CA #3 Review

CA #3 ReviewCA #3 Review

The RulesThe Rules

• You will be divided into groups of 3 or 4You will be divided into groups of 3 or 4

• Each team will have a turn to answer a Each team will have a turn to answer a trivia questiontrivia question

• If your group answers correctly, you will If your group answers correctly, you will earn points for that questionearn points for that question

• If your group can’t answer the question or If your group can’t answer the question or answers incorrectly, your turn will be answers incorrectly, your turn will be passed to the next grouppassed to the next group

Every 3 nt in mRNA that Every 3 nt in mRNA that codes for an amino acid or codes for an amino acid or

is a start or stop signalis a start or stop signal

Codon

Click for: Answer and next Question

Mendel’s law = alleles for Mendel’s law = alleles for different traits are different traits are

inherited independently of inherited independently of one anotherone another

Law of independentassortment


How do we write How do we write homozygous dominant homozygous dominant

genotypes? Homozygous genotypes? Homozygous recessive? Heterozygous?recessive? Heterozygous?

AAaaAa


Which of Mendel’s Which of Mendel’s conclusions explains how conclusions explains how traits can disappear and traits can disappear and then reappear between then reappear between

generations?generations?

Law ofsegregation (and rule

of dominance)


What is a gene?What is a gene?

Segment of DNA that codes for

protein


What is the shape of What is the shape of DNA?DNA?

Double helix


DNA is polymer made up DNA is polymer made up of monomers called of monomers called

________?________?

Nucleotides


What are the base pairing What are the base pairing rules for DNA?rules for DNA?

A = TG = C


In DNA replication, what In DNA replication, what enzyme is needed to enzyme is needed to

unwind DNA?unwind DNA?

DNA helicase


DNA polymerase READS in DNA polymerase READS in what direction? what direction?

3’ to 5’


Which 2 bases are Which 2 bases are purines?purines?

A and G


If a tRNA anticodon reads If a tRNA anticodon reads GCU, what is the mRNA GCU, what is the mRNA

codon?codon?

CGA


What do we call changes What do we call changes in the nucleotide in the nucleotide

sequence of DNA?sequence of DNA?

Mutations


What is the central What is the central concept of genetics?concept of genetics?

DNA to RNA toprotein


A gene that codes for A gene that codes for resistance to a herbicide resistance to a herbicide has been added to the has been added to the

genome of a plant. What genome of a plant. What will happen?will happen?

Plants won’t diewhen herbicide is

sprayedClick for: Answer and next Question

Where does transcription Where does transcription occur?occur?

Nucleus


What enzyme is primarily What enzyme is primarily responsible for responsible for transcription?transcription?

RNA polymerase


True or False: Transferring True or False: Transferring normal human genes into normal human genes into

human cells that lack human cells that lack them is impossible.them is impossible.

False


Which type of RNA makes Which type of RNA makes up the ribosome?up the ribosome?

rRNA


Which type of RNA carries Which type of RNA carries instructions for making a instructions for making a

protein?protein?

mRNA


How is pre-mRNA How is pre-mRNA processed into mRNA?processed into mRNA?

Capping and splicing


The codon AUG codes for The codon AUG codes for what amino acid?what amino acid?

Methionine


B = black fur, b = white B = black fur, b = white fur. Give F1 genotype from fur. Give F1 genotype from crossing two heterozygous crossing two heterozygous

black bears.black bears.

1/4 BB2/4 Bb1/4 bb


True or False? The next True or False? The next amino acid being added to amino acid being added to

a growing polypeptide a growing polypeptide chain is attached to a chain is attached to a

tRNA in the A site.tRNA in the A site.

True


Name two traits that Name two traits that Mendel was observing in Mendel was observing in

his pea plants.his pea plants.

Plant heightFlower position

Pod colorPod appearance

Seed textureSeed color

Flower colorClick for: Answer and next Question

What type of organism What type of organism was Mendel working with?was Mendel working with?

Pea plants


Predicting genetic Predicting genetic outcomes is based on outcomes is based on

________ (or the likelihood ________ (or the likelihood that an event will occur).that an event will occur).

Probability


What’s the difference What’s the difference between a genotype and between a genotype and

phenotype?phenotype?

Genotype = geneticmakeup

Phenotype = appearanceor expression of trait


As a sample size As a sample size increases, what happens increases, what happens to the percent deviation?to the percent deviation?

Decreases


What are the 3 parts of a What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?nucleotide?

Deoxyribose sugarPhosphate

Nitrogenous baseClick for: Answer and next Question

True or False? In True or False? In codominance the codominance the

phenotype is a blending in phenotype is a blending in heterozygotesheterozygotes

False


Two or more alternative Two or more alternative forms of a gene is called forms of a gene is called an ______. (Hint: Mendel an ______. (Hint: Mendel

called them factors)called them factors)

Allele


What enzyme is primarily What enzyme is primarily responsible for DNA responsible for DNA

replication?replication?

DNA polymerase


What is a pure (or true-What is a pure (or true-breeding) plant?breeding) plant?

Always produceoffspring with

specific trait whenself-pollinated


True or False? Punnett True or False? Punnett squares predict exactly squares predict exactly

what we will see.what we will see.

False


In a testcross, always In a testcross, always cross the unknown cross the unknown organism with an organism with an

organism whose genotype organism whose genotype is _________.is _________.

Homozygousrecessive


Amino acids are joined Amino acids are joined with what type of bond?with what type of bond?

Peptide


This type of RNA binds to This type of RNA binds to amino acids and carries amino acids and carries them to the ribosome.them to the ribosome.

tRNA


What is the difference What is the difference between a monohybrid between a monohybrid

and dihyrid?and dihyrid?

Monohybrid = 1 traitDihybrid = 2 traits


What are the short What are the short segments of DNA made in segments of DNA made in our lagging strand called?our lagging strand called?

Okazakifragments


Each new DNA molecule is Each new DNA molecule is half the original molecule half the original molecule

and half a new strand.and half a new strand.

Semi-conservative


Diagram used to predict Diagram used to predict probable outcomes of probable outcomes of

inherited traits in offspringinherited traits in offspring

Punnett square


Y shaped region that Y shaped region that results when two strands results when two strands

of DNA separate.of DNA separate.

Replication fork


Name 2 things that can Name 2 things that can cause errors in DNA cause errors in DNA

replication.replication.

UV radiationRandom


Where does translation Where does translation occur?occur?

Ribosome


Give the complementary Give the complementary strand for this portion of strand for this portion of

DNA: CCTAGCTDNA: CCTAGCT

GGATCGA


What is it called when What is it called when several ribosomes several ribosomes

translate one mRNA at the translate one mRNA at the same time?same time?

Polysome


What is genetic What is genetic engineering?engineering?

Process of alteringgenetic material

of cells or organisms


If a DNA template strand If a DNA template strand reads TAG, what is the reads TAG, what is the

mRNA codon? mRNA codon?

AUC


How did Mendel obtain his How did Mendel obtain his F1 generation?F1 generation?

Crossed 2 of hisP1 plants


What is the importance of What is the importance of these three codons: UAA, these three codons: UAA,

UAG, UGA?UAG, UGA?

Stop codons


How many codons are How many codons are there?there?

64


What is the direct result of What is the direct result of transcription in transcription in

eukaryotes?eukaryotes?

pre-mRNA


What is a promoter?What is a promoter?

Base sequence thatsignals start oftranscription


What type of bond holds What type of bond holds DNA bases together?DNA bases together?

Hydrogen


What makes up the What makes up the backbone of DNA?backbone of DNA?

Alternatingdeoxyribose sugar

and phosphate


What sugar is found in What sugar is found in DNA?DNA?

Deoxyribose


Who discovered the shape Who discovered the shape of DNA?of DNA?

Watson and Crickw/ help from Wilkins

and Franklin


What does anitparallel What does anitparallel mean?mean?

DNA strandsparallel, but runningin opposite directions


True or False? DNA True or False? DNA replication on the lagging replication on the lagging

strand is continuous.strand is continuous.

False


How accurate is DNA How accurate is DNA replication?replication?

Errors occur 1 inevery billionbase pairs


True or False? DNA True or False? DNA replication on the lagging replication on the lagging

strand is continuous.strand is continuous.

False


This is the most abundant This is the most abundant form of RNA.form of RNA.

rRNA


Name one agricultural Name one agricultural application of genetic application of genetic

engineering.engineering.

Answerswill vary


After mRNA leaves the After mRNA leaves the nucleus, where does it go?nucleus, where does it go?

Ribosome


True or False? Several True or False? Several codons can code for the codons can code for the

same amino acid.same amino acid.

True


What direction does What direction does translation occur?translation occur?

5’ to 3’


Method of cloning whole Method of cloning whole organisms.organisms.

SCNT


What type of organism did What type of organism did Morgan work with?Morgan work with?

Fruit flies(Drosophila)


What is the difference What is the difference between autosomes and between autosomes and

sex chromosomes?sex chromosomes?

Sex chromosomesdetermine sex


How many binding sites How many binding sites are on a ribosome?are on a ribosome?

3 (P site, A site,mRNA binding

site)Click for: Answer and next Question

What does the SRY gene What does the SRY gene do?do?

Codes for proteinthat causes gonads to

develop as testes


What is a lethal What is a lethal mutation?mutation?

One that causesdeath


What happens in a What happens in a chromosomal inversion?chromosomal inversion?

Segment of chromosome breaks

off, flips over,reattaches


Name one type of Name one type of chromosomal mutation.chromosomal mutation.

DeletionInversion

TranslocationNondisjunction


What is a point What is a point mutation?mutation?

Involves a singlenucleotide


Which two types of point Which two types of point mutations can cause a mutations can cause a

frameshift?frameshift?

Insertion anddeletion


How do restriction How do restriction enzymes work?enzymes work?

Make cuts in DNAat specific base

sequences


What happens to the What happens to the gametes if nondisjunction gametes if nondisjunction

occurs during meiosis?occurs during meiosis?

Some will have extrachromosomes, some

will have less


If a trait is sex-linked, who If a trait is sex-linked, who generally expresses the generally expresses the

trait?trait?

Males


Name one trait in humans Name one trait in humans that is caused by that is caused by

polygenic inheritance.polygenic inheritance.

Skin colorHair color

HeightEye color


Which type of pattern of Which type of pattern of inheritance follows a bell inheritance follows a bell

curve?curve?

Polygenic


Name one trait in humans Name one trait in humans that is controlled by that is controlled by

multiple alleles.multiple alleles.

ABO bloodgroups


What is a silent What is a silent mutation?mutation?

Mutation that doesnot effect protein

product


Most human traits follow Most human traits follow what type of pattern of what type of pattern of

inheritance?inheritance?

Polygenic


True or False? All True or False? All mutations are harmful.mutations are harmful.

False


Is it possible for a person Is it possible for a person with type AB blood and a with type AB blood and a person with type O blood person with type O blood

to have a child with O to have a child with O blood?blood?

No


How can a person with How can a person with type B blood and person type B blood and person

with type A blood produce with type A blood produce a child with type O blood?a child with type O blood?

Both parentsheterozygous


If 2 genes are close If 2 genes are close together what will most together what will most

likely happen during likely happen during crossing over?crossing over?

They will crossover

together


Give F1 phenotypes for a Give F1 phenotypes for a cross between cross between

homozygous white-eyed homozygous white-eyed female fruit fly and red-female fruit fly and red-

eyed male.eyed male.

1/2 female, red1/2 male, white


What does the term What does the term hemizygous refer to?hemizygous refer to?

Possible genotypefor males in

X-linked problems


Name one way to detect Name one way to detect genetic diseases in a genetic diseases in a

fetus.fetus.

UltrasoundChorionic villiAmniocentesis


How do we show affected How do we show affected individuals in a pedigree?individuals in a pedigree?

Shade in boxor circle


Where are restriction Where are restriction enzymes naturally found?enzymes naturally found?

In bacteria


What is the difference What is the difference between a sticky end and between a sticky end and

a blunt end?a blunt end?

Sticky = overhangsof DNA

Blunt = no overhang,clean cut


What is a plasmid?What is a plasmid?

Circular piece ofDNA found in

bacteria


Process of breeding plants Process of breeding plants or animals for certain or animals for certain

traits.traits.

Selectivebreeding


Name one medical Name one medical application of genetic application of genetic


Answerswill vary


What is a vector?What is a vector?

Something thatcarries rDNA into

a cell


Name one concern people Name one concern people have with genetic have with genetic


Answers will vary


What is a superweed?What is a superweed?

GM crop that getsout into wild


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CA #3 Review