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CARTOGRAFÍAS DE ECONOMÍAS INVISIBLES:un enfoque etnográfico a emprendimientos en
un barrio periférico de londres
Ignacio Uliarte P. | [email protected]
LSE Cities / Docente Ciudad y Territorio Universidad del DesarrolloMSc. City Design and Social Science. London School of EconomicsArq. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
XV Seminario Internacional de la Red Iberoamericana de Investigadores sobre Globalización y Territorio (RII)Crisis y desigualdad: impactos urbanos y territoriales en Iberoamérica. Santiago de Chile, 2018.
CARTOGRAFÍAS DE ECONOMÍAS INVISIBLES:un enfoque etnográfico a emprendimientos en
un barrio periférico de londres
INTRODUCCIÓN MERCADO LABORAL POST 2008 | EMPLEO INDEPENDIENTE | NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍASCASO DE ESTUDIO THAMESMEADMETODOLOGÍA CARTOGRAFÍAS | DATOS CENSALES | ENTREVISTAS SEMI-ESTRUCTURADASCONCLUSIONES
2008 |
nuevas estructuras económicas urbanas
composición / relación con la forma construida
(Glaeser, 2012; Katz, 2013; Cohen and Muñoz, 2016; McWilliams, 2016; Sundararajan, 2016)
reducción en la oferta de trabajo formal en los centros urbanos
casualización global de la fuerza de trabajo
(Sundararajan, 2016)
incremento en empleo independiente, part-time, emprendimientos
(Harvey, 1990; Parker, 2001; Thurik, 2009; Bryce, 2017)
Autoempleo |
intensificación de la competencia global, y fragmentación de los mercados
(Thurick, 2009)
politicias públicas para disminuir el desempleo y promotores de innovación
(Birch, 1979; Birley, 1979; Reynolds, 1987 cited in Alvarez & Barney, 2000; Zoltan, Audretshand Storm, 2009)
emprendimiento vs trabajo independiente
(Baumol & Schilling, 2008; Henrekson & Sanandaji, 2014)
nuevas tecnologías |
nuevas plataformas y economías colaborativas aumentan la
flexibilidad y derriban barreras para iniciar emprendimientos
(Parker, 2001; Oackley, 2014; Sundajaran, 2016)
“economic space as the product of the differentiated and
intersecting social relationships of economy”.
“espacio económico” como escenario relacional, donde los
diferentes elementos que constituyen el trabajo, se relaciona
(o no) entre sí vinculando su constitución mutua, emerge
con más relevancia frente a La presencia de nuevos patrones de
empleo.
(Massey, 1995)
+ 500 hectáreas
+ 60.000 residentes
CÓMO ES EL PAISAJE ECONÓMICO DE
THAMESMEAD? DEFINICIONES A TRAVÉS DE
SU ECONOMÍA LOCAL Y TENDENCIAS DE
EMPLEO.
En el contexto de las grandes transformaciones que sufrirá el área, la investigaciónbusca entender el paisaje económico existente, y las oportunidades para un futurodesarrollo sustentable.
Observación EtnográficaCartografíasDatos CensalesEntrevistas Semi-Estructuradas
01. CARTOGRAFÍAS Y OBSERVACIÓN ETNOGRÁFICA
F&A Book KeepingAccounting Services
Jenny’s Dog GroomingPet Grooming Services
Julius’ LodgeHotel
(1) Source: Author
Community Centres - ChurchesSchools
Industrial EstatesAmazon + Ocado
HM PrisonBelmarsh
Crossness Sewage Treatment Works
?
?
(1) Source: Author
Store Front EconomiesMedical Services
(1) Source: Author
Non Store Economies
(1) Source: Author
HM PrisonBelmarsh
Crossness Sewage Treatment Works
?
?
02. PERFILES SOCIO-DEMOGRÁFICOS
GREENWICH 003
GREENWICH 001
GREENWICH 002
BEXLEY 001
BEXLEY 002
(1) Source: Author
LONDON 10 KM
THAMESMEAD 14 KM
15 km 10 km 5 km 1km
CITY OF LONDON
*
ealing
*
30 km 20 km
Outside Thamesmead64.0%
No Fixed Place16.0%
At home / From home9.8%
In Thamesmead10.2%
(1) Source: Author, from UCL
http://commute.datashine.org.uk/#mode=allflows&direction=both&msoa=E02000315&zoom=14&lon=0.1171&lat=51.4869
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Managers, Directorsand Senior Officials
Process; Plant andMachine Operatives
Skilled TradesOccupations
Sales and CustomerService Occupations
AssociateProfessional and
TechnicalOccupations
Administrative andSecretarial
Occupations
Caring, Leisure andOther ServiceOccupations
ProfessionalOccupations
ElementaryOccupations
Occupancy share, 2011
Thamesmead London Region
-30%
0%
30%
60%
90%
120%
150%
180%
Managers,Directors and
Senior Officials
AdministrativeOccupations
AssociateProfessionals and
Technicians
Skilled Trades Plant andMachine
Operatives
ElementaryOccupations
Sales andCustomerServices
Caring, Leisureand OtherServices
ProfessionalOccupations
Thamesmead London Region
% African Migrants
x3
THAMESMEAD LONDON
Self-employed 96% 12%
unemployed 61% 5%
PART-TIME 77% 11%
FULL-TIME 36% 40%
*2001 - 2011
Growing number of professionals, with a higher level of knowledge and skills
low-skilled employment opportunities
Increasing share of self employment
Immigration rates
Disadvantage (Fairlie & Meyer, 1994) & Enclave Theory (Borjas, 1986)
03. ENTREVISTAS SEMI-ESTRUCTURADAS
SEMI STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
SOLIDUS
SECURITY
JULIUS
LODGE
NATALIE'S
WORLD
ENTERTAINMENT
NG
NETWORK
CONSULTANCY
TEE BREAK LEAMAR
ASSOCIATES
PERSONAL
TRAINER
Oduduwa
talking
drumers
Trailes
upholstery
SPACE NEEDS
MENTORING AND NETWORKING
£ FINANCE
Support it is not use
Interaction / social capital
institutions
community
businesses
$
support
network
How enhances those interactions?
Mutualismo – Captial Social.Comunidades emprendedoras, creativas y prosperas, sustentadas en su informalidad.
La informalidad del espacio les permite llegar a esferas formales del consumo.
¿Cómo escalar esto a Thamesmead?Permitir un nivel de informalidad para mejorar la comunidad.
Flexibilidad para apoyar a las empresas a adaptarse a las necesidades de la comunidad.
conclusiones
This study examines the less visible economic activity throughout Thamesmead. This analysis foundthat Thamesmead has the highest concentration of African migrants in London, coupled with highlevels of achievement in education and an increasing number of professionals. Despite this, mostemployment opportunities are low-skilled with big-box employers along the peripheries ofThamesmead, with commercial spaces few and far in between. Furthermore, this paper referencesenclave theory that observes a correlation between immigrant enclaves and an increasedentrepreneurial spirit.
the research conveyed a disconnect between infrastructure and the community it is meantto serve. Conversations with self-employed resident’s in Thamesmead highlighted the majorchallenge to find suitable space, funding and support for their business endeavours. Although thereare institutions that offer business support and shared temporary commercial space, local businessowners lack knowledge, awareness and access to existing supportive local institutions and socialInfrastructure.
In planning new urban, social, and political interventions within Thamesmead, the Councils,community members and other institutions must take into consideration the existing socio-economic
and cultural landscape. Only with a comprehensive understanding of the landscape will theseorganizations be able to reveal the community’s true values and begin to accurately identify the
support and access required for the area to be successful. The above is relevant in the currentsituation of the neighbourhood, new transport Infrastructure and Peabody redevelopment of the
area can play an important role in the success of those invisible businesses.
Peabody needs to design the built environment as well as supportive services to meet thecharacteristics produced by the socio-economic, political and demographic reality of Thamesmead.
It is important that in planning new housing and commercial areas, Peabody acknowledges theshifting characteristics of the employment as development rather than ‘more of the same’.
CARTOGRAFÍAS DE ECONOMÍAS INVISIBLES:
un enfoque etnográfico a emprendimientos en
un barrio periférico de londres
Ignacio Uliarte P. | [email protected]
Docente Ciudad y Territorio Universidad del DesarrolloMSc. City Design and Social Science. London School of EconomicsArq. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
XV Seminario Internacional de la Red Iberoamericana de Investigadores sobre Globalización y Territorio (RII)Crisis y desigualdad: impactos urbanos y territoriales en Iberoamérica. Santiago de Chile, 2018.