Card # 1 TenseIndicates the time of the actionThe present, preterite, imperfect and the

future are tenses

Card # 2 MoodIndicates the attitude of the speaker toward

the actionIndicativeImperativesubjunctive

Card #3 Indicative MoodIs objectiveIs used to describe factsIt states what is considered to be certainIt is the mood of “what is”Examples: You are late.I am in school.Paul speaks English.

Card # 4 Subjunctive MoodIs subjectiveIs used to express feelings, judgments and

emotions related to actionsIt states what is considered to be desirable,

possible, doubtful, uncertain and so on.It is “what may or might be”Examples:It is important that you be on time.I wish we were on vacation.

Card # 5 3 Things needed for subjunctive1. Volition, need, emotion, doubt, will,

necessity, obligation, possibility,feeling, judgment, order, suggestion, forbidding

2. Change of subject3. Dependent and independent clause

connected by “que”

Card # 6 Impersonal ExpressionsWhen it conveys an implied command, an

opinion or judgmentIt is necessary thatIt is not good thatIt is important that

Card #7 Examples of Impersonal ExpressionsEs bueno que (it is good that)Es malo que (it is bad that)Es mejor que (it is best that)Es necesario que (it is necessary that)Es indispensable que (it is essential that)Es importante que (it is important that)Es preciso que (it is necessary that)Es (una) lástima que (It is too bad that)Vale la pena que (it is worthwhile that)

Card #8 Examples of impersonal expressions continued…Es agradable que (it is pleasant that)Es justo que (it is fair that)Es absurdo que (it is absurd that)Es ridículo que (it is ridiculous that)Es raro que (it is strange that)Es sorprendente que (it is surprising that)Es escandaloso que (it is scandalous that)

Card #9 Impersonal Expressions with infinitivesUsed when they do not refer to anyone in

particularExample:It is important to work.Es importante trabajar.

Card # 10 Impersonal Expressions with subjunctiveIt is important that you work.Es importante que trabajes.

Card # 11Expressions of volition (orders)Querer que (wish that)Exigir que (demand that)Insistir en que (insist that)Mandar que (order that)Pedir que (ask, request that)Rogar (o-ue) que (beg that)Suplicar que (beg that)

Card # 12 Expressions of volition (desire)Desear que (wish that)Esperar que (hope that)Ojalá que (Let’s hope that)

Card # 13 Expressions of volition (preference)Preferir que (prefer that)

Card # 14 Expressions of volition (advice)Aconsejar que (advise that)Recomendar (e-ie) que (recommend that)Sugerir (e-ie) que (suggest that)

Card # 15 Expressions of volition (give permission)Dejar que (to let)Permitir que (to let, allow)

Card # 16 Expressions of volition (prohibition)Impedir (e-i) que (prevent)Oponerse a que (to be against, opposed to)Prohibir que (to forbid)

Card # 17 Expressions of emotion (happiness)Alegrarse de que (be happy that)Estar encantado de que ( delighted that)(me) gusta que (like)(me) encanta que (really like)

Card # 18 Expressions of emotion (sadness and regret)Entristecerse que (feel sad)Sentir (e-ie) que (feel that)Lamentar que ( regret that)Deplorar que (deplore that)(me) desilusiona que (disappoints (me) that)

Card # 19 Expressions of emotion (fear)Temer que (fear that)Tener miedo que (afraid that)

Card # 20 Expressions of emotion (irritation and anger)(me) enoja que (it angers (me) that)(me) irrita que (it irritates (me) that)(me) molesta que (it annoys (me) that)(me) enfada que ( it angers (me) that)

Card # 21 Expressions of emotion (pride)Estar orgulloso de que (to be proud that)Enorgullecerse de que ( to take pride)

Card # 22 Expressions of Emotion (surprise, emotion)(me) sorprende que (it surprises (me) that)(me) emociona que (it touches, thrills (me)

that)

Card # 23 Expressions of doubtDudar que (doubt that)No creer que (don’t believe that)No opinar que (don’t think that)No pensar que (don’t think that)No estar seguro de que ( not sure that)No es verdad que (not true that)Es dudoso que (doubtful that)Es posible que (possible that)Es imposible que (impossible that)Es probable que (probable that)Es improbable que (improbable that)

Card # 24 Forming the subjunctiveTo form the present subjunctive for –ar

verbs:Go to the Yo form of the verbDrop the –oAdd opposite endings:Yo = e Nosotros=emosTú= es Vosotros= éisUd. él, ella = e Uds. ellos, ellas = enYo hable Nosotros hablemosTú hables Vosotros habléisUd., él, ella hable Uds. ellos, ellas hablen

Card # 25To form the present subjunctive for –er/-

ir verbs:Go to the Yo form of the verbDrop the –oAdd opposite endings:Yo = a Nosotros=amosTú= as Vosotros= áisUd. él, ella = a Uds. ellos, ellas = an

Card # 26 example of –er verbYo coma Nosotros comamosTú comas Vosotros comáisUd., él, ella coma Uds. ellos, ellas

coman

Card # 27 example of –ir verbYo escirba Nosotros escribamosTú escribas Vosotros escribáisUd., él, ella escriba Uds. ellos, ellas,

escriban

Card # 28 GO-GO Verbs

Go to the Yo form and add –ar endings (other go-go’ s are seguir (sigo), conseguir (consigo), caer (caigo), tener (tengo), hacer(hago) and oir (oigo)

Diga Salga Traiga Ponga

DigasSalgas Traigas Pongas

Diga Salga Traiga Ponga

Digamos Salgamos Traigamos PongamosDigáis Salgáis Traigáis PongáisDigan Salgan Traigan Pongan

Card # 29Stem changers that are –ar verbs:Stem change same as present tense, only in

boot. Opposite endings.Examples: (almorzar, empezar, jugar,

comezar- use boot then “gue” endings) pensar, cerrar, sentarse

Card # 30 Examples of –ar boot verbs Cerrar = (e- ie) Cierre Cerremos Cierres Cerréis Cierre Cierren Volver (o-ie) Vuelva Volvamos Vuelvas Volváis Vuelva Vuelvan Contar (o-ue) Cuente Contemos Cuentes Contéis Cuente Cuenten Entender (e-ie) Entienda Entendamos Entiendas Entendáis Entienda Entiendan

Card # 31 “Gue verbs”** Remember –zar, gar, car are also “gue,

que, ce” verbsOther “gue, que, ce” are buscar pagar, llegar

Card # 32 Verbs ending in ger/girger/gir = jaEscogerEscoja EscojamosEscojas EscojáisEscoja Escojan

Examples: exigir, dirigir

Card # 33 Stem changers that are –er verbs: Stem change same as present tense, only in

boot. Opposite endings.Examples: poder, querer

Card # 34 Stem changers that are –ir that go from e to ie :Stem change in boot like present tense; outside boot (nosotros and vosotros)like

preterit sandal

Card # 35 Examples of –ir boot verbs Sentir Sienta Sintamos Sientas Sintáis Sienta Sientan Dormir Duerma Durmamos Duermas Durmáis Duerma Duerman Pedir Pida Pidamos Pidas Pidáis Pida Pidan Morir Muera Muramos Mueras Muráis Muera Mueran

Card # 36 Other –ir verbs Other –ir verbs that have change from e

to I stem change all the way through.Examples: repetir, server, pedirSirva SirvamosSirvas SirváisSirva Sirvan

Card # 37 Words like conocer, conducir, traducir, etc.Go to the –zco in the yo form of present

tense.Opposite endingsConduzca, conozca, traduzca

Card # 38 “Y” verbsWords like incluir, influir, destruir,

construir, huir etc…Go to “y”: Incluya, influya, destruya,

construya, huya

Card # 39Irregulars:Ser=sea,seas, sea, seamos, seáis, seanEstar=esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, esténSaber=sepa,sepas,sepa, sepamos, sepáis,

sepanDar= dé. Des, dé, demos, deis, denIr= vaya,vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayanHaber=haya (only this form is used when

used like, hay, había, and hubo: there is, there are, there were, there was)