Canadian Citizenship Preparation

CourseWeek 2

▪ Canada’s History ▪ The First Europeans▪ The War of 1812▪ Confederation

Topics

▪ Canada’s History

Aboriginal Peoples

Huron-Wendat of the Great Lakes Farmers and hunters

Iroquois

Cree Hunters gatherers

Dee of the Northwest

Aboriginal Groups

▪ Huron-Wendat of the Great Lakes

Farmers and hunters ▪Historic enemies of the Iroquois

▪Fought against the French and made peace in 1701

▪ Iroquois (confederation of Six First Nations)

▪ Cree Hunters gatherers▪ Dee of the Northwest▪ Sioux Nomadic/ buffalo hunters▪ Inuit Lived in the Arctic

Note: Warfare was common among Aboriginals as they competed for land, resources and prestige.

Arrival of Europeans (including traders, soldiers, and missionaries)

▪ Change in the first 200 years ▪ Death (spread of diseases; Aboriginals could not fight) ▪ Strong economic, religious and military links

▪ The First Europeans

Names to remember ▪ John Cabot ▪ James Wolfe▪ Jacques Cartier ▪ Marquis de Montcalm ▪ Pierre de Monts ▪ Jean Talon▪ Samuel de Champlain ▪ Count Frontenac▪ Bishop Laval

First explorations

▪ 1497-

European exploration started by John Cabot

Cabot drew a map of Canada’s East Coast (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland)

Exploring a river, naming Canada

▪ 1534- 1542 Jacques Cartier

-made three trips across the Atlantic

-claimed lands for France, and

-explored the Lawrence River,

-set eyes on what is Quebec and Montreal cities,

-heard “Kanata” (Iroquoian for village)

Royal New France

▪ 1604-first European settlement by the French (Pierre de Monts, Samuel de Champlain)in a) St. Croix Island- Maine, b) Port-Royal in Acadia- Nova Scotia

▪ 1608 Champlain- built a fortress (what is now Quebec City)

-connected with the Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron

Royal New France

-The French and Aboriginals became partners in the fur-trade.

-Jean Talon, Bishop Laval, and Count Frontenac were “outstanding leaders” who built a French empire in North America

Struggle for a new continent

▪ 1670-King Charles II of England granted the Hudson’s Bay Company exclusive trading rights

-For a century this company competed with Montreal- based traders

-The voyageurs and courers des bois formed alliances with First Nations

-English colonies became richer and more populous than New France

Struggle for a new continent

▪ 1700’s -France and Great Britain fought for control of North America.

▪ 1759-The British defeated the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Quebec City ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ end of France’s empire in America ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪

-Brigadier James Talon and Marquis de Montcalm are important figures for both armies

The Province of Quebec

-Following the war, the British renamed the colony the “Province of Quebec”.

http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec/

http://www.ville.quebec.qc.ca/EN/apropos/portrait/histoire/1608-1755.aspx

A tradition of accommodation

▪ Quebec Act of 1774

-one of the constitutional foundations of Canada

-to better govern the French Roman Catholic majority

-allowed religious freedom for Catholics

-permitted Catholics to hold public office (not allowed in Britain)

-restored French civil law while maintain British criminal law

United Empire Loyalists

▪ 1776-13 British colonies to the south of Quebec

declared independence forming the US

-The Loyalists--- loyal to the Crown--- left the south to settle in Nova Scotia and Quebec

-Joseph Brant led Loyalist Mohawk Indians into Canada

-Black Loyalists came north too; in 1792, they moved to establish Freetown, Sierra Leone

(West Africa), which was a new British colony for freed slaves

The Beginnings of Democracy

▪ 1758 First representative assembly elected in Halifax,

Nova Scotia

▪ 1773 in Prince Edward Island

▪ 1785 New Brunswick

The Beginnings of Democracy (IMPORTANT)

▪ 1791 The Constitutional Act divided the Province of Quebec into: a) Upper Canada what is now Ontario; mainly Loyalist, Protestant &

Anglophone b) Lower Canada what is now Quebec; heavily Catholic & Francophone

▪ The Constitutional Act granted:c) legislative assemblies elected by people d) the name Canada became officiale) Atlantic colonies, Upper & Lower Canada were known as

British North America

▪ The War of 1812

▪ The War of 1812http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=who+won+the+war+of+1812&FORM=VIRE3#view=detail&mid=36C2B2AE4410FA5B22C336C2B2AE4410FA5B22C3

Names to remember ▪ Chief Tecumseh▪ Major General Sir Isaac Brock▪ Lieutenant-Colonel Charles de Salaberry▪ Laura Secord▪ Lieutenant James FitzGibbon

- Current Canada-USA border is partly the result of the War of 1812

- The border ensures that Canada would remain independent of the USA

NOTE

1809 -▪ James Madison became US president

▪ The War of 1812 was known in the United States as "Mr. Madison's War”

DETAILS

1805 -▪ The British Empire became very powerful after defeating Napoleon

▪ Americans felt uncomfortable at the British interference with their shipping

1812- ▪ The U.S. launched an invasion in June with the idea that it would be easy

DETAILS

▪ Aboriginals led by Chief Tecumseh supported the British soldiers

▪ Major General Isaac Brock captured Detroit, but killed at Queenston Heights near Niagara Falls – battle U.S. lost

1813- ▪ Mostly French Canadiens led by Lieutenant-Colonel Charles de Salaberry, turned back 4, 000 American invaders at Chateauguay, south of Montreal

DETAILS

1813- ▪ Americans burned Government House and the Parliament Building in York (what is now Toronto)

1814-▪ The British burned the White House and other public buildings in Washington D.C. led by Major-General Robert Ross from Nova Scotia; Ross died in battle

DETAILS

1815- ▪ The Treaty of Ghent negotiated on December 24, 1814, and ratified on February 16, 1815, finally ended the War.

DETAILS

▪ Confederation

Responsible Government (IMPORTANT)

▪ 1840-Upper and Lower Canada were united as the Province of Canada

▪ 1847-1848-The first British North American colony to get

“full” responsible government was Nova Scotia.

Responsible Government (IMPORTANT)

▪ 1849-Sir Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine became the 1st head of the responsible government (similar to

a Prime Minister)

-La Fontaine was pro-democracy and French language rights

Why Confederation?

▪ 1860 In the 1860s the British colonies were

facing many different kinds of problems:

Why Confederation?

▪ Economic problems

-In order for their economies to do well, the colonies needed to -be able to sell their goods to other markets. -At this time there were very few places that they could sell to. --One solution was to bring all the colonies together. -In this way they could more easily sell their goods to each other.

Why Confederation?

▪ Political problems

-The government of the Province of Canada did not run smoothly because the English-speaking and French-speaking halves had different ideas.

-Leaders from both parts of the province decided that joining the other colonies might help solve their own political problems.

Why Confederation?

▪ Military problems

- The relationship between the British North America and US had never been stable. -Many Americans wanted to take over all of what is now Canada. -Britain didn't want to have to pay for the cost of defending its colonies. -It encouraged the colonies to join together, because US would be less likely to attack Canada if it were a self-governing country rather than separate colonies of Britain.

-The fear of the United States helped to strengthen the call for Confederation.

Why Confederation?

Sourcehttp://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/kids/023002-1010-e.html

Sources:

Information was collected from Discover Canada Study Guide (2011); pages 14 to 19

Compiled by Joana Sotomayor

Canadian Citizenship Preparation

CourseWeek 2