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Lecturer Urban Transportation Planning Tufts University
Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices
United States car-sharing experience
Social benefits
Government role in supporting & regulating car-sharing
Today’s Presentation
Types/ Operations/ Impacts Traditional (two-way) One-way Person to Person (Peer to Peer)
Car-sharing types
.5 KM Walk Zone
3 KM Bike Zone
AM AM
One-way car-sharing
One-way car-sharing
More likely to compete with taxis and public transit Requires receiving parking Usually fleet needs rebalancing
o What impact does this have on congestion? Need more data on social cost benefit impact on parking and congestion
Person to Person (Peer to Peer) Car-sharing types
Ratings Are Very Important
Advantages • No pressure to make money for vehicle owner • Cars located almost anywhere at no marginal cost! Disadvantages • Low quality control until ratings established • Access control equipment can be costly if revenue is
not high Insurance is a key issue and must be resolved before startup!
• Low-cost alternative to car-ownership • Parking • Congestion (less driving) • Social equity • Reduced fleet costs for governments
Social Benefits
Consumer product: Low cost car-access • Pay only for what you use • A car that fits each specific trip • Comes with parking Space
Social Benefits
Auto ownership A 2010 study estimated that each shared car replaces 9 to 13 cars More recent research in US (2013) shows that: • 25% members sold car on joining • 25% who didn’t sell car would otherwise own a car • In total 50% of members would otherwise have a car Zipcar member to car ratio exceeds 70 to 1 Therefore each shared car may replace as many as 35 private automobiles Shaheen & Cohen 2013
Social Benefits
A word about member to car ratios… Zipcar member to car ratio exceeds 70 to 1 Socar & Greencar average about 300 to 1 User satisfaction = reservation success Zipcar reservation success rate 99% (2005)
Social Benefits
Parking Impacts Regionally: Worldwatch Institute estimates there are 3 spaces for every car
• Home • Work • Shopping
Regionally: 9 to 13 less cars result in the freeing up 27 to 39 parking spaces
Social Benefits
27% to 43% less driving 2015 Study: 49% less greenhouse gas emissions Shaheen & Cohen 2013
Important Driving Costs Become Pay-as-you-go • Depreciation • Insurance • Gas • Parking
Social Benefits
$10 (USD)/ Hour
2015 Study/ Chen/ Kockelman University of Texas at Austin Carsharing’s Life-Cycle Impact on Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Zipcar-share members report monthly savings of $435 (USD) over owning a car
Equity • Access to employment interviews • Lower cost shopping opportunities • Save money on not owning a private vehicle
Social Benefits
Government Role
Most crucial! Remove existing barriers– US in 2000: Car-sharing neither prohibited or permitted.
Car rental taxes Define Car-sharing:
• Short term; • Self service; • For residents (not visitors); • Distributed network • Car available 24 hours a day
Government Role
Very helpful! • On street parking • Building development regulations • Car-sharing for government fleets • Support low income programs
Government Role
Government Role
Parking
Don’t lock up parking for too long with car-share operators Be open to competition and innovation
Government Role
Real Estate Development Regulations Parking: • Major contributor to the cost of housing • Limits number of units built • Constrains architects ability to work with a building site
Government Role
Building Development Housing (based on units built) More than 50 units (but less than 200): 1 car-sharing space must be provided 200+ Units: 2 car-share spaces plus 1 for every 200 units
Government Role
City of San Francisco
Building Development Non-housing (based on parking spaces) More than 25 parking spaces/ less than 50: 1 car-share space 50 or more: 1 plus one parking space for every 50. On the building site, or within 800 feet of the site. No cost to car-sharing company for using space
Government Role
Chicago: 100 Zipcars instead of 350 fleet vehicles Saved City $7M (USD) over 3 years. Resident use of cars?
Government Role
Fleet Management
100 Cars/ 80 of them electric Target 7,000 low income residents
Government Role
• Establish Goals • Collect data • Require data
Government Role
Why Is Carsharing Important to Government? • More mobility • More sustainable transportation • Fewer cars • Easier parking • Less traffic • Less pollution
• Collect data • Require data from car-sharing organizations
Parking on street How many parking spaces freed up? Sometimes measured as “would you otherwise own a car”. Do one-way car-sharing vehicles still reduce car-ownership? Driving Are people on average driving less?
Government Role
Less Competition for Parking • 1 carshare cars= 9 to 13 private cars
33 Sources: TPT Permit data and 2000 Census, 2013 ACS Estimate
41,812 38,468
42,615 44,300
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
2000 2014
Change in Resident Parking Permits and # Households
# Permits # Households
8% decrease in permits
4% increase in households
16%
4%
26%
7%
40%
7% I got rid of my only car
I got rid of my second car
I didn’t buy a car (or second car) when I otherwise would have
I kept my car, but use carsharing forspecial purposes (such as van rental)
I didn’t have a car before I joined and I still don’t
I had no change in my car ownership
From: Cambridge Residents Responses: 977
City of Cambridge Survey, January 2015
Survey: If you ARE a carshare member now or WERE a carshare member in the past, how has carsharing affected your car ownership? After I became a member:
34
More Sustainable Commutes
Source: 2010-2012 ACS JTW 35
• Collect data • Require data from car-sharing organizations
Low income Programs How much money is saved by users? What are they using that money for? Intensity of use? How many trips per day per public space are made? How many complaints have been filed?
By how many unique individuals?
Government Role
How Often Zipcars Are Used, Average
• Turnover = 1.7 reservations per day • Vehicles are in active use 9 to 11 hrs per day • 89% of reservations are made between 6 am and 10 pm • 36 out of 300 cars reserved 10 pm to 5 am, including full-day
reservations
Conclusion
Data from the US shows strong public benefits to car-sharing Capturing data crucial to rationalize government & public support
