Canada’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory

Presentation to the Oslo GroupFebruary 2009

Frank Neitzert, P. EngChief, Energy SectionGreenhouse Gas DivisionEnvironment Canada

Page 2 – April 21, 2023

Outline

• National Greenhouse Gas Inventory

• Canada’s Reporting Obligations– UNFCCC Monitoring, Reporting and Review

– Kyoto Protocol Requirements

– Key Reporting and Review Principles

• Energy Sector– Greenhouse Gas Contribution– Emission Development

▪ Stationary Combustion▪ Data Partner

– Improvement Activities

– Emission Trends

Page 3 – April 21, 2023

National Greenhouse Gas Inventory

• Government of Canada’s policy is to comply with international reporting obligations and support the development of quality inventories

• Reporting to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for close to two decades

• National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (consists of the national inventory report and the common reporting formation tables)

– Provides a complete national picture of greenhouse gas emissions and removals for a variety of government and public interest purposes

• Inventory improvement activities are conducted annually to reduce uncertainties associated with the estimates based on industry studies, emission factor research, provincial collaborations, QA/AC procedures, peer reviews and key category identification.

• Institutional Arrangements are a Pillar for Data Collection and Quality Assurance

Page 4 – April 21, 2023

Canada’s GHG Reporting Obligations

• Canada’s National Inventory must be comprehensive, accurate and verifiable, and must enable reconstruction of estimates from all sources and sinks.

• National Inventory serves a dual purpose and must meet requirements of both UNFCCC & Kyoto

• Obligation to use as detailed and up-to-date information as practical to ensure accurate and meaningful estimates

– “As part of its inventory planning, each Party included in Annex I should consider ways to improve the quality of activity data, emission factors, methods and other relevant technical elements of inventories.” FCCC/KP/CMP//2005/8/Add.3 Decision 19 CMP.1

Page 5 – April 21, 2023

UNFCCC Monitoring, Reporting & Review

• Methods– Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

(IPCC 1996)– IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000 & 2003 for LULUCF)

• Reporting– UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines on annual greenhouse gas inventories

(Decision 18/CP.8 & Decision 13/CP.9, 14CP.11)

• Review– UNFCCC Review Guidelines (Decision 19/CP.8 annex and Decision

12/CP.9)

Page 6 – April 21, 2023

Kyoto Protocol RequirementsKyoto Protocol Requirements

• National System requires additional information under the Kyoto Protocol in accordance with Articles 5, and 7 of the Protocol

• By January 1, 2007, need to meet international guidelines related to :

• The National System (Article 5.1) - the institutional, legal and procedural arrangements necessary to estimate, verify and report emissions and removals of greenhouse gases

• The National Registry (Article 7.4) – the electronic database to account for transaction of Kyoto units

• The Annual Inventory Report – (Article 7.1) the reporting of all information required to assess compliance with the target

Compliance with these guidelines is mandatory to:• establish an emissions allowance (initial assigned amount)• participate in the Kyoto Mechanisms• Avoid a third-party “adjustment” to our emissions estimate

Page 7 – April 21, 2023

Key Reporting and Review Principles

Transparency▪ Assumptions & methodologies clear

Consistency▪ All inventory years internally consistent – data/methods

Comparability▪ IPCC methods and UNFCCC reporting guidelines used

Completeness▪ All sources/sinks, gases, years included

Accuracy▪ Promoted via Good Practice Guidance▪ (QA/QC, Key category identification, uncertainty analysis and

formalized institutional arrangements)

Page 8 – April 21, 2023

Overall Goal - Improving Inventory Quality

National GHG Inventories should be:

• Accurate in the sense that they are neither over- nor underestimated as far as can be judged,

• Precise in the sense that uncertainties in the estimates should be reduced as far as practical.

Inaccuratebut Precise

Inaccurate & Imprecise

Accuratebut Imprecise

Precise & Accurate

The Energy Sector

Page 10 – April 21, 2023

Energy 80%

Industrial Processes and Other

Product Use8%

Agriculture9%

Waste3%

Greenhouse Gas Contribution

• In 2006, the Energy Sector accounts for about 80% (583 Mt CO2 eq) of the national total greenhouse gas emissions (721 Mt CO2 eq.)

• The energy sector includes emissions from:– Stationary Combustion = 324 Mt CO2 eq.

– Transport = 192 Mt CO2 eq.

– Fugitives = 67 Mt CO2 eq.

Page 11 – April 21, 2023

Emission Development

• In general, emissions are developed on the basis of fuel data.

• Almost all fuel data is supplied by Statistics Canada, Canada’s national statistics agency

• There are two major emission categories in the Energy Sector:

– Combustion sources ▪ Electricity generation, petroleum refining, oil and natural gas

industries, mining, transport, manufacturing industries, commercial and residential, forestry, agriculture, etc…

– Fugitive sources▪ Intentional and un-intentional releases from fossil fuel production,

processing, transportation, distribution, storage, etc…

Page 12 – April 21, 2023

Emissions

Combustion Sources

Emissions = Σ(Fuel Use x EF)category

Where: EF = Emission Factor = Oxidation Factor per unit fuel

Statistics Canada’s Energy Balances (RESD)

Greenhouse Gas Categories 2005 2006

TOTAL1 734,491 720,632

ENERGY 596,307 583,100a. Stationary Combustion Sources 338,308 324,183

Electricity and Heat Generation 124,680 116,989Fossil Fuel Industries 68,916 67,856

Petroleum Refining and Upgrading 17,316 16,229Fossil Fuel Production 51,600 51,628

Mining & Oil and Gas Extraction 15,563 16,539Manufacturing Industries 47,301 46,336

Iron and Steel 6,476 6,377Non Ferrous Metals 3,270 3,047Chemical 6,341 6,491Pulp and Paper 7,177 5,952Cement 4,593 4,852Other Manufacturing 19,444 19,618

Construction 1,364 1,304Commercial & Institutional 36,699 33,437Residential 41,807 39,802Agriculture & Forestry 1,978 1,920

b. Transport2 192,519 192,125Civil Aviation (Domestic Aviation) 8,574 8,435Road Transportation 130,721 133,233

Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles 39,882 38,905Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks 43,078 44,780Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles 6,295 6,275Motorcycles 251 259Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles 432 433Light-Duty Diesel Trucks 2,131 2,327Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles 37,927 39,449Propane & Natural Gas Vehicles 725 804

Railways 6,194 6,388Navigation (Domestic Marine) 6,441 5,754Other Transportation 40,589 38,315

Off-Road Gasoline 7,364 6,677Off-Road Diesel 23,090 21,976Pipelines 10,134 9,662

c. Fugitive Sources 65,481 66,792Coal Mining 726 640Oil and Natural Gas 64,755 66,152

Oil 5,646 5,714Natural Gas 20,840 21,350Venting 32,805 33,114Flaring 5,464 5,974

Page 13 – April 21, 2023

Data Partners

●Energy Estimates of GHG Inventory

• Annual CRF Tables, Database

•Portions of National Inventory Report

• Trends and Other Analyses, Reports and Documents

• Contributions to Country Reviews and ERT Reports

• Portions of IPCC Guidelines

PR

OD

UC

TS

PR

OD

UC

TS

ExchangeExchangeExchange

• CIEEDAC - Informal Expert QA• Provincial Colleagues (National Air Issues Coordinating Committee) – Stakeholder Review

• CIEEDAC - Informal Expert QA• Provincial Colleagues (National Air Issues Coordinating Committee) – Stakeholder Review

- Performs Energy Estimates:●Stationary Model●Transport Model●Fugitive Model

- Performs QC, verification- GHG and Trends Analyses

(Primary source for Division)- Develops CRF Tables for Division- ERT reviews, IPCC Guidance

INP

UT

SIN

PU

TS

Canadian Industrial End Use Data Analysis Centre (CIEEDAC)

Industrial Information (including emission factors)

Environmental Technology & Science Centre (Environment Can.)Vehicle Measurements & Expertise

Natural Resources CanadaCollaboration on TransportModelling, Activity Data

Statistics Canada

Energy, Other Activity Data

Review

Energy Section, GHG Division

Natural ResourcesCanada

●Analysis, Modeling Div:Energy, GHG Forecast

●Office of Energy Efficiency: Emissions Data, Energy Analysis

Environment Canada

●GHG Division (OtherSections): Collaboration

●Other Groups: GHGForecasts, Surveys, Data

Consulting GroupsSpecialty Emissions Expertise

PARTNERS:

OTHERS:

Page 14 – April 21, 2023

Energy Statistics – Strengths & Weaknesses

Annual Report on Energy Supply & Demand – Key Source of Data.

Strengths• Captures all energy use including internally produced and consumed energy.• Differentiates between fuels used for industrial processes and fuels used for

electricity.• Differentiates between energy products used for energy purposes and non-fuel

use (e.g. natural gas and petroleum coke).• Provides information for a large number of energy commodities at a fine level

of detail.

Weaknesses• Reliance on information provided by suppliers of energy• Energy consumption data for key sectors such as oil and gas• More industry detail required for key sectors • Alternative and emerging transportation fuels• Little provincial energy consumption data

Page 15 – April 21, 2023

Reporting Emissions in the Common Reporting Format• Emissions are reported by

detailed UNFCCC Common Reporting Format (CRF) categories, whenever possible

• In some cases the energy data is not broken down by CRF category

– E.g.: Energy data for industrial electricity production is not broken down by the industries in which it is generated

– Therefore must allocate differently than in CRF

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A. Fuel Combustion Activities (Sectoral Approach)1. Energy Industries

a. Public Electricity and Heat Productionb. Petroleum Refiningc. Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries

2. Manufacturing Industries and Construction

a. Iron and Steelb. Non-Ferrous Metalsc. Chemicalsd. Pulp, Paper and Printe. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobaccof. Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2)1.AA.2.F.ii Mining1.AA.2.F.i Cement1.AA.2.F.iv Other Manufacturing1.AA.2.F.iii Construction

3. Transport

a. Civil Aviationb. Road Transportationc. Railwaysd. Navigatione. Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3)Other non-specified

4. Other Sectors

a. Commercial/Institutionalb. Residentialc. Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries

5. Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 4)a. Stationaryb. Mobile

B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels1. Solid Fuels

a. Coal Mining and Handlingb. Solid Fuel Transformationc. Other (as specified in table 1.B.1)

2. Oil and Natural Gas

a. Oilb. Natural Gasc. Venting and Flaring

VentingFlaring

d. Other (as specified in table 1.B.2)

Page 16 – April 21, 2023

Continuous Improvement Activities

• Reliable, precise energy data is critical to accurate and transparent energy sector estimates

• Energy section representatives:– Work directly with Statistics Canada to review annual energy data and assist

in the development of improved data surveys– Serve on interdepartmental groups to direct work, discuss issues and

improvements▪ Energy Steering Committee ▪ Energy Working Group

• Energy Balances and the Industrial Consumers of Energy survey (a key input to the Balances) are jointly supported by Environment Canada and Natural Resources Canada

– This funding is obtained by means of annual updated memorandum of understanding

– No long-term funding is in place for this critical energy data

Page 17 – April 21, 2023

Emission Trends

• Between 1990 and 2006– Increasing domestic and

foreign demand for oil and gas contributed to an increase of 43 Mt CO2 eq. (34% of Canadian total) emissions in the fossil fuel industry.

– Rising demand for electricity along with increasing use of fossil fuels in the generation mix drove GHG emissions up by 22 Mt CO2 eq. (17% of Canadian total) in the electricity and heat generation sector

– Emissions from the transport sector has increased by 44 Mt CO2 eq. (34% of Canadian total) due in parts to rising use of light duty gasoline trucks and heavy duty diesel vehicles

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