Cardiovascular System Heart

8/2/2019 Cardiovascular System Heart

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Objectives

Functions of Heart

Mechanism of vasodialation

Atherosclerosis& Angina & Myocardial infaction

SBP/DBP

Heart Rate Hypertension & Ways to treat it.


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The heart has four chambers.

Two atria act as collecting reservoirs.

Two ventricles act as pumps.

The heart has four valves for:

Pumping action of the heart.

Maintaining unidirectional blood flow.


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Functions of the Heart

Generates blood pressure

Routes blood

Heart separates pulmonary and systemic

circulation

Ensures one-way blood flow

Heart valves ensure one-way flow


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Cardiac Cycle

The heart is two pumps that work together,right (pulmonary) and left (systemic) half

Repetitive, sequential contraction (systole)

and relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers

Blood moves through circulatory system from

areas of higher to lower pressure.

Contraction of heart produces the pressure

i.e called BLOOD PRESSURE(BP)

During systole(systolic BP)

Diastole(Diastolic BP)


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Mechanism of circulation

Deoxygenated blood returns to the heartvia the superior and inferior vena cava,enters the right atrium, passes into the

right ventricle, and from here it is ejectedto the pulmonary artery.

Oxygenated blood returning from the lungsenters the left atrium via the pulmonaryveins, passes into the left ventricle, and isthen ejected to the aorta.


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Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis (also known as arteriosclerotic vasculardisease or ASVD) is a condition in which an artery wallthickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materialssuch as cholesterol.

It is a syndrome affecting arterialblood vessels, a chronicinflammatory response in the walls of arteries, causedlargely by the accumulation ofmacrophagewhite bloodcells and promoted by low-density lipoproteins(plasmaproteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides) withoutadequate removal of fats and cholesterol from the

macrophages by functional high density lipoproteins (HDL). It is commonly referred to as a hardening or furring of the

arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple plaqueswithin the arteries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_density_lipoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_density_lipoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheromahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheromahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheromahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_density_lipoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol


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Heart rate

Heart rate is the number ofheartbeats per

unit oftime, typically expressed as beats per

minute (bpm).

Heart rate can vary as the body's need to

absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide

changes, such as during exercise or sleep.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_per_minutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_per_minutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_cycle


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Angina pectoris

Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina,is chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood,thus a lack ofoxygen supply and waste

removal) of the heart muscle, generally due toobstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries(the heart's blood vessels).

Coronary artery disease, the main cause ofangina, is due to atherosclerosis of the cardiacarteries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_pain


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Myocardial infarction (MI)

Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardialinfarction (AMI), commonly known as a heartattack, results from the interruption ofblood

supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cellsto die. This is most commonly due to occlusion(blockage) of a coronary artery following therupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque,

which is an unstable collection oflipids(cholesterol and fatty acids) and white blood cells(especially macrophages) in the wall of an artery.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_plaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_plaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_flow


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Hypertension

Hypertension is the term used to describehigh blood pressure.

Blood pressure is a measurement of the force

against the walls of your arteries as your heartpumps blood through your body.

Blood pressure readings are usually given as

two numbers -- for example, 120 over 80(written as 120/80 mmHg). One or both ofthese numbers can be too high.


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Types of Anti Hypertensives.

Inhibitors of renin-angiotensin system-

ANGIOTENSICNO NVERTING ENZYME

INHIBITORS- Captopril, Ramipril,

ANGIOTENSIN ANTAGONISTS(Angiotensin

receptor blockers or ARBs)- Losartan,

Telmisartan.


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TREATMENT OF CHF

There are two distinct goals of drug the -.--

CFIF:

(a) Relief of congestirze/lorto' utput sr::-:-

and restoration of cardiac performaf,i-

Itrottoptic rirrrgs-digoxin, doL.tt:-"

dopamine, amrinone / milrinone

D iu rc t ics-Iurosemide, thiazides

Vasodilators-AcE inhibitors/AT i.- ' -

nists,h ydralazinen, i t rate,n i t ropr r . t : --.

Bblocker-Metoprolol, bisoprolol, ccli' : --

ft) Arrest/reversal of disease progress . -

prolongation of survival: ACE inhibitors/AT1 o nt n gonis fs( ARBs

pblockers

AI dos te ro nea ntngonis-tS pironolactot'

-


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Diuretics

Documents

Cardiovascular System Heart