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Car Sharing: Strategies for Sustainability
January 8, 2008
American Planning
Association
Presentation Overview
I. Intro to Car Sharing and I-GO
II. Why is Car Sharing Important?
III. ResultsIV. Car Sharing and PlanningV. The Future
What is Car Sharing?
• Fleets of neighborhood-based cars are available to members at hourly rates
• Pricing includes insurance, gas, and maintenance
• Computer-based reservation system
• Smart card self-service car access
• Trip starts and ends at dedicated parking space
I-GO Program
• Non-profit, started by Center for Neighborhood Technology in 2002
• 170 cars and growing• 32 neighborhoods in Chicago and
two suburbs-committed to serving all neighborhoods
• 7000+ individual members• 100% low emission cars• Serve individuals, businesses,
government, five universities, and a variety of organizations
Smart card entry
Members get where they need
to go..
“I-GO is great for visiting friends and family and it’s a lot less expensive than owning a car. “
Members save money
The savings are incredible. I love this program so much it is just the best thing for personal, environmental and economical purposes."
Cara Martin Howard and family, members since March 2005"
Car Sharing Industry Today
Car-sharing VehiclesAs of October 14, 2007
Zipcar Flexcar TotalNew Y ork City 989 989Boston 688 688Washington D.C. 313 319 632San Francisco 428 191 619Seattle 308 308Chicago 250 250Toronto 238 238Portland 214 214London 158 158Los Angeles 126 126Vancouver 120 120Philadelphia 101 101Atlanta 97 97San Diego 66 66Pittsburgh 2 49 51Columbus 20 20Rochester 4 8 12Phoenix 10 10Baltimore 8 8Gainsville 8 8Santa Cruz 7 7Ann Arbor 6 6New Haven, CT 6 6Milwaukee 6 6Minneapolis 5 5Williamstown, VA 4 4Chapel Hill, NC 3 3Providence, RI 3 3Elon, NC 2 2Amherst, MA 2 2Northampton, MA 2 2Worcester, MA 2 2Middlebury, VT 2 2Lewiston, ME 2 2
3,232 1,535 4,767
Different Business Models
of Carsharing
• Extension of Public Transit
• Environmental cars• Serve all
communities• Local• Less expensive• Build community
for solving social problems
• Extension of car rental
• Fun cars• Young and Yuppie
Market• International Chains• Higher priced• Build community to
increase return for investors
Section II:
Why is Car Sharing
Important?
India
Beijing
Tokyo
USA
I am my car
How do we use valuable real
estate?
Climate
Change
Science: The Basics
Travel Matters: US Transportation and Global Emissions
US GHG Emissions From Transportation Sector
Cars and light trucks emit 59% of the CO2 in USA
Transportation 33% in US
Other 67%
Sprawl is Expensive
• In the green areas, households own one less car than the regional average
• Saves $400 per household per month
• Boosts disposable income 10-12 % for bottom two income quintiles
Where We Build Matters:Poor Locations Drive Up
Emissions and Costs
Section III
Results
I-GO Impacts on Travel• Each car replaces 17 private cars
– Almost half of members sell or postpone purchasing a car
– 84% have no household vehicle now
• Biking, walking, and transit use increases• Driving decreases dramatically, by 87%• Less pollution and greenhouse gas
– Replaced 3000 cars– 7,823 metric tons of CO2– 26 metric tons of NOx– 18 metric tons of VOC’s
1:17 cars
As We Grow When the
Number ofI-Go Cars is
1 1000 10,000
We Expect Measured Reductions in
Private Vehicles
17 17,000 170,000
Annual VMT in Millions
0.190305 190.35 190,350
VOCs in Metric Tons
0.157 157 157,000
NOx in Metric Tons
0.215 215 215,000
CO2 in Metric Tons
65.255 65,255 652,550
Travel Mode Analysis
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Chicago Average:2005 Work
I-GO Members:Work/School
Car/Truck/VanAloneCar w/ OtherPassengersTransit
Walk
Bicycle
Taxi
Other
Mode Shift
Section IV
Car Sharing and Planning
TOD’s and Car Sharing
– Developer provides parking spaces and marketing for car sharing program
– Great amenity for residents
– Can be condos or rentals
– Can reduce total number of required spaces
• Vancouver BC– 3 spaces per project
Benefits for Development
• Less parking demand• LEED credits in 3 categories• Amenity for residents and
employers• Reduces local traffic & pollution
If parking requirements are reduced:
• Lower development costs• Lower housing prices• Site plan more flexible• More room for units, open
space, & amenities
LEED Points • LEED New Construction
2.2– Sustainable Sites:
Alternative Transportation, Alternative Fueling Stations
– Alternative Transportation, Parking Capacity
– Innovation Credit
• LEED ND– Reducing parking demand
More I-GO cars=
Fewer parking spaces=
Cost savings + LEED + flexibility
I-GO Developer Program• Developer commits parking
and marketing• I-GO provides vehicles on 2
year contract• Reduce required
parking spaces• Benefits of car sharing are
built in to land use and title• City can potentially provide
on street spots at developments
On street parking
• Vancouver BC (3:1 ratio for car sharing)
• San Francisco (requires car sharing)
• Seattle, WA• Arlington County, VA• Berkeley, CA
* All have lower standard parking requirements than Chicago
Leaders
Parking Cash Out: Large projects
• University of Chicago– Provide free car sharing memberships
to staff and faculty who agree to forego a parking pass
– Subsidize transit pass– Provide guaranteed ride home
Results of Implementation• Lower development and housing
costs• Less local traffic, congestion, and
emissions• City captures long-term benefits
by reducing parking and increasing amenities
Fleet Programs
• I-GO Pilot– Two cars at
Lake and Franklin
– Department permission use any car in fleet
Section V
The Future
One Car Share Car
per square block• 112 cars per square mile• 37 users per car• 4144 users per square mile,
915,824 users citywide• Savings per user = 5,064
VMT/year• Savings per user = 1.764 Metric
Tons of CO2 equivalent per year• Total annual savings = 1.62 Million
MT
Extensions of Car Sharing
• One way rentals• Bike sharing• Social networking• Ride sharing• Carpool/carshare• Mobility passes• Government/business fleet sharing• New types of vehicles• Rapid campus expansion