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CHAPTER 1: THE PEOPLING OF AMERICA
Misconception: North America was not discovered
by Christopher Columbus. People were already here,
but we need to remember that the winners write
history.
In 1492- People thought the world was flat and the
Discovery of North America was by accident, they
were looking for India.
Boy – were they wrong!
CHAPTER 1: VOCABULARY
1. Aboriginal Peoples
2. Archaeologist
3. B.P.
4. Mi'kmaq
5. World View
6. Artifacts
7. Radiocarbon Dating
8. Paleo-Indian
9. Fluted
10. DNA
11. Paradigm Bias
12. Physical Anthropologists
13. Linguistics
14. Beringia
15. Solutrean
16. Genetic Marker
17. Population Density
18. Treasure Ships
19. Ancient Anchors
20. Oral Tradition
21. Nomadic
22. Civilization Agriculture
WHO IS FIRST?
Who was here first?
1. Europeans were here first so we think…
2. Vikings certainly
3. Irish Monks: Pre-dating Vikings. (Dark Ages)!
4. Chinese made it here to – in theory
WHO WAS FIRST?
Christopher Columbus
After receiving significant funding from the Spanish
monarchs, Columbus set sail on August 3, 1492 with
three ships, the Pinta, Nina, and Santa Maria, and 104
men.
This voyage took five weeks - much longer than
Columbus expected, as he thought the world was
smaller than it is.
WHO WAS FIRST
Columbus…part 2?
Finally, at 2 a.m. on October 12, 1492, Rodrigo de
Triana, sighted land in area of the present-day
Bahamas.
When Columbus reached the land, he believed it
was an Asian island and named it San Salvador.
Because he did not find riches,
Columbus decided to continue
sailing in search of China
WHO WAS FIRST.?
Leif Eriksson
Nearly 500 years before the birth of Christopher
Columbus, a band of European sailors left their
homeland behind in search of a new world. Their
high-prowed Viking ship sliced through the cobalt
waters of the Atlantic Ocean as winds billowed the
boat’s enormous single sail.
WHO WAS FIRST.?
After traversing unfamiliar waters, the Norsemen
aboard the wooden ship spied a new land, dropped
anchor and went ashore. Half a millennium before
Columbus “discovered” America, those Viking feet
may have been the first European ones to ever have
touched North American soil.
Here is L'Anse Aux Meadows
NL, Canada
WHO WAS FIRST..
Saint Brendan
An Irish holy man who lived from 484 to 577 AD. Little
is known about his life. What we do know about him
mostly comes from a strange tale called "the Voyage
of St Brendan the Navigator," written down in the
ninth century and rewritten with various changes in
several later manuscripts.
WHO WAS FIRST..?
They eventually landed on the fabled Isle of the
Blessed far to the west of Ireland. This is what has
attracted the attention of some historians. Could the
fantastic tale hide the truth that the Irish came to
America a thousand years before Columbus?
WHO WAS FIRST…?
Chinese
The document is purportedly an 18th century copy of
a 1418 map charted by Chinese Admiral Zheng He,
which appears to show the New World in some
detail.
WHO WAS FIRST…?
Chinese River ship – massive in size
Traded across Europe and Asia
Admiral Zheng’s death changed China into a
isolationist nation.
CAPE BRETON CONNECTION
• Englishtown site.
• Unclear if this was actually Chinese colony
• Questionable remains found
• Currently no empirical evidence
WHAT WE DO KNOW…
North America was found many times. Also found to
contain a fully established and structured society.
STORIES OF ORIGINS
Egyptian's story of creation and the Nile, either an
ocean of chaos (Nu), or Ra came out of an egg
floating on the ocean.
STORIES OF ORIGINS
Haudenosaunee legend shows, that Sky Woman fell
through a hole in the Sky World and tumbled
downward toward the earth that was covered in
water. The animals came up from the ocean bringing
mud from the ocean floor, placing it on the Great
Sea Turtle, becoming Turtle Island.
STORIES OF ORIGINS
Mesopotamia: Enki make man from the clay in his
underwater world to serve the gods.
CLOVIS MODEL
• Most popular theory is that North America was
populated 10-15,000 BP by a nomadic Paleolithic
man.
• Following food source
• Supported by evidence found in New Mexico
EVIDENCE OF HUMAN MIGRATION
These guys...
…found
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Radiocarbon
Dating:
Measuring the
deterioration
of Carbon-14
which provides
sense of how long
artifacts have
been in the
ground.
BERING LAND BRIDGE
• Paleolithic Man crossed this land bridge during the
most recent ice age.
• Nomadic existence following food takes people
across the bridge.
PARADIGM BIAS
The evidence was so overwhelming that it made too
much sense. (Same relative depth, same technical
skill set).
There was no demand to look at either challenging
the findings from New Mexico, or search for other
vectors.
Supports for the Clovis Model shows that artifacts
found at various locations (all from the same strata –
depth) conclusively connect the timing.
Perfect.
PRE-CLOVIS SURPRISE
• As recent as 1981, researcher have found artifacts
in stratum deeper than the Clovis Model will correct
for.
• Artifacts are dated to be earlier, and widely
accepted that there is also a likelihood that there
deeper culture bearing artifacts can be found!
NINE MONTHS
Lucio Rendon, Salvador Ordonez and Jesus Eduardo
Vidana
Three Mexican fishermen and two others had set out
on a shark fishing expedition on Oct. 28, 2005, when
currents dragged their eight-metre boat out to sea
and sent them adrift across the Pacific after they ran
out of gas.
133 DAYS: POON LIM
In late November 1942, the British merchant ship SS
Benlomond, travelling from Cape Town to Surinam,
was sunk by a German U-boat. Lim, a 25-year-old
Chinese sailor, was the only survivor of the attack,
and managed to escape onto a life-raft with only
some provisions, including a jug of water, biscuits and
flares.
LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE
Canada has 3 main
language groups
1. Algonquian
2. Athabaskan
3. Eskaleut
North and South
America has many
more.
ALGOQUAIN
The dialects spoken
in the Algonquian
region are all similar
to a certain degree.
This range covers East
to Western Canada
ATHABASKAN
Athabaskan
language groups
range North Western
regions of Canada
and Sub-Arctic
regions.
These dialects are
also unique to
themseleves.
EKALEUT
Eskaleut is spoke
mainly in the Arctic
and Sub-Arctic
regions and has
connections to
circumpolar regions
across Greenland
and Siberia.
PALEO-LINGUISTICS
Time required for
language to “morph”
into one language
would require
100,000 years.
In Canada there are
three main families
that are not related.
DNA EVIDENCE
Direct evidence was later introduced to the argument on Who settled North America.
DNA markers have been found to exist between:
1. Indigenous peoples of British Columbia.
2. Indigenous Peoples of japan.
This link provides direct proof that there were more than one Migration of Paleolithic man into North America.
The routes taken by Paleolithic man were also very different from each.
PEOPLING OF NORTH AMERICA
3.2 million years ago first Hominid (up right walking
ape) found in Africa (Ethiopia)
'Lucy': Australopithecus afarensis was African!
We eventually evolve into: Homo erectus.
Our ancestry can be linked to
Africa. North America peoples
are also from this evolutionary
stream.
CHAPTER 2: VOCABULARY
1. Contact
2. Woodlands
3. Lowlands
4. Interior Plains
5. Northern Subarctic
6. Pacific Coast
7. Arctic
8. Egalitarian
9. Modern Age
10. Reformation
11. Globalization
12. Assimilation
13. Residential Schools
14. Coureurs de bois
15. Metis
16. Independence
17. Interdependence
18. Dependence
19. Colonialism
20. Expansionism
1492
• 1492: Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus.
• He believed that crossing the Atlantic was possible.
• He sailed 1492 (crossed the ocean blue)
• There was a mass invasion of European Nations.
Spanish, French, English, and Portuguese.
WHAT DROVE EUROPEAN CONQUEST?
Why did the Europeans come to North America?
➥ Gold
➥ God
➥ Glory
Not only were the Europeans looking for Gold (for the
crown’s investment) but the promise of entry to
heaven for any conqueror who converted new
Christians.
Immortality was also gained through the fame!
COLONIZATION
In Europe: all resources were costly and limited.
Mining was expensive. Natural Resources were
limited. The labour was also expensive.
Compared to North America, Europe is a small
landmass with high populations and conflict over
resources.
Where can you secure new resources and labour?
COLONIALISM= PROFITS
Finding North America was profitable. Although there
may not have been gold, there were other things
such as: Lumber, Fish, Wild Life (Beaver), Farming:
Plantation.
COLONIAL PROFITS
African slaves were prized stronger and larger than
indigenous peoples of North America.
Worked for free, which lowered costs of production
and increased profit.
COLONIAL PROFITS
Cash-crops were where the money was. There were
cane, tobacco, and cotton.
Agricultural capacity and open space of North
America was staggering in potential.
COLONIAL PROFITS
Fisheries were a large part of the success of North
American colonialism. Cod fisheries were important
for the European market. Cod was a cheap food
source and abundant in North America. Could feed
the masses in Europe.
Whale industry was equally as vibrant for oil!
Particularly sperm whales: Had large heads and were
mostly fat (Blubber). It would produce whale oil that
was a cheap source of lamp oil.
COLONIAL PROFITS
Beaver pelt industry was incredibly rich. Skins from the
beavers were fashionable (Pragmatic).
Europe had hunted beavers to extinction while North
America had an abundance of them.
Native peoples did not hunt these animals as a
primary source of food.
HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY
Largest company to operate inside of Colonial North
America – at its peak HBC owned the business rights
to 40% of Canada.
Founded in 1670.
HBC
Was allowed to operate in any tributary that flowed
into the Hudson’s Bay.
I.5 million square miles
As a charted company it
was given into the hands
of King Charles II cousin
Prince Rupert who became
the first governor of the
company – thus naming the
lands that it operated in:
Rupert’s Land
CHARTERED
HBC became a chartered company – giving them
special powers that no other company held:
1. Could print own money. Natives could exchange
pelts for money – but the money could only be spent
in a HBC trading post! Good for Europeans, not so fair
for native trappers.
HBC AND THE MADE BEAVER
Here are the values of many of the NWC trade goods in Made Beaver:
• 1MB = .75 pounds of coloured beads
• 1MB = 1 brass kettle
• 1MB = 2 pounds of sugar1MB = 1 gallon of brandy
• 1MB = 2 yards of flannel
• 1MB = 12 dozen buttons
• 1MB = 1 pair of pants
• 1MB = 1 pair of shoes
• 1MB = 20 flints1MB = 8 knives
• 1MB = 2 hatchets
• 1MB = 20 fish hooks
• 1MB = 1 blanket
• 4 MB = 1 pistol1MB = 2 shirts
• 1MB = 1.5 pounds of gun-powder
• 11 MB = 1 musket
HBC CHARTERED
2. Had to find the North-West passage. A water route
that connects the Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific oceans
for trade.
HBC CHARTER
3. Could engage in hostilities in order to cement it’s
business success. In fact, would recruit natives to
attack competition (French traders mostly).
In 1713, by the Treaty of Utrecht, France
acknowledged England's claim to Hudson Bay.
HBC CHARTER AND DOMINANCE
Prior to the union of the North West Co. and the Hudson's Bay Co in 1821, the struggles between the2 fur-trading rivals were capped by a violent incident 19 June 1816 at Seven Oaks. The so called massacre of Seven Oaks provoked retaliation and led to a merger of the 2 companies.
TRIANGLE TRADE
• The “New World” was not found, it was conquered.
• A vibrant assortment of civilizations were disrupted.
• A colony is not an opportunity for making
somewhere/someone else rich, but rather in taking
the riches form some where else and bring it to
Europe.
TRIANGLE TRADE
Natural resources were taken
from N.A. and sent to Europe
to fuel the European factories
and keep European workers
working.
Finished goods were sold back
to colonies for a larger profit.
SLAVERY
• Main source of labour in the colonial world was not
by white European workers.
• African slaves were introduced into the new world
to satisfy the demand of Europe.
• African slaves were prized above Asian, and Native
slaves due to their generally larger size.
ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
1 0 - 1 5 M I L L I O N A F R I C A N S L A V E S B R O U G H T T O N O R T H A M E R I C A
SLAVE TRADE AND CANADA
Slavery in Canada was characterized as Chattel
Slavery
Also called traditional slavery, as people are treated
as the personal property (chattel) of an owner and
are bought and sold as if they were commodities.
It is the original form of slavery.
SLAVE TRADE AND CANADA
Slavery ended in Canada in 1833.
Canada’s role in the Atlantic Slave Trade was very
minor, easily over shadowed by the slave trade in the
United States.
In fact, the United States was the last modern nation
to abolish slavery in 1865.
UNDERGROUND RAILWAY
• People who helped slaves find the railroad were "agents" (or "shepherds")
• Guides were known as "conductors"
• Hiding places were "stations"
• "Station masters" hid slaves in their homes
• Escaped slaves were referred to as "passengers" or "cargo"
• Slaves would obtain a "ticket"
• Similar to common gospel lore, the "wheels would keep on turning"
• Financial benefactors of the Railroad were known as "stockholders".[
UNDERGROUND RAILWAY
Underground Railroad Quilt Code
Secret messages in the form of quilt patterns helped
slaves escape the bonds of captivity in the Southern
states before and during the American Civil War.
UNDERGROUND RAILWAY: CODES
Log Cabin
This symbol was used in a quilt or drawn on the ground
to indicate that it was necessary to seek shelter.
Rose Wreath
This symbol indicated that someone had died on the
journey. It was an African tradition to leave floral
wreaths on graves.
Shoofly
This was a symbol that identified a person who could
guide slaves and help them escape along the
Underground Railroad.
UNDERGROUND RAILWAY TO FREEDOM
Codes: key to freedom
Slaves could not read or write; it was illegal to teach
a slave to do so. Codes, therefore, were important to
the slaves’ existence and their route to freedom,
which eventually became known as the
Underground Railroad.
COLONIALISM: THE DARKER SIDE
Colonialism is equivalent to Genocide. The United Nations (UN) defines genocide as any of the following acts:
1. Killing people of different race, religion, culture
2. Preventing Births of same group
3. To cause mental or physical harm.
4. Removal of children from parents and family groups.
5. Prohibit: Take away or limit one’s ability to thrive. (Hunt/Fish)
CHAPTER 3: VOCABULARY
1. Manifest Destiny:
2. Annexation:
3. Protectionism:
4. Intendant:
5. Natural Increase:
6. Le Grand Derangement:
7. Great Upheaval:
8. Sovereignty:
9. United Empire Loyalists:
10. Thirteen Colonies:
11. Intolerable Acts:
12. First Nations:
13. Indentured Servant
14. Confederacy:
15. Reciprocity Treaty
16. Rupert's Land:
17. British North America (BNA) Act:
18. Alaska Boundary Dispute:
19. Underground Railroad:
20. Civil Rights:
21. Freehold Land Tenure:
AMERICAN REVOLUTION: 1776
The thirteen Colonies were rebellious:
Taxation without representation. Where they paid
taxes to the British who were fighting a war vs. the
French.
British did not allow Colonists to expand into Indian
lands
French Canadians were
allowed to expand into
the Indian lands.
BRITISH EMPIRE VS. COLONISTS
The British could not fight the Colonists with their entire army. England and its empire were far spread and defending it required having their army evenly distributed. Plus – fighting the French took energy.
British did not enjoy the uncivilized tactics used by the rebels either. These weaknesses were exploited by the Rebels.
Colonies who were loyal (Loyalists) went North and reinforced the colony of Canada.
Loyalists were not popular among the rebels.
Rebels vs. Loyalists: Tar and Feathering. Where they would take a loyalist supporter, strip their shirt off and pour tar on them then cover them with feathers and make them walk around in public. Deadly!
LINE FORMATIONS
Line Infantry had three formations used since 1700’s:
Square (defends all sides at once)
Line (advancing towards enemy – it is slow)
Column (moving from point A to point B)
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
• The Leadership of Revolutionaries: George
Washington
• On 1776, July 4th the Revolution ended which was
the birth of the United States. Now known as
Independence Day.
• England gave up its right to the
New England colonies.
• Even though England did not
express interest in attacking
USA, they continued to make
life difficult!
32 MONTH WAR
THE WAR OF 1812: THE SECOND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE:
As much about retaliation, as it was injustices as England had made life difficult:
1. Impressing Sailors: To force them into military services. (Had to stop)
2. Tecumseh bent on stopping U.S. expansion west.
3. Britain will not fight because of the French war.
4. French Canadians were revolting vs. the British as well.
5. Manifest Destiny6.Belief that "Brother vs. Brother“ would work in their favour.
T H E R E W A S L I M I T E D B R I T I S H R E G U L A R S , C A N A D I A N M I L I T I A , A N D N A T I V E A L L I E S .
ON LAND
B R I T I S H D O M I N A N C E
AT SEA
TECUMSEH
Native Alliance :
Was the Shawnee Chief brought together 15 groups making up a Native alliance.
He stopped American settlers from expanding into Native territory (through force)
He secured a sovereign First Nations Homeland in the interior. West of Ohio, Great Lakes to Florida.
Was a direct Native threat to the U.S.A.
Had been an aggressor against the US for many years (since late childhood)
GENERAL ISAAC BROCK
Brock was 42 when war
eventually broke out in June
1812. Of the 5,200 regulars in
the colony, 1,200 were
stationed with Brock in Upper
Canada and of the 11,000
militia, Brock estimated that
fewer than 4,000 could be trusted to fight.
Even the population's loyalty
to the British cause gave rise
to serious concerns. This
prompted Brock to remark
that "Most of the people have
lost all confidence. I however
speak loud and look big!"
PRESIDENT MADISON
A powerful motivation for the
Americans was the desire to
uphold national honour in the
face of what they considered to
be British insults. Some American
politicians considered this a
second war of independence.
The approaching conflict was
about violations of American
rights, but was it also about
vindication of American identity.
RETALIATION BY BRITISH
On 16 August, Brock marched up the road toward Fort Detroit as
Tecumseh’s men swept north through the forest. The popular
story that Tecumseh marched his men three times through an
opening in the forest to give the idea of a much larger force
lacks real evidence.
Nevertheless, at 10 am a white flag appeared over the walls of
the fort. The American loss was considerable: some 2188 men,
39 guns, a large store of shot, flint, powder and supplies, and an
unfinished ship, the Adams. US general Hull is sent home and
Court Marshalled!
THE LEGEND OF LAURA SECORD
Canadian heroine of the War
of 1812 who, having
overheard that the Americans
were planning to ambush a
small detachment of British
soldiers under Lieutenant
James FitzGibbon, set off on a
dangerous 20-mile cross-
country trek to warn him.
Thus forewarned, FitzGibbon
turned the tables on the
Americans at the Battle of Beaver Dams, defeating and
capturing an entire American
regiment with his tiny force.
AMBUSH AT BEAVER DAMS
June 1813, 500 US soldiers
captured by tiny militia
force and Natives
BATTLE OF CHATEAUGUAY
October 1813, 2600 US soldiers tricked into attacking uphill towards a easily defended forest. Canadian Militia, French Militia, and Native Warriors numbering only 1300 defend and repel superior force causing a route.
First Canadian Victory!
BATTLE OF YORK
On April 27, 1813, American forces, under General Henry Dearborn, captured the British base at York, Canada. This attack is in response to the loss of Detroit in 1812.York is destroyed, resulting in loss of US soldiers. In turn US sack the city of York.
CHESAPEAKE VS. SHANNON
On June 1, 1813, the
USS "Chesapeake"
is attacked and
captured by the
HMS "Shannon."
BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE
On September 10, 1813,
Commodore Perry defeats
the British fleet at the Battle of
Lake Erie. The Battle, which is
hard fought by both sides,
ends up with a total defeat
for the British. Perry sends his
famous message: "WE HAVE
MET THE ENEMY AND THEY ARE
OURS.
Lake Erie from this time
forward becomes an American lake.
BATTLE OF THAMES
On October 5, 1813, at the Battle of Thames, American forces cross into Canada across Lake Erie after the American victory on the lake. British forces, under General Proctor, are forced to withdraw, with American forces following closely. The American forces catch up with the British and Indians, and decisively defeat them. Tecumseh, the Indian chief, is killed in the battle.
BATTLE OF LUNDY'S LANE
Bloodiest battle on Canadian Soil
On July 25, 1814 the Battle of Lundy's Lane, near Niagara Falls, takes place. In the course of the battle, 2500 men, commanded by General Gaines for the Americans and General Drummond for the British, exchange in intense fire. Eight hundred and fifty men on both sides are casualties.
TECUMSEH’S LEGEND
1. Tecumseh lost three close family members to frontier violence.Born in 1768 in present-day Ohio, Tecumseh lived during an era of near-constant conflict between his Shawnee tribe and white frontiersmen.
2. Tecumseh took part in the worst defeat ever inflicted by Native Americans on U.S. forces.In fall 1790, the Shawnee and Miami tribes repelled an assault on their villages near modern Fort Wayne, Indiana, killing 183 U.S. troops in the process.
3. Tecumseh tried to unite all tribes against white expansion.Tecumseh envisioned a confederacy that would bring all of the tribes together—even longtime enemies—to resist the whites’ insatiable desire for land.
4. The U.S. Army invaded while Tecumseh was away.While Tecumseh was down south in fall 1811, William Henry Harrison, then governor of the Indiana Territory, decided to march on Prophetstown.
5. Tecumseh allied himself with the British during the War of 1812.When the War of 1812 broke out in June of that year, Tecumseh and his supporters immediately joined with the British.
6. Many myths sprang up around Tecumseh.No one knows for sure who killed Tecumseh, but that didn’t stop a number of people from taking credit. Richard M. Johnson, for example, rode his reputation as Tecumseh’s killer to the vice presidency in 1836.
WASHINGTON BURNS
White wash used to
cover scorch marks.
British forces march on
Washington April, 1814. At a
brief battle on the road,
known as the Battle of
Bladensburg; the British forces
defeat the American forces,
who withdraw in disarray, thus
opening the road to
Washington. The British burn
the White House and the
Capitol, but the rest of
Washington is saved by a strong rain storm. The British,
under orders not to hold any
territory, withdrew.
ATTACK ON BALTIMORE
The American forces
stop the British advance
on Baltimore. The British
are stopped by a
determined defense
along the road to
Baltimore. Unlike on the
road to Washington,
these American forces
do not break like Detroit.
Legendary poem written during the
attack.