Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Carbon Finance and Energy Efficiency Projects
Totok Sulistiyanto and Occeu M.
Talking Energy and Efficiency
Renewable and Non-renewable Energy
Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible.
Non-renewable are the conventional fossil fuels,
which are likely to deplete.
Energy Transformation
Oil generate heat -->
Heat boils water -->
Water turns to steam -->
Steam pressure turns a turbine -->
Turbine turns an electric generator -->
Generator produces electricity -->
Electricity powers light bulbs -->
Light bulbs give off light and heat
More the number of conversion stages, lesser the energy efficiency
Importance of Energy Efficiency
60% of Coal and other Fossil Fuels have been consumed in last 200 years
85% of world industrial need met from non-renewable sources
Exploration, transportation and burning of Fossil fuels creates irreversible environmental damage
All Energy Efficiency Measures leads to reduction of GHG emission ultimately
Energy Efficiency
Portion of Energy which ends up doing useful work
Energy efficiency means using less energy to perform the same function.
Example: Replacing traditional light bulbs with Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) means you will use only 1/5th of the energy to light a room
A X
YEnergy Input, KJ
Wasteenergy (kJ)
Useful energy(KJ)
Efficiency (%) = X x 100A
Hot waterboiler
Efficiency of an energy conversion Conversion Example Efficiency (%)
Chemical to heat
Electrical to mechanical
Heat to mechanical
Gas water boiler
Electric motor
Steam turbine
70-90
70-90
45
Energy Efficiency Measures
Typical Energy Efficiency Measures in Industry are:
• Stopping idle running of machines, utilities, lights etc.
• Arresting water, steam, compressed air and oil leaks
• Using alternate and less intensive energy for production
• Effective Insulation• Heat recovery equipment
Combined Heat and Power
Typical process industry needs both steam and power
Instead of separate generation of steam and procurement of power, CHP plant enables co-generation of steam and power at site
Benefits: Maximizing energy efficiency and minimizing cost for the industry
Energy Audit
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS
Energy Audit and Diagnostic Measurement
The steps:– Seeking for where the greatest energy
consumed goes to– Measuring the energy losses of the greatest
energy consumer– Analyzing the problem – Establishing a saving strategy– Calculating the saving and payback period– Implementing the strategy
Equipment Specification
1 Digital Thermometer APPA Temp. Range -40ºC to 204ºC /-40ºF to 399.2ºF 1 Buah2 Digital Thermometer Lutron Temp. Range -40ºC to 204ºC /-40ºF to 399.2ºF 1 Buah
a. Anemometer Vane Probe 0.4-25 m/s; 1.4-90 km/h; 0.9-55.9 mile/h; 1 Buahb. Light Probe Lux : 10-50.000 1 Buahc. Humidity Probe 10-95% RH, 0-50°C, 32-122°F 1 Buahd. Temperature Probe -50-900°C, -50-1650°F 1 Buah
3 Clamp On Power Hi Tester Hioki 10-1000A;80-600V (±3%) 1 Buah4 Thermometer Infra Red Mini Raytek -18 to 260ºC (0 to 500ºF) 1 Buah5 CENTER Humidity Temperature Meter -20~60°C / -4~140°F, 0~100% RH 1 Buah6 Dual Channel Thermometer Lutron -50-1230°C, -58-1999°F, max. 80% RH 1 Buah7 Dual Channel Thermometer Fluke K-type -200 to 1370°C/-328 to 2498° F 1 Buah
J-type -200 to 760°C/ -328 to 1400°F 1 Buah8 Micronics Portaflow (Ultra Sonic Flow meter Porta flow 204 & 208 1 Buah9 Multi-Tran Kyoritsu Cont. for 0-1kA, 10 min for 1-1.5kA, 30 sec for 3kVA 1 Buah10 OMEGA Data Loger Data Acquisition Temperatur & Electric11 Power Meter 3 Phase- Diris- Data Acquisition Power Meter 3 Phase- 3 Buah
C/W Clamp On CT with Harmonics12 Kabel Roll Power Meter ±10 m & 20 m 8 Gulung13 FLUKE 36 Clamp Meter 600V, 600A AC, 1000A DC14 Current Transformer 3000 Amps Input, Ratio 3000:1 Accuracy 4 Buah
at 1000Hz 1% at 500 Amps15 PC Tablet Input Data, ACER Centrino 1 Buah16 Computer Notebook ECS Input Data. ECS P.4 Centrino 2 Buah17 Comp. Notebook Toshiba Tecra 8100 Pengukuran data On-line 1 Buah18 Personal Computer Pentium IV 4 Buah19 Printer / Ploter A4, A3, A1 4 Buah20 Digital Camera Canon, Kodak, Olimpus 3 Buah21 Camera Infrared Thermografi Agema Thermovision 1 Buah22 Sarung Tangan Untuk tegangan tinggi 20KV 1 pasang23 Kabel Roll w/ Connector Input Data Panel 6 Gulung24 Tools Set Electrics 2 Set25 Tools Set Mechanics 2 Set26 De Walt Bor/Drill Listrk 1 Set27 Counter Alat Hitung Mekanik 1 buah28 Stopwatch Digital Stopwacth 3 Buah29 Wire Stepper 1 Buah30 Thermocouple Cable 10 Gulung31 Kabel Sensor PT 100 10 Gulung
QuantityNo.
List of Equipment
Data Collection
IMP 1
IMP 2
IMP n
TransducersIntegrated Measuring Pods
Light IntensityLight Intensity
Electrical CurrentElectrical Current
Electrical LoadElectrical Load
COCO22, O, O22 & CO& CO
HumidityHumidity
TemperatureTemperature
PressurePressure
FlowFlow
•• Measure Existing ParametersMeasure Existing Parameters•• Analyze Existing EquipmentAnalyze Existing Equipment•• Evaluate Existing InstallationEvaluate Existing Installation•• Study Current Consumption Behavior and PatternStudy Current Consumption Behavior and Pattern
$avingsAchievement:
– Cost Effective– Efficiency– Optimal– Reliability
Before and After Energy Saving MeasuresBefore and After Energy Saving Measures
The Performance of Units
Energy Management
Load Characteristic
Energy Consumption
The Performance of Systems
Operating Costs
ReducingThe OperationalCosts
ImprovementOf Performance
Engineering
Measures:Analyze Collected/Measured ParametersPerform engineering calculationOptimize system and installation designEstablish Saving Alternatives
Searching New Technology
Consideration: Energy Efficient ReliabilityLow Investment Cost
Implementation
Consideration:
Assist in selecting qualified ContractorEnsure that the work will be constructed in accordance to the drawings and specificationSupervise the workmanshipTo make certain that the design intent is met
Energy Balance Before and After Improvement
[totok\ste\Aud-Baturaja.ppt 18
Power Factor Improvement
Measurement of Chipper Motor:6,000 V, 203 A, cosφ=0.635Improvement of cosφ 0.9:kVARc 648.56 kVARc
Energy Saving:Operating Time 2400 hours / year{(1,629.69) x 2,400 - (0.65 x 1,339.6 x 2,400)} x Rp. 571,-
= Rp. 1,040,065,080,-/yrTransformer losses 5%, operating time 2400 hours / yr{1-(0.635/0.9)2} x 5% x 1,339.6 x 2,400 x Rp. 460,-
= Rp. 37,135,002,-/yru PLN tariff 2004
2.109,6 kVA
1.488,0 kVA
50,58o25,84o
648,
56 k
VA
Rc
1.629,69 kVAR
Daya Resistif (Watt)
1.339,6 kW
19
430OC
MEASURE: Application of WHRB
G4
G3
G2
G1
Capacitors2 x 500 kVAR
2700 kVA472A; 3.3 kV 1000 kVA; 3150 kVA/380 V; 183/1519 A
UTILITY 1- 405 kW/ 0.84
UTILITY 2 - 394 kW/ 0.83
SPINNING - 620 kW/ 0.82
STRETCHING - 415 kW/ 0.81
SOURCE WTR - 26 kW/ 0.80
TURBO REFRIG. - 220 kW
Other plant 1800 kW
POLYMER - 248 kW/ 0.59
403OC
438OC
460OC
Steam line to process
9 bar1.25 T/h
9 bar1.25 T/h
ó Recovering of Waste Heat Energyó Cost saving Rp.987,230,000,-/yó Pay back period 1.6 years
WHRB
WHRB
20
BURNER
BOILER
ECONOMIZER
CHIMNEY
ADDMF
fuel in
combustion air
blowdown water
flue gas
feed water feed water
steam
Mf (kg/s)
Ma (kg/s)Tdb (oC)Twb (oC)
Mb (kg/s)Tdb (oC)Twb (oC)
Me (kg/s)T(oC)
Ms (kg/s)P (bar)T (oC)
Me (kg/s)T(oC)
Mu (kg/s)T (oC)CO2 (%)O2 (%)CO (ppm)
Mu (kg/s)T (oC)CO2 (%)O2 (%)CO (ppm)
Boiler and Measuring Parameters
21
pompa
pompa
evaporator
kondensor
menara pendingin
unit pengolah udara (AHU)
unit koil kipas(FCU)
motor-kompresorkatup expansi
Tic(oC) Tdu(oC)Twu(oC)Mu(kg/s)
Toc(oC)
Wc(kW)Mc(kg/s )
Pc(bar)TC(oC)
Pe(bar)Te(oC)
Pk(bar)Tk(oC)
Two(oC)
Twi(oC)
Mw(kg/s)Ww(kW)
Tds(oC)Tws(oC), Ms(kg/s)
Tdr(oC)Twr(oC)Mr(kg/s)
Tdf(oC)Twf(oC)Mf(kg/s)
Tdm(oC)Twm(oC)RH(%)
Wm(kW)
toto/konser.hfx
Central Air Conditioning System
[totok\ste\Aud-Baturaja.ppt] 22
Typical Boiler Heat Balance
BOILER
Heat in Steam
Heat loss due to dry flue gas Dry Flue Gas LossHeat loss due to steam in flue gasHeat loss due to moisture in fuel
Heat loss due to unburnts in residue
Heat loss due to moisture in air
Heat loss due to radiation & other unaccounted loss
12.7 %
8.1 %
1.7 %
0.3 %
2.4 %
1.0 %
73.8 %
100.0 %
Fuel
Energy Balance and Analysis
Measure , Record & Calculate
Fueltank
Boiler400kg/hr30oC
30oC
APH
5200kg/hr,120oC
Flue gas320oC
stack
Steamprocess
Feed water Tank520 kg.hr
179oC
4680kg/hr
10% makeup water
Air
Condensatereturn
Case 1Boiler Installation with Palm Oil Biomass
Waste Fuel and Coal in Tea Manufacturing
Project description and proposed activities
The current production capacity of KA is 90 tons of black tea per day. The raw material comes from the nearby 2,625-Hectares estate crops. The plant is located in remote area is thus off-grid. KA is powered by its own diesel generator sets. 8 units were installed in
1972 and a large diesel generator set was installed recently. Electrical power is mostly used for blending and curing. The power demand of the plant is 2MW. A direct oil burner is running to generate heat for drying and withering. Thermal demand of KA is 4.5MW-th but the burner has a capacity of 6.6
MW-th.
Project description and proposed activities
The project is to implement a biomass cogeneration to supply both heat and power to KA. The biomass used as fuel is the palm oil mill waste easily collected from surrounding 3 mills owned by ECHC6: Bunut, Pinang Tinggiand Tanjung Lebar. Capacities of these mills are 60 ton/day, 60 ton/day and 30 ton/day respectively. The mills are located 3 to 5 km from the tea manufacturing plant. The wastes, mostly Empty fruit bunches (EFBs), as well as surplus shell and surplus fibre, will be collected and transported to the power plant site where they will be used as fuel for a small combined heat and power (CHP) plant. With this plant, the oil consumption will be reduced to 20% of its actual level.Carbon dioxide emissions will be displaced because the use of renewable electricity from the KA project will offset electricity otherwise generated with fossil fuels.Methane and nitrous oxide emissions will also be displaced. Currently EFB’sare either ‘dumped’ in deep piles, distributed in the plantations or burned in “tepee”-type incinerators. The anaerobic decay of the EFB in deep pile is a very emission intensive wastes disposal practice.
Technology to be employed
The combustible will be prepared and burnt in a boiler specially designed for EFBs: an atmospheric fluidized bed boiler with travelling grate stoker. Electricity will be generated by a steam turbine powered generator. Except for the boiler, the design will be basically conventional.The critical technical issue for the project is the preparation and combustion of the EFB, as they are very tough and fibrous. A design has been selected which uses a ‘shredder’ developed in Malaysia for initial fuel preparation. In addition, all the palm oil plantation wastes have high soluble alkali content in their ash. This is especially true for EFBs. The fuel preparation process selected has many specific steps. Each step by itself would be considered conventional technology, but the entire process is a relatively new approach to solve the problem of slagging alkali materials in biomass ash. It is usual to consider the idea of staging combustion in order to minimize the production of nitrogen oxides and promote better burnout of the carbon in a fuel. An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) will control particle in the flue gas stream. A water treatment unit will be installed to process feed water boiler and blow down water.
Finance
NoneCarbon finance contribution in advance payments.
NoneCarbon finance contribution sought
US$1.329MNot identified
Not identifiedDebt - Short term
Not identifiedDebt – Long-term
Expected 20% from project sponsor, ECHC6 : US$332,000Equity
Sources of finance to be sought or already identified
US$1.661M * This is a figure for a EFB biomass boiler only. Total investment cost for a cogeneration plant has not been estimated yet.
Total project costs
n.a.Other costs
US$1.642MInstalled costs
US$19,000Development costs
Total project cost estimate
Not enough data available to perform a financial analysisFinancial analysis
*ERPAs are only negotiated for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol therefore these values are subject to change.
US$3.2M* A period of 14 years (2 * 7 years)
US$1.5M* A period of 7 years
US$2.2M* A period of 10 years
US$0.8M
A period until 2012 (end of the first budget period)
Total Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA) Value
US$5/tCO2eIndicative CER Price (subject to negotiation )
NoneSources of carbon finance
Case 2Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation
Projects in Large Scale Integrated Textile Industry
Technology to be Employed
To fulfill all SRT’s textile plants power needs, the coal cogeneration as the following specification: a boiler fully fuelled by coal with capacity of 50 tons/hour of superheated steam with a condensing turbo-generator of 20 MW. The auxiliary systems include: switchgear, control panel, regulator, flue gas cleaning system and condenser sub-system. The technology to be employed is the typical technology of a on site combined heat and power (CHP) plant which is widely used in the world and in Indonesia; for instance on site biomass CHP common in palm oil industry. However, it is not used very much in the textile manufacturing sector. The coal CHP technology is easily available from foreign manufacturers.
An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) will control particle in the flue gas stream. The heat rejection cycle has been optimized to minimize the approach temperature to the cooling tower allowing cooler water to the condenser. In addition, it has been assumed that the cooling tower blow down will require a cooling pond to minimize the impact of hot water on the local environment and to allow the neutralization of the water if required by local or national ordinances.
The replacement of the chiller is going to reduce substantially the power consumption of the factory. The refrigeration system providing the spinning and combing processes represents about 20% of the overall power consumption of the factory. The chiller currently used has a specific consumption of 0.8 kWh/ton. It will be replaced by a commercially-available chiller with a specific consumption of 0.5 kWh/ton. The energy saving potential of this measure is 8%.
The EE measures on the power system and the process-specific technologies have not been defined yet, since this task is going to be part of the development phase of the project. However, only conventional technologies are going to be selected. These measures could be one or many of the following: lower wattage fluorescent tube light (FTL), electronic ballast for FTL, VSD, high efficient motors with variable speed drive, capacitor bank, steam leakage detection and reduction. The energy savings potential at the factory has been estimated by an EE expert. A conservative figure is a reduction 10% on thermal and power consumption.
Finance
NoneSources of carbon finance
NoneCarbon finance contribution in advance payments.
NoneCarbon finance contribution sought
US$ 17.3 M[VD5]Not identified
NoneDebt - Short term
Debt financing source has not been identified yet: Asian Development Bank has been approached
Debt – Long-term
15% [VD4] of total cost from PT.SRT: US$ 3 MShare is still under negociation
Equity
Sources of finance to be sought or already identified
US$ 20.3 M[VD3]For the 20MW CHP plant cost only: US$ 14.2 M
Total project costs
US$ 2.4 M[VD2]Other costs
US$ 16.0 MInstalled costs
US$ 1.8 M[VD1]Development costs
Total project cost estimate
[VD1]Assumed 10% of installed cost[VD2]Tax and duties[VD3]From workbook SRT, worksheet cosest[VD4]As answered[VD5]80% of total cost
Financial analysis
US$ 4.9 M** Up to now, only the CER that will be produced during the Kyoto Protocol first commitment period (2008 to 2012) can be sold in the ERPA.
A period of 14 years (2 * 7 years)
US$ 2.0 M*A period of 7 years
US$ 2.8 M*A period of 10 years
US$ 1.4 MA period until 2012 (end of the first budget period)
Considering 100% of the emission reduction is sold in the ERPA as CERs.Total Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA) Value
US$ 5/tCO2eIndicative CER Price (subject to negotiation )
32.8%AssetIRR without CER
34.3%Asset IRR with CER
revenuesUS$ 5.00 / CER
The spreadsheet and assumptions can be provided by the carbon consultant if required.
Conclusion
Cogeneration
INTEGRATED ENERGY CONCEPTCOGEN ~ cogenerationCHP ~ combined heat & powerT/E ~ total energyWHRB ~ waste heat recovery boilerHRSG ~ heat recovery steam generatorCCPP ~ combined cycle power plant
ELECTRICAL POWERcan be used In-Housecan be exported to Utilitiescan be sold to PLN or other Users
THERMAL ENERGYin the form of Steam, Hot Water, Chilled Water, etc.
electrical power thermal energy
simultaneous productionof electrical powerand thermal energy
INTEGRATION OFENERGY SYSTEM
AND PROCESS
Energy Efficiency BenefitsIndustry
• Reduced energy bills• Increased
Competitiveness• Increased productivity• Improved quality• Increased profits !
Nation
• Reduced energy imports
• Avoided costs can be used for poverty reduction
• Conservation of limited resources
• Improved energy security
Globe
• Reduced GHG and other emissions
• Maintains a sustainable environment
Energy Conservation in Industry and Building
Energylosses
Energy waste
Useful energy
Energyinput
Thank You
