T hem atic A tlas 112 W orld A tlas 115

A tlas o f Canada 116 A tlas o f Finland 117 A utom obile A ssociation (U.K.) 119

B__________________________________Bagrow, Leo 121 Bertin, Jacques 121 B iogeography and C artog raphy 124 Bivariate M ap 129B oard on G eographic N am es (U.S.) 133Bol'shoy sovetskiy atlas mira 135 B oundary D isputes 136 B oundary Surveying 143

C anada and the U nited States 143 L atin Am erica 146 Africa 153 Europe 158 M iddle E ast 163 E ast and Southeast Asia 168

B undesam t für K artograph ie und G eodäsie (Federal Office for C artog raphy and Geodesy; G erm any) 176

B undesam t für L andestopographie (Federal Office o f T opography; Sw itzerland) 178

c_________ _____________C adastra l M ap 183C adastra l Surveying 186C anada G eographic In fo rm ation System 189C artob ib liog raphy 190C artogram 193C artog raph ic D uplicity in the G erm an D em ocratic

R epublic 197 C artographic Journal, The 200 Cartographica 201 C artom etry 202 C ave M ap 206 C ensus M apping 207

I X

X Contents

C en tro g rap h y 212C hen Shupeng 215C hild ren and C arto g rap h y 216C h o ro p le th M a p 220C h ro m a Key 225C inem a and C arto g rap h y 226C lim ate M ap 227C lose (A rden-C lose), C harles Frederick 232C lo th , M aps on 232C oasta l M app ing 235C old W ar 239C ollecting , M ap 245

C an ad a and the U nited States 245 E urope 248

C o lonial and Im perial C arto g rap h y 251 C o lo r and C a rto g rap h y 255C om ite E uropeen des R esponsables de la C arto g rap h ie

O fficielle (E uropean C om m ittee o f R epresentatives for O fficial M app ing ; In ternational) 266

C om m unity M app ing 267 C om puter, D igital 269 C onfo rm ality 270 C onven tions, C arto g rap h ic 273 C o o rd in a te Systems 278 C o p y rig h t T raps 284 C ortesäo , A rm ando 285 C o u n te r-M ap p in g 286 C rim e M ap 288 C ru ise M issile 290 C ustom ization o f M aps 292 C vijic, Jo v an 294

D___________________________________D ainville, F rancois de 297 D asym etric M ap 298 D ecolon ization and Independence 300 D eco ra tion , M aps as 309 D em ograph ic M ap 311 D ictionary , C arto g rap h ic 317 D igital L ibrary 318D igital W orldw ide M app ing Projects 320 D irec to ra te o f O verseas Surveys (U.K.) 321D rafting o f M ap s 326

D raw ing In strum en ts 326 D raw ing M edia 329 P en-and-ink D rafting 331

E___________________________________E astern E urope, B oundary C hanges in 335 E ckert, M ax 338 E ducation and C a rto g rap h y 340

E ducating M apm akers 340 C arto g rap h ic T ex tbooks 343 T eaching w ith M aps 347

Electoral M ap 349E lectrom agnetic D istance M easu rem en t 355 E lectronic C arto g rap h y 356

E lectron ic C a rto g rap h y an d the C o n cep t o f D igital M ap 356

D ata S tructu res and th e S torage and R etrieval o f Spatial D ata 359

D ata C ap tu re and D ata C onversion 366 D isplay H a rd w a re 370 E lectronic M ap G enera liza tion 371 E lectron ic M a p Labeling 375 C om puter-A ided B oundary D raw ing 378 In tellectual M ovem ents in E lectron ic

C arto g rap h y 382 C onferences on C om puter-A ided M app ing

in N o rth A m erica an d E u rope 386 C onferences on C om puter-A ided M app ing

in L atin A m erica 387 Em ergency P lanning 389 E nv ironm enta l P ro tec tion 393 E nv ironm enta l System s R esearch In s titu te

(ESRI; U.S.) 397 Epidem iological M ap 403 Esselte K arto r AB (Sweden) 4 0 7 E thnog raph ic M ap 409 E urocentric Bias 413 E u ropean U nion 416E xperim en ta l C a rto g rap h y U nit, R oyal C ollege

o f A rt (U.K.) 418 E xp lo ra to ry D ata A nalysis 419

F___________________________________Facilities M ap 424Figure of the E arth 425Fire Insurance M ap 428Forensic M ap p in g 430F orestry a n d C arto g rap h y 433Fractal R epresen ta tion 43 7Freytag-B erndt und A rta ria KG (A ustria) 439

G___________________________________G an n e tt, H enry 443G eneral Bathym etric C h art o f the O ceans (GEBCO) 444 G enetics and C a rto g rap h y 4 4 5 G eocoding 448 G eodesy 45 2

G eodetic T rian g u la tio n 452 G eodetic T rila te ra tio n 453 G rav im etric Surveys 454 Satellite G eodesy 456 G eodetic C o m p u ta tio n s 45 9 G eodesy and M ilitary P lanning 463

G eodetic Surveying 465C anada and the U nited States 465

Contents XI

Latin A m erica 468 A frica 472 E urope 475Russia and the Soviet U nion 479 A ustralia 483 For the Planets 485

G eographic In fo rm ation System (G1S) 488C om p u ta tio n a l G eography as a N ew M odality 488 GIS as an Institu tional R evolution 492 GIS as a Tool for M ap A nalysis and Spatial

M odeling 495 GIS as a T ool for M ap P roduction 504 M etad a ta 5 10

G eographic N am es 511Social and Political Significance o f Toponym s 511 A pplied T oponym y 516 G azetteer 519 P lace-N am e Studies 520

G eographical M app ing 521 G eography and C artog raphy 524 G eologic M ap 526 G eophysics and C artog raphy 529 G eopolitics and C artog raphy 539 GEOSPACE Beckel Satellitenbilddaten G m bH

(A ustria) 548 G lavnoye upravleniye geodezii i kartografii (Chief

A dm in istra tion o f G eodesy and C artography ;Russia) 549

G lobal Positioning System (GPS) 551 G lobe 558

C ultu ra l and Social Significance o f G lobes 558 M an u fac tu re o f G lobes 563 Views o f E arth from Space 565

G oode, J(ohn) Paul 568 G ulf W ar (1 9 9 1) 568

H ____________________________H allw ag K iim m erly+Frey AG (Sw itzerland) 573 H am m ond M ap C om pany (U.S.) 574H arley, J(ohn) B(rian) 577 H arriso n , R ichard Edes 579 H arvard L abo ra to ry for C om pu ter G raphics

and Spatial A nalysis (U.S.) 582H azards and R isk, M app ing o f 585 H eiskanen , Veikko A leksanteri 593 H im alaya , C artog raphy o f the 594 H inks, A rth u r R (ohert) 597 H isto rians and C artog raphy 597 H isto ric P reservation and C artog raphy 601 H isto rical G eography and C artog raphy 603 Llistories o f C artog raphy 607 Elistory o f C arto g rap h y Project 614 LI. M. G ousha C om pany (U.S.) 616H old ich , T hom as H ungerfo rd 6 1 8

H olograph ic M ap 619 bio tine, M artin 620 H ydrographic Techniques 621

Early T w entieth-C entury H ydrographic Techniques 621

Aerial Im agery in H ydrograph ic M app ing and C oastal C harting 625

Sounding 626Satellites in H ydrograph ic and O ceanographic

M apping 629 G lobal Positioning Systems in H ydrograph ic

M app ing 632 H yperm apping 633

I_________________________________1DRISI (softw are) 635 Im ago M und i 636 Im hof, E duard 638Indigenous Peoples and W estern C artog raphy 640 Institu t C artografic de C atalunya (C artog raph ic Institu te

o f C ata lon ia ; Spain) 644 Institu t G eographique N ational (N ational G eographical

Institu te; France) 645 Institu to G eografico N acional (N ational G eographical

Institu te; Spain) 650 Intellectual P roperty 654 Interactive M ap 659 Inter-A m erican G eodetic Survey 662 In terg raph C o rpo ra tion (U.S.) 666In ternational C artog raph ic A ssociation 667 In ternational Civil A viation O rgan iza tion 673 In ternational G eographical U nion 677 In te rna tiona l G eophysical Year 679 In ternational H ydrog raph ic C h art 680 In ternational H ydrographic O rganization (M onaco) 682 In ternational Institu te for G eo-Inform ation Science and

E arth O bservation (ITC; N etherlands) 685 In terna tional jo u rn a l o f Geographical In form ation

System s/Science 688 In ternational M ap of the W orld 689 In terpo la tion 693Istitu to G eografico De A gostini (G eographical Institu te

De A gostini; Italy) 696

J_________________________________Jefferson, M ark Sylvester W illiam 700 John B artholom ew & Son (U.K.) 701 Journalis tic C artog raphy 706 Jo u rn a ls , C artograph ic 718 Justus Perthes (G erm any) 720

K_________________________________K artographische N achrichten 726 Keates, J(ohn) S(tanley) 727

XI I Contents

K oem an , C ornelis 728K o k u d o chiriin (G eographical Survey Institu te ;

Jap an ) 729 K olacny, A n to n in 731 K retschm er, Ingrid 73 2 K riging 733K üm m erly+Frey AG (Sw itzerland) 735

L__________________________________L abeling o f M ap s 738

L abeling T echniques 738 T ypog raphy and M ap D esign 744

L and System s A nalysis 749 L and Use M ap 75 1 I.an d sa t 754L andscape A rch itec tu re a n d C arto g rap h y 758 L aw o f the Sea 760 League o f N a tio n s 762 L ibraries, M ap 765L ibraries an d M ap C o llections, N a tio n a l 771L idar 774L inguistic M ap 776L ite ra tu re and C arto g rap h y 782L obeck, A rm in K (ohl) 78 7L ondon U nderg round M ap 788L u n ar and P lanetary M app ing 792

M_________________________________M airs G eograph ischer V erlag (G erm any) 797 M aling , D (erek) H (y lton) 798 M ap 798

D efin itions o f M ap 798 M ap Typologies 801 P rin ted M ap 802 Im ages as M ap s 804 M ap as M e tap h o r 806 E lectron ic M ap 808 Sense o f Place a n d the M ap 8 I I

M ap Pin 814 M ap Q u est.co m (U.S.) 816M arine C h a rt 818 M arin e C h artin g 825

O verview 825 C an ad a 829 U nited States 830 A rgentina 835 G rea t B ritain 836 F rance 842 E u ropean N a tio n s 843 R ussia and the Soviet U nion 846 Jap an 849 A ustra lia 854

M ark e tin g C arto g rap h ic and Spatia l D ata 855

M ark e tin g o f M aps, M ass 860 M arschner, F rancis Jo sep h 862 M artin , L aw rence 863 M a rto n n e , E m m anuel de 864 M ath em atic s and C a rto g rap h y 867 M erca to r P ro jec tion 870 M eteo ro logy an d C a rto g ra p h y 872 M etric System 877 M ichelin (France) 878 M ilita ry M ap p in g by M a jo r Pow ers 884

U nited States 884N o rth A tlan tic T rea ty O rg an iza tio n (N A T O ) 893G rea t B ritain 894France 904G erm any 909Italy 921A u stro -H u n g arian E m pire 924 O tto m an E m pire 927 Israel 929R ussia an d th e Soviet U nion 93 2 C h ina 942 Jap an 948

M ilita ry M app ing o f G eog raph ic A reas 95 I C an ad a and the P o lar N o rth 95 1 N o rth A frica 952 S ub-Saharan A frica 955 Scandinav ia 9 6 1 E urope 962 M idd le E ast 966 S o u th eas t Asia 970 K orea 972 A ustra lia 974

M iller, O (sbo rn ) M (a itlan d ) 977 M o d es o f C a rto g rap h ic P ractice 978 M olodensk iy , M (ikhail) S(ergeyevich) 980 M oskovsk iy in s titu t inzhenerov geodezii,

a e ro fo to s”yem ki i kartog rafii (M oscow In s titu te o f G eodetic E ngineering, A erial P ho tography , and C arto g rap h y ; R ussia) 981

PART 2

N___________________________________N arra tiv e an d C a rto g rap h y 986 N a tio n a l A eronau tics and Space A d m in istra tion

(U.S.) 991N a tio n a l A tla s o f th e U nited S ta tes o f A m erica ,

T h e 993N atio n a l C en te r fo r G eog raph ic In fo rm a tio n and

A nalysis (U.S.) 994 N a tio n a l G eograph ic Society (U.S.) 996N atio n -S ta te F o rm atio n and C a rto g rap h y 1000 N av igation 1009

Contents xui

o ____________ _______________________O blique and Perspective Views 1020O ceanog raphy and C artog raphy 1023Office o f Strategie Services (U.S.) 1030O rd n an ce Survey (U.K.) 1032O rell Füssli K artog raph ie AG (Sw itzerland) 1040O rien teering M ap 1043O rrneling , F erd inand J(an) 1046

P_________________________________Paper 1048Paris Peace C onference (1919) 1049Pearsall, Phyllis 1054 Penck, A lbrech t 1054 Percep tion and C ognition o f M aps 1055

Vision and D iscrim ination 1055 Perceiving, U nderstand ing , and R em em bering 1059 Perception and M ap Design 1063 C ognition and C artog raphy 1065 Subject Testing in C artog raphy 1070 M ap-U se Skills 1074 E xperim ental Studies in Psychology 1080 Psychophysics 1082

Perm anent C om m ittee on G eographical N am es (U.K.) 1085

Persuasive C artog raphy 1087 Petchenik, B arbara B(artz) 1095 Peterm anns G eographische M itte ilungen 1095 Peters Projection 1099 Peucker, Karl 1101 Pho togram m etric M app ing 1102

Aerial P ho togram m etry and C artog raphy 1102 Air Photos and G eographic A nalysis 1113 Feature E x trac tion and P h o to in te rp re ta tio n 1117 M ilitary P ho togram m etry as a P recursor o f R em ote

Sensing 1 120 A nalytical Pho togram m etry and C ontro l

Surveying 1125 G eodesy and P ho togram m etric M app ing 1 132 Instrum ental P ho togram m etry and

S tereocom pilation 1 136

O rth o p h o to g rap h y and O rth o p h o to M app ing 1141 P ho tography in M ap D esign and P roduction I 146 Physiographic D iagram 1 153 Plane Table 1155Planning, U rban and R egional 1157 Political C arto o n s , M aps as 1162 Preußische L andesaufnahm e 1165 Prim e M erid ian 1167 Privacy I 169 P rojections 1 172

W orld M ap Projections 1 172 In terrup ted and Polyhedral Projections 1 174

C ultu ra l and Social Significance o f M ap Projections 1177

R egional M ap Projections 1182 Projections Defined fo r the Ellipsoid 1 184 Projections Used for T opographic M aps 1185 Projections Used for M ilitary G rids 1186 Projections Used for A eronautical C harts 1189 Projections Used for M arine C harts 1190 Projections Used for Statistical M aps 1191

Property M app ing 1194C anada and the U nited States 1 194 Latin Am erica 1200 Africa 1205 E urope 1210Russia and the Soviet U nion 1212 A ustralia and N ew Z ea land 1217

P roperty M app ing Practices 1219Professional Practice in Land Surveying 1220 T riangulation , T rila tera tion , and Traverse 1221 M onum en ta tion and Recovery 1224 Global Positioning System and Property

Surveying 1226 Public Access to C artog raph ic In fo rm ation 1227

R________________________________R ace, M aps and the Social C onstruction o f 1232 R adö, Sandor (A lexander R ado) 1238 R ailroad M ap 1239 Raisz, Erw in (Josephus) 1241 R and M cN ally & C om pany (U.S.) 1244R atajski, Lech 1249 R avenstein Verlag (G erm any) 1249 R ecreational M ap 1250 R edlining 1254 Relief D epiction 1260

Relief M ap 1260 R elief M odel 1263 Relief Shading 1267

R em ote Sensing 1273E arth O bservation and the Em ergence of R em ote

Sensing 1273 Satellite Systems for C artog raph ic A pplications 1282 D ata H and ling and Inform ation E xtrac tion from

R em otely Sensed Im agery 1288 Satellite Im agery and M ap Revision 1294 R em ote Sensing as a C artog raph ic E nterprise 1298

R epo rt o f the C om m ittee of Enquiry in to the H and ling o f G eographic Inform ation ( 1987) 1304

R eproduction o f M aps 1305R eproduction of M aps by O ne-O ff Processes 1305 R eproduction of M aps by Printing 1308 Engraving 1312 Photom echanical Processes 1316

X I V Contents

C olo r R eproduction 1322 Prepress T echniques 1326 R ep ro d u c tio n , D esign, a n d A esthetics 1331 F olding Strategies 1336

R istow , W alter W (illiam ) 1338 R oad M app ing 1339

C an ad a and the U nited States 1339 Latin A m erica 1350 A frica 1355 E urope 1359A ustra lia and O cean ia 1363

R ob inson , A rth u r H (ow ard) 1365 R ob inson Projection 1367 R oute M ap 1368R oyal G eograph ica l Society (U.K.) 1371R. R. D onnelley Ik Sons (U.S.) 1375R ussia and the Soviet U nion, F ragm en ta tion o f 1376 R usskoye geograficheskoye obshchestvo (R ussian

G eograph ica l Society) 1379

S___________________________________Salishchev, K onstan tin A lekseyevich 1382 Scale 1383Scientific D iscovery and C arto g rap h y 1389 Scribing 1394 Shelton, H al 1396 Snyder, Jo h n P(arr) 1397 Social T heo ry and C a rto g rap h y 1400 Societies, C arto g rap h ic 1405

U nited States and C an ad a 1405 L atin A m erica 1408 Africa 1409 W estern E urope 1410 E astern E urope 1413 A ustralia and N ew Z ea lan d 1414

Societies, G eograph ical 1415C an ad a and the U nited States 1415 E urope 1417

Societies, M ap 1419 Societies, M ap L ib rariansh ip 1421 Societies, P ho tog ram m etric and R em ote Sensing 1423 Softw are 1426

M ap p in g S oftw are 1426 Illu stra tion Softw are 1434 Im age Processing Softw are 1437 G eograph ic In fo rm atio n System (GIS) Softw are 1438

Soils M ap 1443Sources o f C arto g rap h ic In fo rm atio n 1450 Space O blique M erca to r Projection 1452 S tandards fo r C arto g rap h ic In fo rm atio n 1453 S tar C h a rt 1459 S tatistical M ap 1462

Statistics and C arto g rap h y 1468 Styles, C a rto g rap h ic 1471 Survey o f Ind ia 1473 SYM AP (softw are) 1477

T___________________________________Tactile M ap 1480 T an ak a , K itirö 1483 Tax M a p 1484 Television and M ap s 1488 T errain A nalysis and C a rto g rap h y 1490 T h a rp , M arie 1499 T hem atic M ap p in g 1500 T h row er, N o rm a n J(oseph) W (illiam ) 1525 T idal M easu rem en t 1525 T im e, T im e G eography , T em pora l C hange, and

C arto g rap h y 1528 T im es A tlas o f the W orld 153 1 T isso t’s In d ica trix 1532 Toblcr, W aldo R (udo lph) 1534 Tooley, R (onald ) V(ere) 1535 T opografische D ienst (N etherlands) 1535 T opog raph ic M ap 1539 T op o g rap h ic M ap p in g 1545

O verview 1545 C an ad a 1552 U nited S tates 1555 Latin A m erica 1560 A frica by the British 1565 Africa by the French 1568 A frica by the G erm ans 1572 South A frica 1576 W estern E urope 1579 E astern E u rope 1587 R ussia an d the Soviet U nion 1591 M iddle E ast 1597 C hina 1602 Jap an 1606 Indonesia 1608 A ustralia 1612

T ouring C lub Ita liano (Italian T ouring C lub) 1615 T ravel, T ourism , an d Place M ark e tin g 1620 T sen tra l’nyy n auchno -iss ledova te l’skiy in s titu t

geodezii, a e ro s”yem ki i kartog rafii (C entral R esearch Institu te o f G eodesy, Air Survey, and C arto g rap h y ; R ussia) 1639

u _____________________________________U ncerta in ty and R eliability 1642U nited N a tio n s 1644U rban M ap p in g 1649U.S. A rm y C orps o f E ngineers 1655

Contents xv

U.S. C ensus B ureau 1656U.S. G eological Survey 1659U.S. Intelligence C om m unity , M app ing by the 1666

V_____________________V elhagen &c K lasing (G erm any) 1673 V erlag Ed. H ölzel (A ustria) 1674 V iew shed M app ing 1676 V inland M ap 1678 V irtual R eality 1680 V isualization and M aps 1683

w______________________W agner & Debes (G erm any) 1690 Wall M ap 1693 W arfare and C arto g rap h y 1696 W arntz , W illiam 1700 W ax E ngraving 1701 W ayfinding and Travel M aps I 704

C am pus M ap 1704 Cyclist M ap 1706 Escape and E vasion M ap 1709 H ik ing and Trail M ap 1711 Indexed S treet M ap 1714 In-Vehicle N av igation System 1716 M obility M ap 1722 O rien ta tio n M ap 1726 Public T ran sp o rta tio n M ap 1727

R oad A tlas 1733 R oad Symbols 1734 W eb-Based W ayfinding 1739 W heelchair Access M ap I 742

W eather C hannel, T he (U.S.) 1743W eather M ap 1744 Web C artography 1750 W esterm ann Verlag (G erm any) 1754 W illiam -O lsson, W illiam 1755 W olfegg C astle 1756 W omen in C artog raphy 1758 W oodw ard , D avid 176 I W orld A eronautical C h art 1764 W orld R evolution and C artography 1766 W orld W ar 1 1770W orld W ar II 1775 W right, John K (irtland) 1779W uhan cehui keji daxue (W uhan Technical University o f

Surveying and M apping ; C hina) 1780

z______________________Z hongguo kexueyuan (Chinese A cadem y of

Sciences) 1783

Brief Processual H isto ry of Volume 6, M ark M onm onier 1787

E ditors and C on trib u to rs 1793 Entries Listed by C onceptual C luster 1807 G eneral Index, D o M i S tauber 1815

T H E H I S T O R Y OF C A R T O G R A P H Y

V O L U M E S I X

in t

Twentieth

P A R T 2

MARK MONMONIER

Associate Editors P E T E R C O L L I E R

K A R E N S E V E R U D C O O K

A. J O N K I M E R L I N G

J O E L L. M O R R I S O N

Edited by

T H E U N IV E R S IT Y O F C H IC A G O PRESS • C H IC A G O A N D E O N D O N

Contents

List o f Entries by C onceptual C luster endpapersList o f Tables xviiList o f A bbreviations xix

PART 1Preface, M ark M onm onier xxi In troduction , M ark M onm onier xxv

A____________________________________A cadem ic Paradigm s in C artography 1

A cadem ic C artog raphy in C anada and the United States 1

A cadem ic C artography in E urope 6 A ccuracy in M app ing 13 A dm inistrative C artog raphy 16 A dvertising, M aps as 18 A eronautical C h art 22A gricultural A djustm ent A dm inistration (U.S.) 30Air-Age G lobalism 31 A irbrush 34 Airline M ap 35A kadem ie für R aum forschung und Landesplanung

(A cadem y for Spatial Research and Planning; G erm any) 40

A lm agiä, R oberto 42 A lpine C artog raphy 43 A m erican A utom obile A ssociation (AAA) 46 A m erican Cartographer, T he 49 A m erican G eographical Society 49 Anaglyph M ap 54 A nalytical C artog raphy 55 A nim ated M ap 6 I A ntarctica 63A ntiquarian M aps and G rand Larceny 72A rctic, T he 73A rt and C artography 78A strophysics and C artography 84Atlas 89

Electronic A tlas 89 Facsimile A tlas 90 H istorical A tlas 92 H isto rical-B oundaries Atlas 94 N ationa l A tlas 96

Regional Atlas 101 School Atlas 106 Subscription A tlas 110 T hem atic A tlas 112 W orld A tlas 115

A tlas o f Canada 116 A tlas o f Finland 117 A utom obile A ssociation (U.K.) I 19

B____________________________________Bagrow, Leo 121 Bertin, Jacques 121 Biogeography and C artog raphy 124 Bivariate M ap 129Board on G eographic N am es (U.S.) 133B ol'shoy sovetsk iy atlas m ira 135 B oundary D isputes 136 B oundary Surveying 143

C anada and the U nited States 143 Latin Am erica 146 Africa 153 E urope 158 M iddle East 163 E ast and Southeast Asia 168

B undesam t für K artograph ie und G eodäsie (Federal Office for C artog raphy and Geodesy; G erm any) 176

B undesam t für L andestopographie (Federal Office o f T opography; Sw itzerland) 178

c______________________C adastral M ap 183C adastral Surveying 186C anada G eographic In form ation System 189C artob ib liog raphy 190C artogram 193C artograph ic D uplicity in the G erm an D em ocratic

Republic 197 Cartographic Journal, The 200 Cartograpbica 201 C artom etry 202 Cave M ap 206 Census M apping 207

VI Contents

C en tro g rap h y 212C hen Shupeng 215C hild ren an d C a rto g rap h y 216C h o ro p le th M ap 220C h ro m a Key 225C inem a and C a rto g rap h y 226C lim ate M ap 2 2 7C lose (A rden-C lose), C harles F rederick 232C lo th , M ap s on 232C oasta l M ap p in g 235C old W ar 239C ollecting , M ap 245

C an ad a and the U nited States 245 E u rope 248

C o lon ia l and Im perial C arto g rap h y 25 I C o lo r and C a rto g rap h y 255C om ite E uropeen des R esponsables de la C arto g rap h ic

O fficielle (E uropean C om m ittee o f R epresen tatives for O fficial M app ing ; In te rna tiona l) 266

C o m m un ity M ap p in g 267 C om puter, D igital 269 C on form ality 270 C onven tions, C arto g rap h ic 273 C o o rd in a te Systems 278 C o p y rig h t T raps 284 C o rte säo , A rm an d o 285 C o u n te r-M ap p in g 286 C rim e M ap 288 C ruise M issile 290 C u stom iza tion o f M aps 292 C vijic, Jo v an 294

D___________________________________D ainville, F ranco is de 297 D asym etric M ap 298 D eco lon iza tion and Independence 300 D eco ra tio n , M ap s as 309 D em ograph ic M ap 311 D ictionary , C a rto g rap h ic 3 1 7 D igital L ibrary 318D igital W orldw ide M ap p in g Projects 320 D irec to ra te o f O verseas Surveys (U.K.) 32 ID raftin g o f M aps 326

D raw ing In s trum en ts 326 D raw ing M edia 329 P en -and -ink D rafting 33 I

E__________________________________E astern E urope, B oundary C hanges in 335 E ckert, M ax 338 E ducation and C arto g rap h y 340

E ducating M ap m ak ers 340 C arto g rap h ic T ex tbooks 343 T eaching w ith M aps 347

E lectoral M ap 349E lectrom agnetic D istance M easu rem en t 355 E lectron ic C arto g rap h y 356

Electron ic C a rto g rap h y and the C oncep t o f D igital M ap 356

D ata S tructu res and the S torage an d R etrieval o f Spatial D a ta 359

D ata C ap tu re and D ata C onversion 366 D isplay H a rd w are 370 E lectronic M ap G enera liza tion 371 E lectronic M ap Labeling 375 C om puter-A ided B oundary D raw ing 378 In tellectual M ovem ents in E lectronic

C a rto g rap h y 382 C onferences on C om puter-A ided M app ing

in N o rth A m erica an d E urope 386 C onferences on C om puter-A ided M ap p in g

in L atin A m erica 387 Em ergency P lanning 389 E nv ironm enta l P ro tec tion 393 E nvironm ental System s R esearch Institu te

(ESRI; U.S.) 397 E pidem iological M ap 403 Esselte K a rto r AB (Sweden) 407 E thnog raph ic M ap 409 E urocen tric Bias 413 E u ropean U nion 416E xperim en ta l C arto g rap h y U nit, R oyal College

o f A rt (U.K.) 418E x p lo ra to ry D ata A nalysis 419

F___________________________________Facilities M ap 424Figure o f the E arth 425Fire Insurance M ap 428Forensic M app ing 430Forestry and C arto g rap h y 433Fractal R epresen ta tion 43 7Freytag-B erndt und A rta ria KG (A ustria) 439

G___________________________________G an n e tt, H enry 443G eneral Bathym etric C h art o f the O ceans (GEBCO) 444 G enetics and C arto g rap h y 445 G eocoding 448 G eodesy 452

G eodetic T riangu la tion 452 G eodetic T rila te ra tio n 453 G rav im etric Surveys 454 Satellite G eodesy 456 G eodetic C o m p u ta tio n s 459 G eodesy and M ilitary P lanning 463

G eodetic Surveying 465C an ad a and the U nited States 465

C onten ts

Latin A m erica 468 A frica 472 E urope 475Russia and the Soviet U nion 479 A ustralia 483 For the Planets 485

G eographic In form ation System (GIS) 488C om pu ta tional G eography as a N ew M odality 488 GIS as an Institu tional R evolution 492 GIS as a Tool for M ap Analysis and Spatial

M odeling 495 GIS as a Tool for M ap Production 504 M etada ta 510

G eographic N am es 511Social and Political Significance o fT oponym s 51 1 Applied Toponym y 516 G azetteer 519 Place-N am e Studies 520

G eographical M apping 52 I G eography and C artography 524 G eologic M ap 526 G eophysics and C artography 529 G eopolitics and C artography 539 GEOSPACE Beckel Satellitenbilddaten G m bH

(A ustria) 548 G lavnoye upravleniye geodezii i kartografii (Chief

A dm inistra tion o f G eodesy and C artography;Russia) 549

G lobal Positioning System (GPS) 551 G lobe 558

C ultural and Social Significance of G lobes 558 M anufactu re of G lobes 563 Views o f Earth from Space 565

G oode, J(ohn) Paul 568 G ulf W ar (1991) 568

H________________________________H allw ag K tim m erly+Frey AG (Sw itzerland) 573 H am m ond M ap C om pany (U.S.) 574H arley, J(ohn) B(rian) 577 H arrison , R ichard Edes 579 H arvard L abora to ry for C om puter G raphics

and Spatial Analysis (U.S.) 582 H azards and R isk, M apping o f 585 H eiskanen, Veikko A leksanteri 593 H im alaya, C artog raphy of the 594 Minks, A rthur R (ohert) 597 H isto rians and C artography 597 H istoric Preservation and C artog raphy 601 H istorical G eography and C artography 603 H istories o f C artog raphy 607 H istory o f C artog raphy Project 6 14H. M. G ousha C om pany (U.S.) 616H old ich , T hom as H ungerford 618

vii

H olographic M ap 61 9 H otine , M artin 620 H ydrograph ic Techniques 621

Early T w entieth-C entury H ydrograph ic Techniques 621

Aerial Im agery in H ydrograph ic M app ing and C oastal C harting 625

Sounding 626Satellites in H ydrograph ic and O ceanographic

M apping 629 G lobal Positioning Systems in H ydrograph ic

M apping 632 H yperm apping 633

I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _IDRISI (softw are) 635 Im ago M und i 636 Im hof, E duard 638Indigenous Peoples and W estern C artography 640 Institu t C artografic de C atalunya (C artographic Institu te

o f C atalon ia; Spain) 644 Institu t G eographique N ationa l (N ational G eographical

Institu te; France) 645 Institu to G eografico N acional (N ational G eographical

Institu te; Spain) 650 Intellectual P roperty 654 Interactive M ap 659 Inter-A m erican G eodetic Survey 662 In terg raph C orpo ra tion (U.S.) 666In ternational C artog raph ic A ssociation 667 In ternational Civil Aviation O rganization 673 In ternational G eographical U nion 677 In ternational G eophysical Year 679 In ternational H ydrograph ic C h art 680 International H ydrographic O rganization (M onaco) 682 In ternational Institu te for G eo-Inform ation Science and

Earth O bservation (ITC; N etherlands) 685 In ternational Journal o f Geographical In form ation

System s/Science 688 In ternational M ap of the W orld 689 In terpo la tion 693Istitu to G eografico De Agostini (G eographical Institu te

De Agostini; Italy) 696

J_________________________________Jefferson, M ark Sylvester W illiam 700 John B artholom ew & Son (U.K.) 701Journalis tic C artog raphy 706 Jou rna ls, C artog raph ic 718 Justus Perthes (G erm any) 720

K________________________________K artographische N achrichten 726 Keates, J(ohn) S(tanley) 727

V

K oem an , C ornells 728K okudo ch iriin (G eographical Survey Institu te;

Jap an ) 729 K olacny, A n ton in 731 K retschm er, Ingrid 732 K riging 733

K üm m erly+Frey AG (Sw itzerland) 735

L ____________________________L abeling of M aps 738

L abeling T echniques 738 T ypography and M ap D esign 744

L and System s A nalysis 749 L and Use M ap 75 I L andsa t 754L andscape A rch itecture and C arto g rap h y 758 Law o f the Sea 760 League o f N ations 762 L ibraries, M ap 765Libraries and M ap C ollections, N a tio n a l 771L idar 774Linguistic M ap 776L itera tu re and C arto g rap h y 782L obeck, A rm in K(ohl) 787L ondon U nderg round M ap 788L u n ar and P lanetary M app ing 792

M_____________ _____________________M airs G eograph ischer V erlag (G erm any) 797 M aling , D (erek) H (y lton) 798 M ap 798

D efinitions o f M ap 798 M ap T ypologies 801 P rin ted M ap 802 Im ages as M aps 804 M ap as M e ta p h o r 806 Llectronic M ap 808 Sense of Place and the M ap 8 I 1

M ap Pin 814 M apQ ucsr.com (U.S.) 816M arine C h a rt 818 M arin e C h artin g 825

O verview 825 C an ad a 829 U nited States 830 A rgentina 835 G rea t B ritain 836 F rance 842 E u ropean N a tio n s 843 R ussia and the Soviet U nion 846 Jap an 849 A ustralia 854

M arke ting C arto g rap h ic and Spatial D ata 855

C onten ts

M ark e tin g o f M aps, M ass 860 M arschner, F rancis Joseph 862 M artin , L aw rence 863 M arto n n e , E m m anuel de 864 M athem atics an d C arto g rap h y 867 M erca to r P ro jec tion 870 M eteoro logy and C arto g rap h y 872 M etric System 877 M ichelin (France) 878 M ilitary M ap p in g by M ajo r Pow ers 884

U nited S tates 884N o rth A tlan tic T reaty O rg an iza tio n (N ATO ) 893G rea t Britain 894France 904G erm any 909Italy 921A u stro -H u n g arian E m pire 924 O tto m an E m pire 927 Israel 929R ussia and the Soviet U nion 932 C hina 942 Jap an 948

M ilita ry M ap p in g o f G eograph ic A reas 95 1 C an ad a and the P olar N o rth 95 I N o rth A frica 952 Sub-Saharan A frica 955 Scandinavia 961 E urope 962 M iddle E ast 966 S outheast Asia 970 K orea 972 A ustralia 974

M iller, O (sborn ) M (a itland ) 977 M odes o f C arto g rap h ic P ractice 978 M olodenskiy, M (ikhail) S(ergeyevich) 980 M oskovskiy in s titu t inzhenerov geode/.ii,

ae ro fo to s” yem ki i kartografii (M oscow Institu te o f G eodetic E ngineering, A erial P ho tography , and C artog raphy ; R ussia) 98 1

PART 2

N___________________________________N arra tiv e and C a rto g rap h y 986 N a tio n a l A eronautics an d Space A dm in istra tion

(U.S.) 991N ationa l A tlas o f the U nited Sta tes o f A m erica ,

T he 993N atio n a l C enter for G eographic In fo rm ation and

Analysis (U.S.) 994N atio n a l G eograph ic Society (U.S.) 996N ation -S ta te F orm ation and C a rto g rap h y 1000 N av igation 1009

;k(tun> pn- • - • ..........................................................

C onten ts

o ____________________________________O blique and Perspective Views 1020O ceanography and C artography 1023Office o f S trategie Services (U.S.) 1030O rdnance Survey (U.K.) 1032O rell Fiissli K artographie AG (Sw itzerland) 1040O rien teering M ap 1043O rm eling , Ferdinand J(an) 1046

P_________________________________Paper 1048Paris Peace C onference (1919) 1049Pearsall, Phyllis 1054 Penck, A lbrecht 1054 Perception and C ognition o f M aps 1055

Vision and D iscrim ination 1055 Perceiving, U nderstanding, and R em em bering 1059 Perception and M ap Design 1063 C ognition and C artography 1065 Subject Testing in C artog raphy 1070 M ap-U se Skills 1074 E xperim ental Studies in Psychology 1080 Psychophysics 1082

Perm anent C om m ittee on G eographical N am es (U.K.) 1085

Persuasive C artog raphy 1087 Petchenik, B arbara B(artz) 1095 Peterm anns G eographische M itteilungen 1095 Peters Projection 1099 Peucker, Karl 1101 P hotogram m etric M apping 1102

Aerial P ho togram m etry and C artography 1102 Air Photos and G eographic Analysis 1113 Feature E xtrac tion and P ho to in te rp re ta tion 1117 M ilitary Photogram m etry as a P recursor o f R em ote

Sensing 1 120 A nalytical Photogram m etry and C ontro l

Surveying 1125 G eodesy and P hotogram m etric M app ing 1132 Instrum ental P ho togram m etry and

S tereocom pilation 1136 O rth o p h o to g rap h y and O rth o p h o to M apping I 14 1

P hotography in M ap Design and P roduction 1146 Physiographic D iagram 1153 Plane Table 1155Planning, U rban and Regional 1 157 Political C artoons, M aps as 1 162 P reußische L andesaufnahm e 1 165 Prim e M erid ian 1167 Privacy 1169 Projections 1172

W orld M ap Projections 1 172 In terrup ted and Polyhedral Projections 1 174

IX

C ultural and Social Significance of M ap Projections 1177

Regional M ap Projections 1182 Projections Defined for the Ellipsoid 1184 Projections Used for T opographic M aps 1185 Projections Used for M ilitary G rids 1186 Projections Used for A eronautical C harts 1189 Projections Used for M arine C harts 1190 Projections Used for Statistical M aps 1191

Property M apping 1194C anada and the U nited States 1194 Latin Am erica 1200 Africa 1205 E urope 1210Russia and the Soviet Union 1212 A ustralia and N ew Z ealand 1217

P roperty M apping Practices 1219Professional Practice in Land Surveying 1220 T riangulation , T rila tera tion , and Traverse 1221 M onum en ta tion and Recovery 1224 G lobal Positioning System and Property

Surveying 1226 Public Access to C artog raph ic In fo rm ation 1227

R________________________________Race, M aps and the Social C onstruction of 1232 R ado, Sandor (A lexander R ado) 1238 R ailroad M ap 1239 Raisz, Erwin (Josephus) 1241 R and M cN ally &t C om pany (U.S.) 1244R atajski, Lech 1249 R avenstein Verlag (G erm any) 1249 R ecreational M ap 1250 R edlining 1254 Relief D epiction 1260

Relief M ap 1260 Relief M odel 1263 Relief Shading 1267

R em ote Sensing 1273E arth O bservation and the Em ergence of Rem ote

Sensing 1273 Satellite Systems for C artog raph ic A pplications 1282 D ata I Iandling and Inform ation E xtrac tion from

R em otely Sensed Im agery 1288 Satellite Im agery and M ap Revision 1294 Rem ote Sensing as a C artog raph ic Enterprise 1298

R eport o f the C om m ittee of E nquiry into the H andling of G eographic Inform ation ( 1987) 1304

R eproduction of M aps 1305R eproduction of M aps by O ne-O ff Processes 1305 R eproduction of M aps by P rin ting 1308 Engraving 1312 Photom echanical Processes 1316

X Contents

C o lo r R ep ro d u c tio n 1322 Prepress T echniques 1326 R ep ro d u c tio n , D esign, an d A esthetics 1331 F olding S trategies 1336

R istow , W alter W (illiam ) 1338 R oad M ap p in g 1339

C an ad a an d the U nited States 1339 L atin A m erica 1350 A frica 1355 E u rope 1359A ustra lia and O ceania 1363

R ob in so n , A rth u r H (ow ard ) 1365 R ob inson P rojection 1367 R oute M ap 1368R oyal G eograph ical Society (U.K.) 1371R. R. D onnelley & Sons (U.S.) 1375R ussia and the Soviet U nion , F ragm en ta tion o f 1376 R usskoye geograficheskoye obshchestvo (R ussian

G eograph ica l Society) 1379

s___________ ____________Salishchev, K onstan tin Alekseyevich 1382 Scale 1383Scientific D iscovery and C a rto g rap h y 1389 Scribing 1394 Shelton, H al 1396 Snyder, Jo h n P(arr) 1397 Social T heo ry and C a rto g rap h y 1400 Societies, C a rto g rap h ic 1405

U nited States and C an ad a 1405I.atin A m erica 1408 A frica 1409 W estern E urope 1410 E astern E urope 1413 A ustralia and N ew Z ea lan d 1414

Societies, G eographical 1415C an ad a and the U nited States 1415 E urope 1417

Societies, M ap 1419 Societies, M ap L ib rariansh ip 1421 Societies, P ho tog ram m etric and R em ote Sensing 1423 Softw are 1426

M ap p in g Softw are 1426 Illu stra tion Softw are 1434 Im age Processing S oftw are 1437 G eographic In fo rm ation System (CIS) Softw are 1438

Soils M ap 1443Sources o f C arto g rap h ic In fo rm atio n 1450 Space O b liq u e M erca to r P ro jection 1452 S tandards for C arto g rap h ic In fo rm ation 1453 S tar C h a rt 1459 Statistical M ap 1462

Statistics an d C arto g rap h y 1468 Styles, C arto g rap h ic 1471 Survey o f India 1473 SYM AP (softw are) 1477

T___________________________________T actile M ap 1480 T an ak a , K itirö 1483 T ax M ap 1484 Television and M aps 1488 T erra in A nalysis and C a rto g rap h y 1490 T h a rp , M arie 1499 T hem atic M ap p in g 1500 T hrow er, N o rm an J(oseph) W (illiam ) 1525 T idal M easu rem en t 1525 T im e, T im e G eography , T em pora l C hange, and

C a rto g rap h y 1528 T im es A tlas o f the W orld 153 I T isso t’s Ind ica trix 1532 Tobler, W aldo R (udolph) 1534 Tooley, R (onald) V(ere) 1535 T opografische D ienst (N etherlands) 1535 T opog raph ic M ap 1539 T opog raph ic M ap p in g 1545

O verview 1545 C an ad a 1552 U nited States 1555 Latin A m erica 1560 A frica by the British 1565 A frica by the French 1568 A frica by the G erm ans 1572 South A frica 1576 W estern E urope 1579 E astern E urope 1587 Russia and the Soviet U nion 1591 M iddle E ast 1597 C hina 1602 Jap an 1606 Indonesia 1608 A ustralia 1612

T ouring C lub Ita liano (Italian T ouring C lub) 1615 T ravel, T ourism , and Place M ark e tin g 1620 T sen tra l’nyy nauchno-issledovateT skiy institu t

geodezii, a e ro s” yem ki i kartografii (C entral R esearch Institu te o f G eodesy, Air Survey, and C arto g rap h y ; R ussia) 1639

u ______________________________ _ _U ncerta in ty and R eliability 1642U nited N a tio n s 1644U rban M app ing 1649U.S. Army C orps o f E ngineers 1655

Contents

U.S. Census Bureau 1656U.S. G eological Survey 1659U.S. Intelligence C om m unity, M app ing by the 1666

V__________________________________Velhagen & Klasing (G erm any) 1673 Verlag Ed. H ölzel (A ustria) 1674 View shed M apping 1676 V inland M ap 1678 V irtual Reality 1680 V isualization and M aps 1683

w______________________W agner & Debes (G erm any) 1690 Wall M ap 1693 W arfare and C artography 1696 W arntz, W illiam 1700 W ax E ngraving 1701 W ayfinding and Travel M aps 1704

C am pus M ap 1704 Cyclist M ap 1706 Escape and Evasion M ap 1709 H iking and Trail M ap 1711 Indexed Street M ap 1714 In-Vehicle N avigation System 1716 M obility M ap 1722 O rien ta tion M ap 1726 Public T ranspo rta tion M ap 1727

R oad A tlas 1733 R oad Symbols 1734 W eb-Based W ayfinding 1739 W heelchair Access M ap 1742

W eather C han n e l,T h e (U.S.) 1743W eather M ap 1744 W eb C artography 1750 W esterm ann Verlag (G erm any) 1754 W illiam -O lsson, W illiam 1755 Wolfegg C astle 1756 W om en in C artog raphy 1758 W oodw ard , D avid 176 1 W orld A eronautical C h art 1764 W orld R evolution and C artography 1766 W orld W ar 1 1770W orld W ar II 1775 W right, John K (irtland) 1779W uhan cehui keji daxue (W uhan Technical University

Surveying and M apping; C hina) 1780

z______________________Z hongguo kexueyuan (Chinese A cadem y of

Sciences) 1783

Brief Processual H istory o f Volume 6, M ark M onm onier 1787

E ditors and C on tribu to rs 1793 Entries Listed by C onceptual C luster 1807 G eneral Index, D o M i Stauber 1815