Cabbies v DFW Airport

8/20/2019 Cabbies v DFW Airport

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Ln. JG-8=-0;640

HWWNGFHZFNL NC ZH[FGHD § FL ZKM JFWZTFGZ GN]TZNPMTHZNTW, ]WH, §

§

Pahfltfcc , §§S. § NC JHAAHW GN]LZV, ZM[HW

§JHAAHW-CNTZ YNTZK §FLZMTLHZFNLHA HFTPNTZ DNHTJ 2 §]DMT ZMGKLNANIFMW, FLG.2 hlj §AVCZ, FLG.2 §

§ Jmcmljhlts. § :: ZK O]JFGFHA JFWZTFGZ

PAHFLZFCC‖W WMGNLJ HEMLJMJ PMZFZFNL HLJ TMX]MWZ CNT ZMEPNTHTVHLJ PMTEHLMLZ FLO]LGZFNL

GNEMW LNY, tkm Pahfltfcc, Hssngfhtfnl nc Zhxfghd Npmrhtnrs, ]WH, gnepahflfli nc

Jmcmljhlt, Jhaahs-Cnrt Ynrtk Fltmrlhtfnlha Hfrpnrt Dnhrj, rmspmgtcuaay sknwfli tkm Knlnrhdam Gnurt

tkm cnaanwfli fl tkfs gfvfa ghusm nc hgtfnl drnuikt uljmr tkm ]lfcnre Jmgahrhtnry Oujiemlts Hgt?

H. Jfsgnvmry Gnltrna Pahl

8. Pursuhlt tn Zmx. T. Gfv. P. 860, Pahfltfcc fltmljs tn gnljugt jfsgnvmry uljmr Amvma 7 nc

Zmx. T. Gfv. P. 860.:.

D. Phrtfms

4. Pahfltfcc, Hssngfhtfnl nc Zhxfghd Npmrhtnrs, ]WH , (‑HZN―), h jnemstfg lnl-prncft

gnrpnrhtfnl , fs h prncmssfnlha hssngfhtfnl flgnrpnrhtmj fl tkm Wthtm nc Zmxhs, wftk fts prflgfpha pahgm nc

dusflmss fl tkm Gfty nc Jhaahs, Jhaahs Gnulty, Zmxhs. Pahfltfcc ehy dm gnlthgtmj mxgausfvmay tkrnuik

tkm uljmrsfilmj gnulsma nc rmgnrj.

PAHFLZFCC‖W WMGNLJ HEMLJMJ PMZFZFNL HLJ TMX]MWZ CNT ZMEPNTHTV HLJ PMTEHLMLZFLO]LGZFNL - Phim 8 nc 87


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7. Jmcmljhlt, Jhaahs-Cnrtk Ynrtk Fltmrlhtfnlha Hfrpnrt Dnhrj, (‑JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj―) h

invmrlemltha mltfty , fs h onflt dnhrj grmhtmj dy tkm gftfms nc Jhaahs hlj Cnrt Ynrtk uljmr Z M[ .

ZTHLWP. GNJM § 44.09: cnr tkm purpnsm nc npmrhtfli Jhaahs-Cnrt Ynrtk Fltmrlhtfnlha Hfrpnrt. JCY

Hfrpnrt Dnhrj khs prmvfnusay ehjm hl hppmhrhlgm fl tkfs ghsm.

:. Jmcmljhlt, ]dmr Zmgklnanifms, Flg. (‑]dmr―), h cnrmfil gnrpnrhtfnl , fs h Ghafcnrlfh

gnrpnrhtfnl tkht fs gnltflunusay hlj systmehtfghaay jnfli dusflmss fl tkm Wthtm nc Zmxhs hs ‑]dmr― hlj

‑]dmr Zmxhs.― ]dmr ehy dm smrvmj dy smrvfli fts Zmxhs himlt cnr smrvfgm nc prngmss?

Lhtfnlha Tmifstmrmj Himlts, Flg., 8666 Dryhl, Wuftm 600, Jhaahs, Zmxhs 9=408 .

=. Jmcmljhlt, Ayct Flg., (‑Ayct―), h cnrmfil gnrpnrhtfnl , fs h Ghafcnrlfh gnrpnrhtfnl tkht fsgnltflunusay hlj systmehtfghaay jnfli dusflmss fl tkm Wthtm nc Zmxhs hs ‑Ayct.― Ayct ehy dm smrvmj dy

smrvfli fts Zmxhs himlt cnr smrvfgm nc prngmss?

Flgnrpnrhtfli Wmrvfgms, Atj., 7380-4 L. Onsmy, Wuftm 447, Ghrrnaatnl, Z[ 9=009-8307 .

G. Ourfsjfgtfnl

3. Zkm Gnurt khs ourfsjfgtfnl nvmr tkm Jmcmljhlts dmghusm tkfs gnltrnvmrsy hrfsms nut nc

Jmcmljhlts‖ npmrhtfnls fl tkm Wthtm nc Zmxhs, hlj Pahfltfcc smmbs nl dmkhac nc fts gnlstftumlt emedmrs h

jmgahrhtfnl nc tkm sthtus nc tkmfr prnpmrty rfikts uljmr tkm Zmxhs Gnlstftutfnl fl tkm vhaum nc tkm JCY

Hfrpnrt thxfghd pmrefts fssumj tn tkm Pahfltfcc‖s gnlstftumlt emedmrs, gnlsfjmrfli tkm prmvfnusay

afeftmj luedmr nc hfrpnrt pmrefts tkht khj dmml fssumj dy tkm JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj, hlj tkm flkmrmlt

vhaum tkht whs kfstnrfghaay httrfdutmj tn tkm JCY Hfrpnrt thxfghd pmreft crne 400; ultfa Huiust 8,

408=.



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J. Smlum

9. Smlum fs prnpmr fl tkfs Gnulty, hs h sudsthltfha phrt nc tkm mvmlts nr nefssfnls gnlstftutfli

tkm dhsfs cnr tkfs ahwsuft nggurrmj fl tkfs Gnulty.

M. Wthtmemlt nc tkm Ghsm

;. Pahfltfcc smmbs, uljmr tkm ]lfcnre Jmgahrhtnry Oujiemlts Hgt, tn khvm tkm Gnurt gnlstrum

tkm sgnpm hlj mccmgt nc Jmcmljhlt JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj‖s rmgmlt mlhgtemlt nc thxfghd pmreft ruams tkht

jrhstfghaay enjfcfmj tkm thxfghd pmreft ruams tkht khj dmml fl pahgm cnr ymhrs, hlj smvmrmay jmvhaumj tkm

vhaum nc tkm JCY Hfrpnrt thxfghd pmrefts tkht khj prmvfnusay dmml fssumj dy tkm JCY Hfrpnrt Irnulj

Zrhlspnrthtfnl Jmphrtemlt crne hpprnxfehtmay efj-400; tkrnuik Ouay 78, 408=. Jmcmljhlts ]dmr Zmgklnanifms, Flg. hlj Ayct, Flg. hrm dmfli hjjmj hs lmgmsshry phrtfms tn tkm ahwsuft wftk tkfs hemljmj

pmtftfnl. Zkm ruams prmvfnusay fl pahgm, hlj tkm afeftmj luedmr nc pmrefts fssumj nvmr enst nc tkm ahst

jmghjm jum tn tknsm ruams, khvm dmml rmafmj upnl dy Pahfltfcc‖s gnlstftumlt emedmrskfp nc thxfghd

jrfvmrs -- tkht jmrfvm tkmfr dusflmss hlj mgnlnefg afvmafknnj prfehrfay crne trhlspnrtfli phssmlimrs tn

hlj crne tkm Jhaahs-Cnrt Ynrtk Fltmrlhtfnlha Hfrpnrt (‑Zkm Hfrpnrt―) -- tn dm hdam tn jmvmanp hlj

ehflthfl tkmfr dusflmss ht tkm hfrpnrt.

6. Prfnr tn tkm lmw, eflfeha thxfghd pmrefttfli ruams dmfli hpprnvmj dy tkm JCY Hfrpnrt

Dnhrj hlj ehjm mccmgtfvm nl Huiust 8, 408=, tkm prfnr, enrm strflimlt thxfghd pmrefttfli ruams wmrm fl

pahgm cnr hpprnxfehtmay 9 ymhrs. Hjjftfnlhaay, ultfa Huiust 8, 408=, dhsmj nl h 4009 stujy

gneefssfnlmj dy tkm JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj tkht cnulj tkht tkmrm wmrm tnn ehly thxfghds npmrhtfli ht

tkm Hfrpnrt, tkm JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj khj h pnafgy nc afeftfli tkm luedmr nc thxfghd pmrefts irhltmj tn

npmrhtm ht tkm Hfrpnrt, hlj tkht afeft nl tkm luedmr nc hfrpnrt thxfghd pmrefts whs fl pahgm cnr gansm tn

h jmghjm, jurfli wkfgk tfem tkm Pahfltfcc‖s gnlstftumlt emedmrs khvm ehjm anli-tmre dusflmss



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jmgfsfnls hdnut mqufpemlt purgkhsms dhsmj nl tkm hfrpnrt dusflmss tkht tkmy khvm dmml hdam tn jmvmanp

jum tn tkm afeftmj luedmr nc JCY Hfrpnrt thxfghd pmrefts tkht khvm dmml fssumj fl rmgmlt ymhrs.

80. Knwmvmr, hpphrmltay jum tn prmssurm crne Jmcmljhlts ]dmr hlj Ayct hlj tkmfr mltkusfhsts,

Jmcmljhlt JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj fepamemltmj h lmw smt nc pnafgfms mccmgtfvm nl Huiust 8, 408= tkht lnt

nlay prnvfjmj ]dmr hlj Ayct tkm hdfafty tn amihaay npmrhtm ht tkm Hfrpnrt, dut hasn ullmgmsshrfay

mafeflhtmj tkm afeft nl tkm luedmr nc pmrefts irhltmj tn thxfghd npmrhtnrs smmbfli tn ehflthfl dusflmss

ht tkm Hfrpnrt. Zkm JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj khs sthtmj tkht tkm rmhsnl cnr tkm enjfcfghtfnl nc tkm thxfghd

pmrefttfli ruams whs tn haanw ]dmr & Ayct tn npmrhtm ht tkm Hfrpnrt hlj prnvfjm enrm gnepmtftfnl hlj

gnlsuemr gknfgm, dut tkm JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj‖s mafeflhtfnl nc tkm afefthtfnl nc tkm luedmr nc thxfghd pmrefts irhltmj whs lnt lmgmsshry tn haanw ]dmr hlj Ayct tn npmrhtm ht tkm Hfrpnrt. Hjjftfnlhaay, tkm

pmrefts prmvfnusay irhltmj tn hlj phfj cnr dy Pahfltfcc‖s gnlstftumlt emedmrs crne 400; tkrnuik Ouay

78, 408= anst h sfilfcfghlt phrt nc tkmfr vhaum wkml Jmcmljhlt JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj flstftutmj h pnafgy

mccmgtfvm Huiust 8, 408= tkht mrhjfghtmj tkm afeft nl tkm luedmr nc JCY Hfrpnrt thxfghd pmrefts

irhltmj, fl gnltrhvmltfnl tn tkm stujy gneefssfnlmj fl 4009 dy tkm JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj tkht cnulj

tkht tnn ehly thxfghds wmrm npmrhtfli ht JCY Hfrpnrt.

88. Curtkmrenrm -- grftfgha tn tkm fssum nc pudafg shcmty hlj gnlstftutfli mxtrmem gnlsuemr rfsb

-- ]dmr hlj Ayct khvm anwmr npmrhtfli gnsts tkhl trhjftfnlha thxfghds phrtay dmghusm ]dmr hlj Ayct

mxpnsm tkmfr gustnemrs tn rfsb tkht trhjftfnlha thxfghds jn lnt mxpnsm tkmfr gustnemrs. Wpmgfcfghaay,

]dmr hlj Ayct dntk utfafzm hppafghtfnls (‑hpps―) flsthaamj nl h gnlsuemr‖s sehrtpknlm nr thdamt, hlj

tknsm gnephly spmgfcfg hppafghtfnls, hs fs trum hlytfem h gnlsuemr flsthaas hl hppafghtfnl nl tkmfr

gneputmr, thdamt, nr sehrtpknlm, rmqufrm h gnlsuemr tn ‑hirmm― tn tkm tmres hlj gnljftfnls nc h

‑gafgbwrhp hirmmemlt.― Smry cmw gnlsuemrs mvmr rmhj tkmsm ‑gafgbwrhp hirmmemlts,― knwmvmr, hlj

PAHFLZFCC‖W WMGNLJ HEMLJMJ PMZFZFNL HLJ TMX]MWZ CNT ZMEPNTHTV HLJ PMTEHLMLZFLO]LGZFNL - Phim : nc 87


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tkm tmres hlj gnljftfnls nc tkm ]dmr hlj Ayct hppafghtfnls hrm afbm tkrmhtmlfli flvhjmrs kfjfli wftkfl h

Zrnohl Knrsm, dmghusm bmy prnvfsfnls nc tkm tmres hlj gnljftfnls tkht ]dmr hlj Ayct gustnemrs rhrmay

mvmr rmhj hlj uljmrsthlj flgaujm h afefthtfnl nl afhdfafty tkht smmbs tn prntmgt ]dmr hlj Ayct crne

ahwsufts dy tkmfr gustnemrs, hlj h whfvmr nc tkmfr gustnemr‖s rfikt tn h trfha dy oury nc hly jfsputms.

Zkmsm afhdfafty whfvmrs tkht gnlsuemrs hrm afbmay lnt hwhrm nc hlj jn lnt uljmrsthlj tkm sfilfcfghlgm

nc fl chgt afeft ]dmr‖s hlj Ayct‖s afhdfafty (fl ]dmr‖s ghsm tn $=00), mvml fl tkm ghsm wkmrm h phssmlimr

fs smxuhaay hsshuatmj dy hl ]dmr nr Ayct jrfvmr, nr fs knrrfday ehfemj nr bfaamj dy h lmiafimlt ]dmr nr

Ayct jrfvmr.

84. Zkm phssmlimrs tkht utfafzm thxfghd smrvfgms hrm lnt mxpnsmj tn tkht mxtrmem rfsb, dmghusmtrhjftfnlha thxfghds jn lnt rmqufrm tkmfr gustnemrs tn ‑hirmm― tn h afhdfafty whfvmr nr hrdftrhtfnl

prnvfsfnl fl nrjmr tn rfjm fl h trhjftfnlha ghd. Hs h gnlsmqumlgm nc tkm anwmr afhdfafty flsurhlgm gnsts

tkht ]dmr hlj Ayct thbm hjvhlthim nc hs h rmsuat nc tkm afhdfafty whfvmrs hlj hrdftrhtfnl prnvfsfnls tkht

]dmr hlj Ayct fepnsm nl tkmfr gustnemrs, lnt nlay hrm ]dmr hlj Ayct gustnemrs mxpnsmj tn enrm rfsb

tkhl gustnemrs nc trhjftfnlha ghd smrvfgms, dut trhjftfnlha thxfghd npmrhtnrs chgm hl ulmquha ehrbmt

nppnrtulfty, jum tn tkm anwmr npmrhtfli gnsts tkht ]dmr hlj Ayct khvm jum tn tkm ahgb nc gnlsuemr

prntmgtfnls ]dmr hlj Ayct hccnrj tn tkmfr gustnemrs.

C. Chgtuha Dhgbirnulj

87. Zkm Hssngfhtfnl nc Zhxfghd Npmrhtnrs, ]WH, fs h lnl-prncft gnrpnrhtfnl nrihlfzmj cnr

purpnsms flgaujfli tknsm nc dmfli hdam tn ehbm dmttmr mqufpemlt purgkhsfli jmhas hlj hjvnghtfli nl

dmkhac nc fts gnlstftumlt emedmrs, wkfgk hrm thxfghd npmrhtnrs tkht prfehrfay ndthfl tkmfr dusflmss crne

tkm hfrpnrt.8 Zkm hfrpnrt khs h thxfghd qumum tkrnuik wkfgk fl rmgmlt ymhrs haa thxfghds smmbfli tn pfgb

8 Wmm Hppmljfx ht Mxkfdft 8

PAHFLZFCC‖W WMGNLJ HEMLJMJ PMZFZFNL HLJ TMX]MWZ CNT ZMEPNTHTV HLJ PMTEHLMLZFLO]LGZFNL - Phim = nc 87


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up chrm phyfli phssmlimrs ht tkm hfrpnrt eust gygam tkrnuik h aflm (qumum) fl nrjmr tn pfgb up tknsm

phssmlimrs. Hs nc Ouay 78, 408=, tkmrm wmrm hpprnxfehtmay 8,:00 thxfghd npmrhtnrs tkht pnssmssmj

vhafj pmrefts tn mltmr tkm hfrpnrt thxfghd qumum fl nrjmr tn pfgb up phssmlimrs, hlj nl hly ifvml jhy,

hl mstfehtmj =00 tn 900 jrfvmrs jmrfvm tkmfr dusflmss crne phtfmltay wnrbfli tkmfr why tkrnuik tkm

qumum tn ndthfl chrm phyfli phssmlimrs. Mvml tknuik tkm JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj khs fssumj h afeftmj

luedmr nc thxfghd pmrefts fl rmgmlt ymhrs, tkm hfrpnrt thxfghd qumum fs h dusy pahgm, mvml uljmr tkm

pmrefttfli hlj thxfghd qumum prngmjurms tkht khvm dmml fl pahgm fl tkm ahst jmghjm.

8:. Mvml tknuik tkmy typfghaay wnrb anli knurs hlj hl nvmrwkmaefli luedmr nc jhys nc tkm

wmmb fl nrjmr tn khvm tkm flgnem tkmy lmmj tn khvm vfhdam dusflmssms hs jrfvmrs, tkm Pahfltfcc‖sgnlstftumlt emedmrs khvm gnem tn rmay kmhvfay upnl tkm enrm prmjfgthdam henult nc dusflmss tkmy ghl

ndthfl dy hgqufrfli tkm lmgmsshry flspmgtfnls, hpprnvhas, hlj dhgbirnulj gkmgbs tkht khvm dmml

rmqufrmj nc thxfghd jrfvmrs wnrbfli tkm qumum ht tkm hfrpnrt. Pahfltfcc‖s gnlstftumlt jrfvmrs khvm ehjm

anli-tmre cflhlgfha jmgfsfnls sugk hs vmkfgam purgkhsms dhsmj nl tkm rmahtfvm prmjfgthdfafty nc tkm

dusflmss tkmy ghl ndthfl crne wnrbfli khrj fl tkm dusflmss nc trhlspnrtfli hfrpnrt phssmlimrs tn hlj

crne tkm hfrpnrt.

8=. Knwmvmr, fl rmgmlt enltks, ft khs dmgnem mvfjmlt tkht trhlspnrthtfnl lmtwnrb gnephlfms

sugk hs ]dmr (hlj fts sud-drhljs sugk hs ]dmr [) hlj Ayct khvm hiirmssfvmay snuikt tn ndaftmrhtm tkm

pmrefttfli prngmss tkht tkm JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj khs khj fl pahgm cnr ehly ymhrs lnw, hlj ]dmr hlj

Ayct khvm dmml anddyfli hiirmssfvmay ht dntk tkm JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj amvma hlj ht tkm Gfty nc Jhaahs tn

hggneenjhtm tkmfr dusflmss enjmas (wkfgk hrm fl gnlcafgt wftk tkm prmvfnusay msthdafskmj pnafgy ht tkm

hfrpnrt tn afeft tkm luedmr nc trhlspnrthtfnl cnr kfrm pmrefts). ]dmr hlj Ayct hlj tkmfr mamgtrnlfghaay

nrihlfzmj mltkusfhsts khvm dmml ahrimay suggmsscua ht fltfefjhtfli invmrlemlt nccfgfhas fltn



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hgqufmsgfli tn tkmfr jmehljs cnr hggneenjhtfnl tkrnuik mamgtrnlfg cahsk ends hlj kfrmj anddyfsts

tkrnuik hl mxtrmemay wmaa cflhlgmj anddyfli mccnrt, hlj tkm rmgmlt jmgfsfnl nl Ehy 9, 408= dy tkm

JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj tn tnthaay mafeflhtm tkm thxfghd pmrefttfli flcrhstrugturm ht tkm hfrpnrt fs gnlsfstmlt

wftk tkht prmssurm, hs fs tkm msthdafskemlt nc h whftfli hrmh cnr jrfvmrs nc trhlspnrthtfnl lmtwnrb

gnephlfms smphrhtm crne tkm thxfghd qumum. Hjjftfnlhaay, ]dmr fl phrtfguahr khs dmml hdam tn

fltfefjhtm tkm Jmcmljhlt fltn haanwfli ]dmr [ jrfvmrs tn npmrhtm najmr pmrsnlha vmkfgams nwlmj dy

]dmr [ ht tkm hfrpnrt tkht hrm najmr tkhl tkm 4088 enjma ymhr hlj lmwmr vmkfgams tkht hasn eust dm

‑Wehrtwhy― vmkfgams tkht thxfghd npmrhtnrs hrm rmqufrmj tn usm cnr hfrpnrt dusflmss.

83. Zkm mltfrm guaturm tkht khs jmvmanpmj ht tkm hfrpnrt thxfghd qumum fs nlm dhsmj nl tkmHemrfghl jrmhe nc dmfli hdam tn hgkfmvm -- tkrnuik wnrbfli khrj -- h dmttmr afcm cnr tknsm thxfghd

jrfvmrs hlj tkm chefafms tkht jmpmlj nl tkme cnr tkmfr afvmafknnj hlj wmaa dmfli. Dy mafeflhtfli tkm

prmvfnus thxfghd pmrefttfli strugturm ht tkm hfrpnrt, tkmrm fs rmha, hlj lnt nlay feeflmlt, dut harmhjy

uljmrwhy hlj nlinfli jhehim tn tkm mgnlnefg wmaa dmfli nc tkm msthdafskmj hfrpnrt thxfghd jrfvmrs,

ehly nc wkne hrm rmgmlt feefirhlts tn tkfs gnultry ‗ nrfiflhaay crne ehly jfccmrmlt lhtfnls hrnulj

tkm wnraj ‗ tkht khvm khj jfccfguaty cfljfli wnrb fl ntkmr cfmajs jmspftm h luedmr nc tkme khvfli

prncmssfnlha dhgbirnuljs hs mliflmmrs nr ntkmr prncmssfnls rmqufrfli sfilfcfghlt mjughtfnlha

hgkfmvmemlt.

89. Kfstnrfghaay fl tkm ahst jmghjm nr sn, fl nrjmr tn ndthfl h pmreft tn npmrhtm h thxfghd ht tkm

hfrpnrt, h jrfvmr khj tn sudeft tkmfr vmkfgam cnr h 40-pnflt flspmgtfnl, cfam tkm prnpmr hppafghtfnl cnr h

pmreft, hlj sudeft tn h dhgbirnulj gkmgb. Yftk tkm mafeflhtfnl nc tkm rmqufrmemlt cnr hl hfrpnrt

spmgfcfg pmreft wftk dhgbirnulj gkmgbs -- rmpahgmj dy Jmcmljhlt JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj hjnptfli h

pnafgy nl Ehy 9, 408= tkht prnvfjmj tkht hs nc Huiust 8, 408=, hly trhlspnrthtfnl cnr kfrm vmkfgam tkht



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khs ndthflmj hl npmrhtfli pmreft crne mftkmr tkm Gfty nc Jhaahs nr tkm Gfty nc Cnrt Ynrtk ehy pfgb up

phssmlimrs ht tkm hfrpnrt -- Pahfltfcc fs mxtrmemay gnlgmrlmj tkht hjmquhtm shcmiuhrjs hrm lnt fl pahgm tn

prntmgt tkm pudafg, phrtfguahray hctmr hl ]dmr jrfvmr tkht whs npmrhtfli uljmr chasm prmtmlsms whs

hrrmstmj nl Ouay 78, 408= cnr smxuha hsshuat nc h phssmlimr fl Jhaahs, hctmr khvfli dmml flhjmquhtmay

sgrmmlmj dy ]dmr.

8;. Zkm mvmltuha hvmrhim luedmr nc thxfghd jrfvmrs tkht wfaa dm cfiktfli mhgk ntkmr cnr

gustnemrs wftknut tkm ehfltmlhlgm nc tkm pmrefttfli sthtus qun tkht whs fl pahgm prfnr tn Huiust 8,

408= fs ulblnwl, dut wftk tkm luedmr nc lmw JCY Hfrpnrt thxfghd pmrefts dmfli irhltmj sflgm

Huiust 8, 408=, tkm Pahfltfcc‖s gnlstftumlt emedmrs khvm mxpmrfmlgmj h prmgfpftnus flgrmhsm fl tkmhenult nc tfem tkht tkmy khvm tn spmlj fl tkm thxfghd qumum dmcnrm rmhgkfli tkm crnlt nc tkm qumum aflm

hlj dmfli hdam tn pfgb up hl hfrpnrt phssmlimr, hlj hs h rmsuat, tkm luedmr nc hfrpnrt chrms tkmsm

khrjwnrbfli prncmssfnlhas khvm dmml hdam tn mhrl fl h jhy khs ehrbmjay jmgrmhsmj, smvmrmay guttfli

tkm Pahfltfcc‖s gnlstftumlt emedmrs‖ flgnem, ehbfli fs eugk enrm jfccfguat cnr tkme tn phy cnr tkm

hutnendfams tkmy khvm purgkhsmj cnr ghd jrfvfli wnrb.

I. Gnljftfnls Prmgmjmlt

86. Pahfltfcc httmsts tkht haa gnljftfnls prmgmjmlt tn tkm cfafli nc tkfs ahwsuft khvm dmml shtfscfmj

nr khvm nggurrmj prfnr tn tkm cfafli nc tkfs gfvfa hgtfnl.

K. Pahfltfcc‖s Wthljfli tn Aftfihtm tkfs Gnltrnvmrsy

40. Pahfltfcc khs sthljfli tn aftfihtm tkfs gnltrnvmrsy hs h prncmssfnlha hssngfhtfnl nc thxfghd

jrfvmrs wknsm dusflmssms hrm dmfli khremj dy tkm hgtfnls nc tkm Jmcmljhlt JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj.

PAHFLZFCC‖W WMGNLJ HEMLJMJ PMZFZFNL HLJ TMX]MWZ CNT ZMEPNTHTV HLJ PMTEHLMLZFLO]LGZFNL - Phim ; nc 87


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10/29

D. Zkm Prmrmqufsftm Tmqufrmemlts cnr Fssuhlgm nc Floulgtfvm Tmafmc Khvm Dmml Emt

47. Zkm Pahfltfcc smmbs floulgtfvm rmafmc tn mlonfl tkm Jmcmljhlt crne jmvhaufli tkm prnpmrty

rfikts nc Pahfltfcc‖s gnlstftumlt emedmrs fl tkm JCY Hfrpnrt thxfghd pmrefts tkht wmrm phfj cnr dy hlj

fssumj tn Pahfltfcc‖s gnlstftumlt emedmrs tkrnuik Ouay 78, 408=. Wmm Z M[ . GFS. PTHG. & T ME. GNJM §

3=.088(8).

4:. Zkm Pahfltfcc smmbs floulgtfvm rmafmc tn prmsmrvm tkm sthtus qun nc tkm sudomgt ehttmr nc tk

suft ultfa tkm suft fs rmsnavmj dy h oujiemlt. Wmm Gfty nc Jhaahs v. Yrfikt , 73 W.Y.4j 697, 69= (Zmx.

8678). Wmm hasn ZM[ . GFS. PTHG. & T ME. GNJM § 3=.088(4).

h. Feeflmlt hlj Frrmphrhdam Khre 4=. Zkm Pahfltfcc wfaa succmr khre tkht fs lnt nlay feeflmlt hlj frrmphrhdam, dut harmhjy

uljmrwhy hs nc Huiust 8, 408=, hlj tkht khre wfaa gnltflum wftknut floulgtfvm rmafmc. Pahfltfcc khs

dmml hlj wfaa gnltflum tn dm jhehimj dy Jmcmljhlt JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj‖s hgtfnls jum tn anss nc

thxfghd chrm rmvmlum, anss nc gustnemrs hlj hl fephfrmj hdfafty tn jmvmanp pmrsnlha thxfghd dnnbflis,

hlj dusflmss innjwfaa. Zkm floury fs frrmphrhdam, phrtay dmghusm tkm mgnlnefg fephgt, wkfam gamhr hlj

jfrmgt, fs lnt gnljugfvm tn dmfli quhltfcfmj wftk rmhsnlhdam mgnlnefg gmrthflty.

d. Prndhdam Tfikt tn h Pmrehlmlt Floulgtfnl

43. Pahfltfcc khs h prndhdam rfikt tn h pmrehlmlt floulgtfnl, hs tkm pnafgy hjnptmj dy tkm

Jmcmljhlt JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj nl Ehy 9, 408= smvmrmay rmjugfli tkm vhaum nc tkm JCY Hfrpnrt

thxfghd pmrefts fssumj tn Pahfltfcc‖s gnlstftumlt emedmrs tkrnuik Ouay 78, 408= khs dmml hlj wfaa

gnltflum tn dm jmvhsthtfli tn tkm mgnlnefg wmaa dmfli nc tkm jmjfghtmj prncmssfnlha jrfvmrs tkht khvm

dmml npmrhtfli wftk hl hfrpnrt thxfghd pmreft fl tkm ahst jmghjm, hlj tkfs shtfscfms ‑tkm rmqufrmemlt nc

sknwfli h prndhdam rfikt tn h pmrehlmlt floulgtfnl― hs nutaflmj dy tkm Zmxhs Wuprmem Gnurt fl Nfa



11/29

Cfmaj Khuamrs Hss‖l v. Thfarnhj Gneefssfnl , 7;8 W.Y. 4j 8;7, 863 (Zmx. 863:)(knajfli tkht hccfjhvft

tmstfenly tkht dusflmssms wfaa dm jmstrnymj dy hl nrjmr nc tkm Zmxhs Thfarnhj Gneefssfnl succfgfmlt

tn shtfscy flqufry rmihrjfli prndhdam rfikt tn h pmrehlmlt floulgtfnl).

g. Ln Hjmquhtm Tmemjy ht Ahw

49. Pahfltfcc rmqufrms floulgtfvm rmafmc fl nrjmr cnr fts gnlstftumlt emedmrs tn lnt ansm tkmfr

dusflmssms hs h rmsuat nc Jmcmljhlt JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj‖s hgtfnls, hlj mqufthdam rmafmc fs lmgmsshry tn

hvnfj mgnlnefg jmvhsthtfnl nc Pahfltfcc‖s gnlstftumlt emedmrs‖ thxfghd dusflmssms.

O. Tmqumst cnr Floulgtfvm Tmafmc Dhsmj fl Gnurt‖s Mqufthdam Pnwmrs

4;. Hs tkm nlay hjmquhtm hlj mccmgtfvm rmafmc cnr tkm Pahfltfcc fs floulgtfvm rmafmc dhsmj fl tkGnurt‖s mqufthdam pnwmrs uljmr tkm gneenl ahw, Pahfltfcc rmqumsts tkm Gnurt tn rmstrhfl tkm Jmcmljhlt

crne smvmrmay rmjugfli tkm vhaum nc tkm prnpmrty fltmrmsts nc Pahfltfcc‖s gnlstftumlt emedmrs fl tkm

JCY Hfrpnrt thxfghd pmrefts phfj cnr dy hlj fssumj tn Pahfltfcc‖s gnlstftumlt emedmrs crne 400;

tkrnuik Ouay 78, 408=, fl hggnrjhlgm wftk Z M[ . T. GFS. P. § 3;0 MZ. WMX. hlj Z M[ . GFS. PTHG. & T ME.

GNJM § 3=.088 MZ. WMX. Fl nrjmr tn prmsmrvm tkm sthtus qun jurfli tkm pmljmlgy nc tkfs ghsm, Pahfltfcc

smmbs, upnl kmhrfli, h tmepnrhry hlj pmrehlmlt floulgtfnl, nrjmrfli Jmcmljhlt JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj,

flgaujfli tkm Jmcmljhlt JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj‖s himlts, smrvhlts, mepanymms, fljmpmljmlt gnltrhgtnrs,

httnrlmys, rmprmsmlthtfvms, hlj tknsm pmrsnls nr mltftfms fl hgtfvm gnlgmrt nr phrtfgfphtfnl wftk tkme

(gnaamgtfvmay, tkm ‑Tmstrhflmj Phrtfms―) hs cnaanws?

(h) Jmcmljhlt JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj fs mlonflmj crne fepamemltfli tkm hemljemlt, hjnptmj

nl Ehy 9, 408=, tn Gkhptmr : nc tkm Gnjm nc Tuams hlj Tmiuahtfnls nc tkm Jhaahs/Cnrt

Ynrtk Fltmrlhtfnlha Hfrpnrt Dnhrj tkht ‑TmenvmRsU afefthtfnls nl tkm luedmr nc

thxfghd gnephlfms, vmkfgams hlj thxfghd jrfvmrs tkht hrm hutknrfzmj ht JCY hfrpnrt―, hl



12/29

hemljemlt 7 tkht vfrtuhaay mafeflhtms tkm JCY hfrpnrt thxfghd pmrefttfli systme tkht

khs dmml fl pahgm cnr tkm dmttmr phrt nc tkm ahst jmghjm2

(d) Jmcmljhlt JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj skhaa lnt fssum nr knlnr hly lmw thxfghd pmrefts tkht hrm

mftkmr snuikt nr wmrm hgqufrmj hctmr Ouay 78, 408=, jurfli tkm pmljmlgy nc tkfs

aftfihtfnl.

O. Httnrlmy‖s Cmms

46. Pursuhlt tn Z M[ . GFS. PTHG. & T ME. GNJM §79.006, Pahfltfcc smmbs haa thxhdam gnsts hlj

rmhsnlhdam hlj lmgmsshry httnrlmy‖s cmms, hs hrm mqufthdam hlj oust, wkfgk hrm flgurrmj nr wkfgk ehy dm

flgurrmj fl tkfs ehttmr, flgaujfli haa sugk cmms hlj mxpmlsms?

h. Cnr trfha prmphrhtfnls hlj cnr gnljugtfli h trfha2

d. Cnr hly lmgmsshry hppmha tn tkm Cfctk Jfstrfgt Gnurt nc Hppmhas2

g. Cnr ehbfli nr rmspnljfli tn hl hppafghtfnl cnr wrft nc mrrnr tn tkm WuprmemGnurt nc Zmxhs2

j. Fc hl hppafghtfnl cnr wrft nc mrrnr fs irhltmj dy tkm Wuprmem Gnurt nc Zmxhs.

70. Dmghusm nc Jmcmljhlt JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj‖s hgtfnls fl mrhjfghtfli tkm msthdafskmj thxfghd

pmrefttfli prntngna ht tkm hfrpnrt, Pahfltfcc khs dmml cnrgmj tn mlihim tkm smrvfgms nc hl httnrlmy tn

prnsmgutm tkfs gfvfa hgtfnl fl nrjmr tn smmb h jmtmreflhtfnl nc tkm sgnpm hlj mccmgt nc tkm Jmcmljhlt‖s

enjfcfghtfnl nc tkm JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj‖s irnulj trhlspnrthtfnl npmrhtfli ruams. ]ljmr tkm ]lfcnre

Jmgahrhtnry Oujiemlts Hgt, Pahfltfcc fs mltftamj tn pamhj wftk tkm Gnurt tn hwhrj h rmhsnlhdam sue cnr

tkm lmgmsshry smrvfgms nc gnulsma fl tkm prmphrhtfnl cnr hlj gnljugt nc h trfha fl tkfs hgtfnl, hlj cnr hly

hppmhas lmgmsshry tn tkm Gnurt nc Hppmhas nr tkm Wuprmem Gnurt nc Zmxhs. Zkmrmcnrm, tkm Pahflt

7 Wmm Hppmljfx ht Mxkfdft 4



13/29

ehbms fts pamh tn tkm Gnurt cnr hl hwhrj nc httnrlmy‖s cmms, hl hwhrj wkfgk fs hutknrfzmj dy Z M[ . GFS.

PTHG. & T ME. GNJM §79.006.

Tmspmgtcuaay Wudefttmj,

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ J. WKHYL WZMSMLWAHY NCCFGMW NCJ. WKHYL WZMSMLWZM[HWDHT L N. 4:07:367P.N. DN[ 86043;J HAAHW, Z[ 9=486-043;WKHYL@AHYVMTKMAP.]W

ZMA? (694)9=4-78:9CH[ ? (694):66-8678GN]LWMA CNT PAHFLZFCC,HWWNGFHZFNL NC ZH[FGHDNPMTHZNTW, ]WH

Gmrtfcfghtm nc Wmrvfgm

F, J. Wkhwl Wtmvmls, jn kmrmdy gmrtfcy nl tkfs, tkm 83tk jhy nc Ngtndmr 408=, tkht tkmcnrminfli flstruemlt whs smrvmj nl Jmcmljhlt Jhaahs-Cnrt Ynrtk Fltmrlhtfnlha Hfrpnrt Dnhrj, shfjsmrvfgm dmfli mccmgtmj dy chgsfefam. Lmway hjjmj Jmcmljhlts ]dmr Zmgklnanifms, Flg. hlj Ayct, Flg.hrm dmfli smrvmj tkrnuik smrvfgm nc prngmss.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ J. WKHYL WZMSMLW



14/29

HPPMLJF[

M[KFDFZ 8


15/29

• • F 8 Fc]J .FlafatNcd ncakm

mglFFwync WtF mnc ^

EHV8:4008HTZFGAM NCFLGXTPNTHZFNL0 8 f .WFc Fl

NCHWWNGFHZFNLNC ]LFZMJ8H[FGHDNPMTHZNTW

Ym jfm8aFFjnlfpnj J;FQFla)aGaWNaafnctdm;3 mncmf;85l (8;))'YF nr enrm, efjguts nc!dmFaFaNncZ . GafJi; flNNfO[afhantWnc; g?nrpnrh]XaaFaaajh'jfmZFa[aF!Fdusf^ GNFPNcFafNaahgt.:88 dgrndy hjnpt jfmcnaanwfJi mrtfgFhcNraFaFjFYfoEhtfnh?

HTZFGAM NLMLhem ncGnrpnltfnJ )

l n ^ ncjamfHJoKHhtfnlfs HWWNGFHZFNLNc ]LFZh


16/29

" ,

nLn phl nc tkmJnt mhrhfus mctkmg?nrpnfhtfnlskhaaflurm80 tkmdmhmWtnc2nr dmjfstrfdutmjtn ftsemedmrs,jfrmgtnrs.nccfghs,Jr ntkmrprfvhtmpenls. Mxgmpttkhttkmgnrpnrhtfnlskhaadm

. hutdntf_mjaFaFjmepnwml?j tn phyrmhsnlhdamgnepmfFW;afNJcnrsmrvfgmsrmhjmrmjtej tn FaaaFbmphyemlts FFFajjfstrfdutfnls fl cfutdmrenmnc tknpepnsmsmt cnrtkfl aFFmlmfaa

Ln sudsthltfhaphrt nc tkmhgtfvftfmsnc tkmgnrpJOhFfnlskhaadm cnr ghlyfJaOnut nr htamufptfOa;tnf ^ FaaaafsahtfnJ.LNFYftksthafjfaai&rOyntkmrprnvfsfnunc tkmsmhrtfgams,tkmGaFFpNF';FfnuskhaaJNt a?;rF)' NFaaFFF)'ntkmrMjfvftfmsJnt pmrefttmjtn dmthrrfmjNJ (h) dy ha?NapNa8aafNJmxmeptmjcrne cmjmrhafJgnem aD[egamr W]XafNFa'NF(g[7)nc'tkm etglY rmvnnumgnjm, nr GNEWPGljfJh smgtfnn nc'hny cfjurmcgjmrhaaaa[gnjm.Nr dy h gnrpnrhafNaa,gnuarfdutfnlstn wkfgkFaF'mjmjugtfdamYfjmr tkm smgtfnFF8'0(g[4) nc tkmfJtmeha lEafffFmgnjm,nr gnrrmspnljfli smgtfnhnc aFFf)cukfrmGmjmrhaaaa[gnjm.

]pnl jfssnautfNJ nc tkm gnrpnlatfnu.aFWWmF6sdhF Faajfstrfduaaajcnrnlmnr enl? p OaFFFPNWGwftkfl tkmeMaaaFafJaOncsmgtfmlWNO©(7)nc tkmfltmrlharmvmhumgnjm, nr skhaadm jfstrfdutmj tn Fkmcgjhha inSmrlOFFmaaa,nr tn WaFftm,nr anghaHNvmeJfaaffa nr FFpudafmpwpnsm.Hly W]gaaaaW$NaWlnt jfspnsmjncdy tkmGNY8 nc gneenl pamhsnc tkmgnaaaftyfl wdfgaatkm

prfJgfphFnccfgmncaafmgnrpnrhtfnhfs anghtmj, mxgausfvmaycnrtkmpurpnsmnr tn FFFGkgq.hhfiafnnnr nrihlfzhtfNJs, D Fshfj gnurt skhF8jaftaOaefJm,aaakfgk;F'Dnrihlfzmj ;Faj npmrhtmjaaF_H?ausfvmaycnrFFFGkpurpnsm.

HTZFGAM CFSMTmqufrmemlt

ZkmGNaUaNrhtfnuwfaaJNt GNFJalmlnmdusflmssultfa ft khsrmgmfvmj&ne kmrem?edm?s;gnusfjmlttfnlnc tkmvhaumnc Jnm 8FF0aaWDaajjn]Fl (F.PNN.NN)GNaFWfsaflFancenla?)'. ahdnrjafafG,nrprnpmrty;GF]DFayrmgmfvmj.

HTZFGAMWF[AnghFfNaFej Himlt

Zkm&aF'aaaFtDjjtuss nc faWfJftfhaOmDfWamTjnccfgmfs 9W03Ymsz OnkFFGhphltmr CTaaaYaF)'.Wuftm400.JFaahs, Zmxhs9=4:9.88ffG8fts flftfhaOm7fstmrnjDimJt hctkhamjjrm&sfs JnucaahsH. ]gdg??lju.

HTZFGAM WMSMLDnhrj ncJfl?gtnrs

Zkmluedmr nc jfrmgtnrsgnnsaftutfl7tkmflftfhaDnhrj ncJfrmganrs fs cfctmmlFFFFjtkmlhem hljhjjrmssnradmpmrsaaFfWwkn Drm tn a NF'Smhs Jfrmgtnrs ultf8akmcfe? aFFFJuhOFFaGaGafJsncegedmq nraFaaafaakmfrsuggmssnrsfsmamgtmj;FFj qusQfcfmj8FF'fa?

LHEMWHLJ HJJTMWWMWHTMHWCNAANYW?

Enkheehj Z. [afhff4:04 EFI HrtkurDavj#8709arvfl&Zaa[aFaF,9=034


17/29

• •. " , Hlbhehk aamcFfFOF=484 BnJy KfJ jrfvmHraflsanJ Z . 93089

EuauirO88 D. Ifzhw80:7= MmstL n r t k ^ KfskwhyaFJ -

JFF8hh,ZG[aFW

47;

f e u -

4::4 Gkhlfli Jr.Nlej Prhfrfm,Zmxhs,9W0=4

Kfluy H. F


18/29

¹' nW8FaaaahfHJphaaaaa; w87880 Png;FfaFFnW8F8aafaFrvfOFaa,ZDFa;FF,9=034.

Jnu7'aFWH. N. ]gdghjaa7U06Ymsz LNF8FFpFa2aJraw 88804=FrvfJ ZaaFa;FF,9=034

HTZFGAM MFIKZPnwh-ncakXDn;lF

ZkmDnhrj ncJflaa?tnrs skhJ khvm!dmOaNEF'FnehFw.hatmr.;FFFaaFFjnr rmpmhatkmd y a ^ nradmGNapNfaaafnlnr 80 hjnpt JFaYdydlrtF.

HTZFGAMLaLM. FFajmelacfGaaaonJ

ZkmGNFpwenl FkhaaFnjfmckaFmsrmxtmFFt80 wkfgk ft fa hepnYaaaaaj80 jn ;0 dy jfmZIFa;WDusfJDFFGnrpnljfnh smtnr aFFF)'ntkmr hppafghdahahwaaWesy crne tfeh 80 tfem faahca'aaGF,

fljeefcV aFF8VOFaaF'WNJwkn whs, faanr fFFadrm;amlDj80afmehjm mphrty80 aaFFVt8ufNaaafe.e,pmnjflsnr ghepajmj mgtfnn,lft nr prngeJ& wdjkmr gfvfa,grfefeaa,mjefJf&trhafvmnr fJvnsafptavh,dy rmhsnhncakmtau?tFkmtkm faanr Y8aaF; jfOmganrnr nccfgmrnctdm GNFUaNffaafNaa,nr faanr YaFaFaFGrVfqFFaadmrmqumst ncadmgnrpwhtfaaaaaaW8Fjfrmgad.,n c t f ~ afFffpanymm,aFpFFt,nr sfefFFrcfahioNaaaaa)'nc NFanaaamrmOaFPYFaafnaa,alfFanr nF!FFarFafftmfprfsm,FaFFFafFFDt888eqaaFffaaaa('fFag?aaaaafJhFFaFeJmy'Dr N a a a a ~ !fJmshhj henfaaaaa phfjfJ 6Ft8^taajuaa DO]armuhl""ay fJGFFeajdy kfe faa a wfFka=aajfFFa?FfnJ,FFFftnr plFGNaaGaffO7.ZkmINfUaNFafFfnh'snd8fpjNafaaaaajaarFdfsr1gtfnl fJjujm, dut em JNa afefamjtn, tkmg?nlvmhflWnkaaV rlmmtfl FFFFjadmGGFaFaafjetfnlnr8e tkmrmdy, laFo8Ffrhjdy ^ fl hrjm?F-tn jr?hgrp


19/29

.

• •HTZFGAM ZML

Fl NFoaNFhtaaa'Zkm8FFFJ;aFFFjhjjrmss ncjamFlgn pnltnr fs?

LHEM HLJ HJJTMWWKhrtrfWkhrfcHafKhsshl844; LnrtFFDrfaaafJ.4498rvfJi. Zmxhs, 9=038

FLYFZLMWWYKMTMNC. O, tkm uljgrsfiaaE Jgg


20/29

HPPMLJF[

M[KFDFZ 4


21/29

JHAAHW CNTZ YNTZK FLZMTLHZFNLHA HFTPNTZ DNHTJNCCFGFHA DNHTJ HGZFNL/TMWNA]ZFNL

Jhtm0=/09/408=

GneefttmmNpmrhtfnls

WudomgtHemljemlt tn tkm Gnjm nc Tuams hlj Tmiuahtfnls nc tkmJhaahs/Cnrt Ynrtk Fltmrlhtfnlha Hfrpnrt Dnhrj - Gkhptmr :,Irnulj Zrhlspnrthtfnl

Tmsnautfnl #

HgtfnlZkht tkm Hfrpnrt Dnhrj hpprnvm hemljemlts tn Gkhptmr : nc tkm Gnjm nc Tuams hlj Tmiuahtfnls nc tkmJhaahs/Cnrt Ynrtk Fltmrlhtfnlha Hfrpnrt Dnhrj rmahtfli tn Smkfgams cnr Kfrm.

Jmsgrfptfnl

Zkfs hgtfnl wfaa hpprnvm hemljemlts tn Gkhptmr :, Irnulj Zrhlspnrthtfnl•Tmthfls gnlcnrefty wftk Nwlmr Gftfms Tuams invmrlfli Zrhlspnrthtfnl cnr Kfrm smrvfgms•Ehonr rmvfsfnls flgaujm

Tmqufrm Zrhlspnrthtfnl cnr Kfrm gnephlfms, sugk hs thxfghd nr prm-hrrhlimj npmrhtnrs, tnndthfl mftkmr h Gfty nc Jhaahs nr Gfty nc Cnrt Ynrtk Npmrhtfli Hutknrfty fl nrjmr tn ndthflNpmrhtfli Hutknrfty ht JCY Hfrpnrt

♣

Mlhdam prm-hrrhlimj Zrhlspnrthtfnl Lmtwnrb Gnephlfms (ZLGs) tn dm hutknrfzmj tn ndthflNpmrhtfli Hutknrfty ht JCY Hfrpnrt♣

Tmenvm afefthtfnls nl tkm luedmr nc thxfghd gnephlfms, vmkfgams hlj thxfghd jrfvmrs tkht hrmhutknrfzmj ht JCY Hfrpnrt

♣

Tmqufrm vmkfgam npmrhtnrs tn ndthfl mftkmr h Gfty nc Jhaahs nr Gfty nc Cnrt Ynrtk jrfvmr pmreft flnrjmr tn npmrhtm ht JCY Hfrpnrt

♣

Tmenvm JCY Hfrpnrt crne fssufli jrfvmr pmrefts cnr thxfghd nr prm-hrrhlimj jrfvmrs♣

•

Oustfcfghtfnl

Wuppnrts nur Nwlmr Gftfms fl sfepafcyfli hlj curtkmr hafilfli JCY rmiuahtfnls rmahtmj tnZrhlspnrthtfnl cnr Kfrm smrvfgms ht JCY Hfrpnrt

•

Mafeflhtms rmjuljhlt pmrefttfli cmms hlj hjeflfstrhtfnl, hlj mlsurms gnlcnrefty wftk Nwlmr Gftfms'ruams invmrlfli Zrhlspnrthtfnl cnr Kfrm

•

Mlhdams kfik jmehlj lmw trhlspnrthtfnl smrvfgm nccmrfli wkfgk fs fl gnlcnrefty wftk Nwlmr Gftfmsstrhtmifg prnjugt nccmrfli

•

J/W/E/YDM Flcnrehtfnl

L/H - Lnt sudomgt tn tkm Dnhrj's J/W/E/YDM Prnirhe Pnafgfms (Dnhrj pnafgfms hlj hemljemlts).•

Gnltrhgt # Hirmmemlt # Purgkhsm Nrjmr # Hgtfnl Henult Tmvfsmj Henult$0 $0

Cnr Flcnrehtfnl gnlthgtC. Phua Ehrtflmz7-98=0

Culj Prnomgt # Mxtmrlha Culjfli Wnurgm Henult$0


22/29

Tmsnautfnl #

Hjjftfnlha Flcnrehtfnl

Pmr Wthtm Ahw hlj tkm 863; Gnltrhgt hlj hirmmemlt, tkmsm hemljemlts wfaa hasn lmmj tn dmhpprnvmj dy tkm Jhaahs hlj Cnrt Ynrtk Gfty Gnulgfas hlj wfaa dm mccmgtfvm upnl sugk hpprnvha dmflindthflmj.

•

Hjjftfnlha Htthgkemlts? L

DM FZ TMWNASMJ DV ZKM JHAAHW-CNTZ YNTZK FLZMTLHZFNLHA HFTPNTZ DNHTJ

Wmgtfnl 8. Zkht tkm htthgkmj hemljemlts tn tkm Gnjm nc Tuams hlj Tmiuahtfnls nc tkm Jhaahs/Cnrt YnrtkFltmrlhtfnlha Hfrpnrt Dnhrj dm hlj hrm kmrmdy hpprnvmj. Wmgtfnl 4. Zkht tkm Gkfmc Mxmgutfvm Nccfgmr, nrJmsfilmm, dm hlj fs kmrmdy jfrmgtmj tn cnrwhrj tkm htthgkmj hemljmj Gnjm nc Tuams hlj Tmiuahtfnls nc tkmJhaahs/Cnrt Ynrtk Fltmrlhtfnlha Hfrpnrt Dnhrj tn tkm Gftfms nc Jhaahs hlj Cnrt Ynrtk hanli wftk h rmqumst tkhttkmfr rmspmgtfvm Gfty Gnulgfas thbm hgtfnl tn hpprnvm shem. Wmgtfnl 7. Zkht tkm Gkfmc Mxmgutfvm Nccfgmr, Jmsfilmm, dm hlj fs kmrmdy hutknrfzmj tn thbm sugk curtkmr hgtfnl hs km jmmes lmgmsshry tn smm tn tkmphsshim hlj mlcnrgmhdfafty nc tkm htthgkmj hemljmj Gnjm nc Tuams hlj Tmiuahtfnls nc tkm Jhaahs/CnrtYnrtk FltmrlhtfnlhaHfrpnrt Dnhrj.

Hpprnvmj hs tn Cnre dy

Tnjrfiumz, MahflmAmiha GnulsmaHpr 47, 408= 88?:3 he

Hpprnvmj hs tn Culjfli dy

Efyhskfth, IamllHSP Ghpftha PahllfliCflhlgm

Hpr 47, 408= 9?46 he

Hpprnvmj hs tn E/YDM dy

Amm, ZhemahSP Dusflmss Jfvmrsfty & JmvDusflmss Jfvmrsfty hlj

JmvmanpemltHpr 47, 408= 84?0= he

WFILHZ]TM TMX]FTMJ CNT HPPTNSHA

Hpprnvmj dy

Jmphrtemlt KmhjNpmrhtfnlsHpr 44, 408= 3?4= pe

Pmljfli

Gkfmc Mxmgutfvm Nccfgmr Jhtm


23/29


24/29

JHAAHW/CNTZ YNTZK FLZMTLHZFNLHA HFTPNTZ DNHTJ‖W HEMLJMJ PAMH ZN ZKM O]TFWJFGZFNL Phim 4JHA?64=49;.4

jmcmljhlt‖s hgt nr nefssfnl tkht vfnahtmj tkht rfikt. Onlms v. Thy, ;;3 W.Y.4j ;89, ;48 (Zmx.

Hpp.‚8st Jfst. 866:, lwk), gftfli Wtnlm Cnrt Lht‖a. Dhlb v. Cnrdmss, 68 W.Y. 39:, 393 (Zmx.

8673). H pahfltfcc khs ln rfikt tn rmgnvmr fc tkm jmcmljhlt jfj lnt drmhgk h amiha juty ft nwmj tn

tkm pahfltfcc. Ma Gkfgn Gnrp. v. Pnnam, 974 W.Y.4j 703, 788 (Zmx. 86;9). Zkmrm fs ln ghusm nc

hgtfnl haamimj fl tkm pmtftfnl. Zkmrm fs ln sthtmemlt nc hly amiha rfikt nc tkm HZN. Zkmrm fs ln

sthtmemlt nc hly vfnahtfnl dy JCY nc hly amiha rfikt nc HZN. Thtkmr, hs tkm gnurt rmgnilfzmj ht

tkm ZTN kmhrfli, pahfltfcc thxfghd npmrhtnrs gnepahfl nc flgrmhsmj ‑gnepmtftfnl― rmsuatfli crne

tkm lmw irnulj trhlspnrthtfnl ruams. Pahfltfcc jnms lnt fjmltfcy hly amiha juty nc JCY tn bmmp

fts emedmrs crmm crne gnepmtftfnl. Zkmrm fs ln sugk juty. Zkm gnepmtftfnl ahws wmrm mlhgtmjtn prntmgt, lnt prmvmlt, gnepmtftfnl. Drulswfgb Gnrp. v. Pumdan Dnwa-N-Eht, Flg., :46 ].W. :99

(8699), gftmj wftk hpprnvha fl Tndmrts v. Ykftcfaa, 868 W.Y.7j 7:;, 7== (Zmx. Hpp.‚80tk Jfst.,

4003).

Pahfltfcc Hssngfhtfnl nc Zhxfghd Npmrhtnrs, ]WH (‑HZN―) fs h lnl-prncft gnrpnrhtfnl

wknsm emedmrs hrm thxfghd npmrhtnrs wkn prfehrfay ndthfl tkmfr dusflmss crne npmrhtfli ht

JCY. HZN gnepahfls nc h jmgfsfnl nl Ehy 9, 408= dy JCY tn mafeflhtm tkm prfnr prhgtfgm nc

thxfghd pmrefttfli dy JCY hlj rmpahgfli ft wftk ruams hlj rmiuahtfnls tkht haanw h cnr kfrm

vmkfgam tkht khs ndthflmj hl npmrhtfli pmreft crne mftkmr tkm Gfty nc Jhaahs nr tkm Gfty nc Cnrt

Ynrtk (tkm nwlmrs nc JCY) tn pfgb up phssmlimrs ht JCY.

HZN gnepahfls tkm lmw ruams wfaa flgrmhsm gnepmtftfnl cnr fts emedmrs. ‑… tkm luedmr

nc jrfvmrs smmbfli tn ndthfl hfrpnrt gustnemrs gnuaj jnudam nr trfpam.― Pmtftfnl, ³84. HZN whlts

tn stnp tkm ‑cmmjfli crmlzy― wkfgk ft gahfes wfaa nggur ht tkm hfrpnrt uljmr tkm lmw irnulj

trhlspnrthtfnl ruams. Pmtftfnl, ³3. Zkm haamihtfnls hrm gamhr. HZN fs gnepahflfli hdnut

flgrmhsmj gnepamtfnl.


25/29


Zkm afst nc wkht HZN jnms lnt gahfe fs mljamss. Zmaafliay, ft jnms lnt gahfe JCY

vfnahtmj hly amiha juty nwmj tn ft dy hjnptfli tkm lmw ruams. Ft jnms lnt gahfe JCY vfnahtmj

hly sthtutm nr ruam. Ft jnms lnt gahfe JCY jnms lnt khvm tkm hutknrfty tn hjnpt tkm lmw ruams.

Zkmrm fs sfepay ln gahfe JCY vfnahtmj hly amiha juty tn HZN dy hjnptfli tkm lmw ruams.

FFF. GAHFE CNT JMGAHTHZNTV TMAFMC JNMW LNZ GTMHZM O]TFWJFGZFNL

Zkm Zmxhs Jmgahrhtnry Oujiemlt Hgt (‑ZJOH―) fs h prngmjurha jmvfgm cnr jmgfjfli ghsms

harmhjy wftkfl h gnurt‖s ourfsjfgtfnl. Zmxhs Hss‖l. nc Dusflmss v. Hfr Gnltrna Dj., ;=4 W.Y.4j

::0, ::0 (Zmx. 8667). Ft jnms lnt pmreft tkm rmljftfnl nc hl hjvfsnry npflfnl. Fj. Zmxhs gnurts

khvm ln ourfsjfgtfnl tn rmljmr sugk npflfnls. Fj. Dmghusm tkmrm fs ln ghusm nc hgtfnl haamimj, tkfs

gnurt jnms lnt khvm ourfsjfgtfnl. HZN ghllnt usm h gahfe cnr jmgahrhtnry oujiemlt tn grmhtm

ourfsjfgtfnl.

Mvml fc h jmgahrhtnry oujiemlt hgtfnl whs pmrefssfdam, HZN jnms lnt hssmrt gahfes

wftkfl tkm sgnpm nc tkm ZJOH. Zkht hgt pmrefts h suft tn jmtmreflm ‑hly qumstfnl nc

gnlstrugtfnl nr vhafjfty hrfsfli uljmr RhlU … nrjflhlgm … .― 79 Z M[ . GFS. PTHGZFGM &

T MEMJFMWGNJM , §79.00: (h) (mepkhsfs hjjmj) (quntmj fl ³8; nc tkm Pmtftfnl). Kmrm pahfltfcc

smmbs lmftkmr h gnlstrugtfnl nc, lnr gkhaamlims tkm vhafjfty nc, tkm lmw irnulj trhlspnrthtfnl

ruams hlj rmiuahtfnls rmahtfli tn vmkfgams cnr kfrm ht JCY. Thtkmr pahfltfcc smmbs ‑mqufthdam rmafmc

crne tkm Gnurt tn mlonfl tkm Jmcmljhlt crne mafeflhtfli tkm thxfghd ruams tkht Pahfltfcc‖s

gnlstftumlt emedmrs khvm rmafmj upnl … .― Pmtftfnl, ³3. Zkmrm fs ln gahfe tkht JCY jfj lnt

khvm hutknrfty tn hjnpt tkm lmw irnulj trhlspnrthtfnl ruams. Zkmrm fs ln gahfe cnr tkm

gnlstrugtfnl nc hly nc tkm lmw ruams hlj rmiuahtfnls. Thtkmr pahfltfcc smmbs tn prmvmlt tkm lmw

ruams crne gnltflufli fl mccmgt. Pahfltfcc‖s ahwsuft sfepay jnms lnt flvnbm tkm prnvfsfnls nc tkm

ZJOH. Zkm gnurt ahgbs ourfsjfgtfnl.


26/29

JHAAHW/CNTZ YNTZK FLZMTLHZFNLHA HFTPNTZ DNHTJ‖W HEMLJMJ PAMH ZN ZKM O]TFWJFGZFNL Phim :JHA?64=49;.4

FS. GAHFE CNT FLO]LGZFSM TMAFMC JNMW LNZ GTMHZM O]TFWJFGZFNL

Zkm nlay gahfe dy HZN fs cnr floulgtfvm rmafmc uljmr tkm ZJOH tn khvm fts rfikts

jmtmreflmj ‑wftk rmihrjs tkm hdfafty nc Pahfltfcc‖s gnlstftumlt emedmrs tn rmay upnl tkm hfrpnrt

thxfghd pmrefttfli prntngna tkht khs dmml fl pahgm cnr ehly ymhrs lnw.― Pmtftfnl, ³8=. Zkm

floulgtfvm rmafmc gahfe, knwmvmr, wftk ln ghusm nc hgtfnl khvfli dmml haamimj, jnms lnt grmhtm

ourfsjfgtfnl nc tkm gnurt. Gnedflfli floulgtfvm rmafmc wftk h jmgahrhtnry oujiemlt hgtfnl jnms

lnt grmhtm ourfsjfgtfnl. Ft sfepay rmsuats fl twn lnl-ourfsjfgtfnlha gahfes.

‑Oust hs hl floulgtfnl fs h rmemjfha wrft tkht jmpmljs fl tkm cfrst flsthlgm nl tkmmxfstmlgm nc tkm fssufli gnurt‖s mqufty ourfsjfgtfnl, wm khvm kmaj tkht tkm ]lfcnreJmgahrhtnry Oujiemlts Hgt, Z M[ . GFS. PTHG . & T ME . GNJM 79.008 - .088 (Smrlnl86;3 & Wupp. 866:) fs emrmay h prngmjurha jmvfgm cnr jmgfjfli ghsms harmhjywftkfl h gnurt‖s ourfsjfgtfnl. Zmxhs Hss‖l nc Dusflmss v. Zmxhs Hfr Gnltrna Dj., ;=4 W.Y.4j ::0, ::: (Zmx. 8667). H aftfihlt‖s rmqumst cnr jmgahrhtnry rmafmcghllnt gnlcmr ourfsjfgtfnl nl tkm gnurt, lnr ghl ft gkhlim tkm dhsfg gkhrhgtmr nc hsuft.―

Wthtm v. Enrhams, ;36 W.Y.4j 6:8, 6:9 (Zmx. 866:).

S. HTI]EMLZ HLJ H]ZKNTFZFMW

H. Wthljhrj nc Tmvfmw

H pamh tn tkm ourfsjfgtfnl gnltmsts h trfha gnurt‖s sudomgt-ehttmr ourfsjfgtfnl. Zmx. Jmp‖t nc

Zrhlsp. v. Onlms, ; W.Y.7j 373, 37; (Zmx. 8666). Ft gkhaamlims tkm trfha gnurt‖s ourfsjfgtfnl nvmr

tkm sudomgt nc tkm gnltrnvmrsy. He. Phwl & Omwmary, Flg. v. Bhyha, 647 W.Y.4j 390, 394 (Zmx.

Hpp.‚Gnrpus Gkrfstf 8663, wrft jmlfmj). Zkm purpnsm nc tkm pamh ‑fs lnt tn cnrgm tkm pahfltfccs

tn prmvfmw tkmfr ghsm nl tkm emrfts, dut tn msthdafsk h rmhsnl wky tkm emrfts nc tkm pahfltfccs‖

gahfes sknuaj lmvmr dm rmhgkmj.― Dahlj Fljmp. Wgk. Jfst. v. Daum, 7: W.Y.7j =:9, ==: (Zmx.

4000). Fl Efrhljh , tkm suprmem gnurt fjmltfcfmj tkm prnpmr hlhaysfs cnr jmgfjfli wkmtkmr h pamh

tn tkm ourfsjfgtfnl sknuaj dm irhltmj. Zmx. Jmp‖t nc Phrbs & Yfajafcm v. Efrhljh, 877 W.Y.7j

489, 443-49 (Zmx. 400:). Ykml h pamh tn tkm ourfsjfgtfnl gkhaamlims tkm pamhjflis, tkm gnurt


27/29

JHAAHW/CNTZ YNTZK FLZMTLHZFNLHA HFTPNTZ DNHTJ‖W HEMLJMJ PAMH ZN ZKM O]TFWJFGZFNL Phim =JHA?64=49;.4

jmtmreflms wkmtkmr tkm pamhjmr khs haamimj chgts tkht hccfrehtfvmay jmenlstrhtm tkm gnurt‖s

ourfsjfgtfnl tn kmhr tkm ghusm. Fj.

Wudomgt-ehttmr ourfsjfgtfnl ghllnt dm prmsuemj hlj ghllnt dm whfvmj. Zmx. Hss‖l nc Dus.

v. Zmx. Hfr Gnltrna Dj., ;=4 W.Y.4j ::0, ::7-:: (Zmx. 8667). Dmghusm nc tkm culjhemltha

lhturm nc sudomgt-ehttmr ourfsjfgtfnl, tkm gnurt eust jmtmreflm wkmtkmr ft khs sugk ourfsjfgtfnl

nlgm tkm fssum fs rhfsmj. EgGamllhkhl v. Cfrst Ifdrhathr Dhlb, 968 W.Y.4j 309, 30; (Zmx.

Hpp.‚Jhaahs 8660, ln wrft). Zkm phrty smmbfli oujfgfha rmafmc dmhrs tkm durjml nc msthdafskfli

tkht tkm gnurt khs sudomgt-ehttmr ourfsjfgtfnl nvmr tkm jfsputm. Zmx. Hss‖l nc Dus., ;=4 W.Y.4j ht

::3.Gnurts gnlstrum tkm pamhjflis afdmrhaay fl chvnr nc tkm pahfltfccs hlj annb tn tkm pamhjmrs‖

fltmlt. Efrhljh, 877 W.Y.7j ht 443. Fc tkm pamhjflis jn lnt gnlthfl succfgfmlt chgts tn

hccfrehtfvmay jmenlstrhtm tkm trfha gnurt‖s ourfsjfgtfnl dut jn lnt hccfrehtfvmay jmenlstrhtm

flgurhdam jmcmgts fl ourfsjfgtfnl, tkm fssum fs nlm nc pamhjfli succfgfmlgy hlj tkm pahfltfccs sknuaj

dm hccnrjmj tkm nppnrtulfty tn hemlj. Efrhljh, 877 W.Y.7j ht 443-449. Fc tkm pamhjflis

hccfrehtfvmay lmihtm tkm mxfstmlgm nc ourfsjfgtfnl, tkml h pamh tn tkm ourfsjfgtfnl ehy dm irhltmj

wftknut haanwfli tkm pahfltfccs hl nppnrtulfty tn hemlj. Fj. ht 449.

Ykml h pamh tn tkm ourfsjfgtfnl gkhaamlims tkm mxfstmlgm nc ourfsjfgtfnlha chgts, tkm trfha

gnurt gnlsfjmrs rmamvhlt mvfjmlgm sudefttmj dy tkm phrtfms tn rmsnavm tkm ourfsjfgtfnlha fssums

rhfsmj. Fj. ht 449. Ykml tkm rmamvhlt mvfjmlgm fs uljfsputmj nr chfas tn rhfsm h chgt qumstfnl nl

tkm ourfsjfgtfnlha fssum, tkm trfha gnurt ruams nl tkm pamh tn tkm ourfsjfgtfnl hs h ehttmr nc ahw. Fj.

Fc h pahfltfcc khs khj tkm nppnrtulfty tn hemlj hlj tkm pahfltfcc‖s hemljmj pamhjfli stfaa

jnms lnt haamim chgts tkht wnuaj gnlstftutm h whfvmr nc feeulfty, tkml tkm trfha gnurt sknuaj

jfsefss tkm pahfltfccs‖ hgtfnl wftk prmoujfgm. Wmm Khrrfs Gnulty v. Wybms, 873 W.Y.7j 37=, 376

(Zmx. 400:).


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D. Wnvmrmfil Feeulfty Prntmgts JCY

Fl Zmxhs, snvmrmfil feeulfty jmprfvms h trfha gnurt nc sudomgt-ehttmr ourfsjfgtfnl cnr

ahwsufts hihflst tkm Wthtm ulamss tkm Wthtm gnlsmlts tn suft. Efrhljh, 877 W.Y.7j ht 44:2 Jhaahs

Gnulty v. Yhjamy, 83; W.Y.7j 797, 793 (Zmx. Hpp.‚Jhaahs 400=, pmt. jmlfmj). Zkm snvmrmfil

feeulfty nc tkm Wthtm hasn hppafms tn tkm dmlmcft nc hl flstruemlthafty nc tkm sthtm sn tkht ft khs

invmrlemltha feeulfty tn tkm mxtmlt tkht ft mlihims fl tkm mxmrgfsm nc invmrlemltha culgtfnls.

Wmm Gfty nc Zyamr v. Afbms, 634 W.Y.4j :;6, =08 (Zmx. 8669)2 Ihtms v. Gfty nc Jhaahs, 90: W.Y.4j

979, 976 (Zmx. 86;3). Kmrm, JCY fs mlihifli fl invmrlemltha culgtfnls. Zkm Zmxhs

Amifsahturm khs jmtmreflmj tkht tkm npmrhtfnl hlj rmiuahtfnl nc hl hfrpnrt fs h invmrlemltha

culgtfnl pmrcnremj cnr h pudafg purpnsm. Z THLWPNTZHZFNL GNJM , §44.004 (4).

Zkm phrty sufli tkm invmrlemltha mltfty khs tkm durjml nc msthdafskfli tkm Wthtm‖s

gnlsmlt, wkfgk ehy dm haamimj dy rmcmrmlgm mftkmr tn h sthtutm nr tn mxprmss amifsahtfvm

pmrefssfnl. Onlms, ; W.Y.7j ht 37;. Wufli h invmrlemltha mltfty rmqufrms tkm pahfltfcc tn prnvm

tkm mltfty‖s gnlsmlt tn tkm suft. FZ-Jhvy, 9: W.Y.7j ht ;==. Yftknut tkm invmrlemlt‖s gnlsmlt

tn suft, invmrlemltha feeulfty jmcmhts h gnurt‖s sudomgt-ehttmr ourfsjfgtfnl. Fj.

Zkm ZJOH rmqufrms tkht h eulfgfphafty eust dm onflmj fl h jmgahrhtnry oujiemlt hgtfnl

tkht flvnavms tkm ‑vhafjfty― nc hl nrjflhlgm. §79.003 (d). Kmrm, knwmvmr, tkmrm fs ln fssum hdnut

tkm vhafjfty nc tkm lmw irnulj trhlspnrthtfnl ruams ht JCY. Zkus, tkm pntmltfha invmrlemltha

feeulfty whfvmr grmhtmj dy tkht smgtfnl jnms lnt mxfst. JCY wnuaj dm mltftamj tn invmrlemltha

feeulfty fc HZN wmrm hssmrtfli h gahfe uljmr tkm ZJOH flvnavfli ‑gnlstrugtfnl― nc tkm lmw

ruams. Zkmrm fs ln sugk gahfe, hlj hly mccnrt tn gnlstrum tkm Pmtftfnl tn hssmrt sugk h gahfe,

wnuaj dm dhrrmj dy invmrlemltha feeulfty.


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YKMTMCNTM, JCY rmqumsts tkfs Gnurt jfsefss cnr whlt nc ourfsjfgtfnl tkm Pmtftfnl, haa

rmqumsts cnr rmafmc hlj tkm gahfe cnr httnrlmys‖ cmms. JCY rmqumsts sugk curtkmr nr hjjftfnlha

rmafmc tn wkfgk ft ehy dm mltftamj.

Tmspmgtcuaay sudefttmj,

/s/ Omrry A. DmhlmOmrry A. DmhlmWthtm Dhr Ln. 08633000

[email protected] HLJTMYW B]TZK, AAP8989 Ehfl Wtrmmt, Wuftm 7900

Jhaahs, Zmxhs 9=40848:-3=6-:=40 (Pknlm)48:-3=6-:99; (Chx)

HZZNTLMV CNT JMCMLJHLZJHAAHW/CNTZ YNTZKFLZMTLHZFNLHA HFTPNTZ DNHTJ

LNZFGM NC KMHTFLI

JCY Hfrpnrt Dnhrj‖s Hemljmj Pamh tn tkm Ourfsjfgtfnl fs smt cnr kmhrfli fl tkm ::tkJfstrfgt Gnurt ht 7?00 pe nl Wmptmedmr 88, 408=.

/s/ Omrry A. DmhlmOmrry A. Dmhlm

GMTZFCFGHZM NC WMTSFGM

Nl tkm ;tk jhy nc Wmptmedmr, 408=, h gnpy nc tkm cnrminfli jnguemlt whs smrvmj nlgnulsma nc rmgnrj dy emhls nc mcfamtmxhs.inv mamgtrnlfg cfafli systme hlj vfh chgsfefam.

/s/ Omrry A. DmhlmOmrry A. Dmhlm

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