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Bruun and Heyn-Johnsen offer one possible solution to the "paradox of monetary profits" that results from basic macroeconomic accounting identities: if one person's financial asset always equals another person's financial liabilities, all financial assets and liabilities within a closed economy will always add up to zero. So, the economy as a whole cannot make any monetary profits, only real profits. So macroeconomically, finance is a zero-sum-game; macroeconomic profits - net profits for the whole economy - can only come from changes in value of the whole economy's real assets. This, then, shifts the focus from finance to patterns of how creditors and debtors value real capital in relationship to expected future income streams. These are the (subjective) acts through which people cause business cycles and financial booms and crises: during a credit expansion phase, real assets will appreciate because creditors as well as debtors expect higher future income streams. This in turn improves creditworthiness, which leads to another round of even higher amounts of credit. This is a self-accelerating process, a feedback loop that leads to a so called boom or "credit bubble". If for some reason income expectations fall back, credit expansion comes to a halt. The process of rising incomes and appreciation of real capital stops. If income expectations now fall even more, a rapid bust can occur. So it is the connection between credit, income expectations and valuing real assets used as collateral for credit that drives credit booms and busts, business cycles, and financial booms and crises. This is a much needed contribution, as similar approaches such as Wolfgang Stützel’s Mechanics of Balances or Randall Wrays Modern Monetary Theory so far have been focusing on the accounting part of macroeconomics while leaving out the impact of expectations on valuing real assets - the "reflexive connection between credit and collateral" (George Soros). Macro accounting models are a necessary start withouth which reality based macroeconomics will achieve nothing. But it is not everything: the second crucial ingredient in the making of business cycles, booms and busts, and crises, are the subjective acts of valuation of real capital creditors and debtors engage in before any credit contract is made. And the result of that act can and will change before it matures, of course: how else could liabilities that were "good" when they were contracted turn "bad" during a financial crisis? This is what George Soros means when he talks about "reflexivity" and the "reflexive connection between credit and collateral" - and it is a missing link in explaining crises that needs to be incorporated into the accounting approach for it to become a realistic model of the most important typical macroeconomic processes - booms and recessions, or the business cycle. Another solution to the problem of monetary profits being impossible for the "capitalists" as a whole would be that if the private sector as a whole wants to accumulate financial assets, some other sector of the economy must accumulate the same amount of debt. In a closed economy, this can only be the public sector. In other words, it is the government's debt that allows the private sector (as a whole) to generate monetary profits. As the government, in contrast with private businesses, does not have to act pro-cyclically in creating credit, it can use its ability to create credit counter-cyclically to avoid rapid busts (by acting as borrower of last resort); or its ability to destroy credit (by raising taxes) to avoid building big credit bubbles. Both objectives are achieved through monitoring the price level of real assets and aiming at a fairly stable price level. This is the theoretical foundation for the macroeconomic goal of price stability that all central banks strive for. Governments should strive for it as well and cooperate with their central banks in this
Citation preview
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Contributions Towards a Framework forUnderstanding Financial Crisis
Presentation at MAFIN09, Reykjavik
Carsten Heyn-Johnsen and Charlotte Bruun
Department of Economics, Politics and Public AdministrationAalborg University, Denmark
September 3-5th, 2009
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Index
I The Logical Impossibility of Monetary ProfitsI MarxI KeynesI stock-flow consistent modelling
I A Heuristical Solution?
I An Agent-based model founded on the suggested framework
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Macroaccounting of Monetary Production
Without Connectivity of real and financial spheres, financial crisis
only have casino impact!
M - C - M
M - C monetary financing of real production ofcommodities, primo.
C - M monetary realisation of the real product, ultimo.
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Marx
The produced surplus value in commodity form has to be realisedin money.
M - C - C’ - M’
I ”The class of capitalists can not extract from the circulation,what has not previously been thrown in.”) (K. Marx: DasKapital, vol.2, 2.sec., chapt. 17)
I In fact, as paradoxical as it looks immediately , the class ofcapitalists themselves throws into circulation the money, thatserves the realisation of the surplus-value embedded in thecommodities.(ibid.)
I t - turnover of ∆M → surplus value = t ∗∆M
I BUT no simultaneous realization of the surplus. A logicaltimetrick!
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Marx’ Conclusion
But regarding the whole class of capitalists the sentence, that theythemselves have to throw the money for realising theirsurplusvalue (respectively also for circulation their capital,constant and variable) appears not only not paradoxical, it is thenecessary condition for the whole mechanism: because here thereare only two classes: the working class, that only dispose of theirlabourpower; the capitalist class, who hold the social means ofproduction as well as the money in their possession ofmonopoly.)ibid., chapt 20.
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Keynes
Y = E + Q = C + I = D
Df = E + Q financing joint. The financing of productionincludes the profit to be realised at the realisationjoint
Dr = C + I realisation joint.Precluding real quasi-rents to berealised as a monetary profit, as they are alreadyfinanced or monetised; and therefore figure as aliability entry in the financial sphere, even beforethey are to be realised.
Dr > Df ???
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Keynes and User Costs
”Prime cost proper, viz. those which can be avoided by notundertaking output in the short period, divide into prime-factorcosts, viz. those involved in employing concurrently ultimatefactors of production, labour, short loans etc. and user costs orsupplementary factor costs, viz. those involved in using machinery,- generally, the products of prime-factors employed in the past.They are prime costs because they can be avoided by not usingthe machinery, but they are not prime-factor costs because they donot involve the concurrent employment of ultimate factors ofproduction (but aren’t necessarily paid out to anyone as income).(Harrod in C.W. xiii, p.539, my underlignings but the brackets areHarrods.)”
I Harrod is envisaging income created in the production sphere,with no counterpoise in the financial or monetary sphere!
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Choice of Units, Effective Demand and Income
units ”In dealing with the theory of employment Ipropose, therefore, to make use of only twofundamental units of quantity, namely, quantities ofmoney-values and quantities of employment.”(G.T.p.41)
effective demand The pivotal concept ’effective demand’designates the entrepreneurs decision to produce intoto, it is expressed as an number of wage-units,that is a number of units of money. At the financialjoint this measures the monetary financing ofproduction. It is the financial disbursement, Df, ofthe circuit. As such it is an empirical fact, and it istherefore what it happens to be.
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Definition of income Inconclusive:
I ”During any period of time the entrepreneurswill have sold finished output for a certain sumwhich we will designate as A. And they willend up with a capital equipment, which termincludes both stocks of unfinished goods orworking capital and stocks of finished goods,both together having a value G.”(Transcription of the first paragraph in G.T. p.52)
I ”We must...deduct...a certain sum, torepresent that part of its value which has been(in some sense) contributed by the equipmentinherited from the previous period...Theproblem of defining income is solved as soon aswe have found a satisfactory method forcalculating this deduction.”(G.T. p.52)
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
”The difficulty in arriving at a definition of income is due to thefact that the amount of the sales proceeds of any article is a grossfigure...some deduction has to be made from the gross saleproceeds in order to arrive at a measure of what can be regardedas income...it is not immediately obvious what this deductionshould be.(p.399)...there is a constant leakage going on in thecirculation of income (quite apart from saving) unlessentrepreneurs are making it good by new investment equal to whatthey have deducted from the gross price to cover user cost...Foruser cost is financial provision made by the entrepreneur...If theentrepreneur’s actual financial deduction from gross price which heregards in no sense and in no circumstances available as income,could be laid down by an infallible formula, then I should defineincome as what remains after this deduction. But there is nosuch formula.(p.417, my emphasis )
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
The monetising and accounting of profits
A Actual realised sales of finished products - empirical.
F Factor payments (at macrolevel only labour) -empirical.
I Investment as a real phenomenon - imaginary!
S Savings out of money-income - empirical.
Q Profits - the maximand! - imaginary!
1. Q = A-F+I
2. Q+F-A = I
3. F-A = S
4. Q+S = I
5. Q = I-S
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
The monetising and accounting of profits
A Actual realised sales of finished products - empirical.
F Factor payments (at macrolevel only labour) -empirical.
I Investment as a real phenomenon - imaginary!
S Savings out of money-income - empirical.
Q Profits - the maximand! - imaginary!
1. Q = A-F+I
2. Q+F-A = I
3. F-A = S
4. Q+S = I
5. Q = I-S
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Balance Sheet
House- Firms Bank Totalholds
Deposits +Dh +Df −D 0Loans −Lh −Lf +L 0Capital +K +KEquities +pE −pE 0Net worth Vh Vf ≈ 0 +K
Table: Balance sheet - simplified Godley,Dos Santos or Zezza
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Current Transaction Flow Matrix
Positive is source, negative is use of funds. Capital gains notincluded since they are not transactions.
House- Firms Bank Totalholds current capital
Consumption −C +C 0Investment +∆K −∆K 0Wages +W −W 0interest D +idDh +idDf −idD 0interest L −ilLh −ilLf +ilL 0dividends +F -F 0∑
SAVh Fu −∆K ≈ 0 0
Table: Current transaction flow matrix
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Flow of Funds
From flows to ∆Stock. Sectoral budget constraints. Capital gainsmay be added.
House- Firms BankTotal
holdsSavings SAVh Fu ≈ 0 SAV∆Deposits −∆Dh −∆Df +∆D 0∆Loans +∆Lh +∆Lf −∆L 0∆Equities −p∆Eh +p∆Ef 0∆Capital −∆K −∆K∑
0 0 0 0
∆VSAVh+ Fu− SAV = ∆K∆pEt−1 ∆pEt−1
Table: Flow of Funds
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
In a simplified World;
I SAVh = W - C
I Fu = ∆K + C - W = “retained profits”
I SAV = SAVh + Fu = W - C + ∆K + C - W = ∆K
I “firms do retain a part (Fu) of their profits (or Marshallian“quasi-rents”)
(Dos Santos (2004))
I The problem is that such profits have already been spend onpurchasing capital goods!
I Firms only gain a real profit, not a monetary profit.
I Note similarity with Keynes’ Q + S = I
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
A Simple Example - current transactions
House- Firms Totalholds current capital
Consumption -80C +80C 0Investment +20∆K −20∆K 0Wages +100W -100W 0∑
SAVh=20 Fu=0 −∆K =20 0What if firms purchase capital for 40 rather than 20?
House- Firms Totalholds current capital
Consumption -80C +80C 0Investment +40∆K −40∆K 0Wages +100W -100W 0∑
SAVh=20 Fu=20 −∆K =40 0
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
A Simple Example - current transactions
House- Firms Totalholds current capital
Consumption -80C +80C 0Investment +20∆K −20∆K 0Wages +100W -100W 0∑
SAVh=20 Fu=0 −∆K =20 0What if firms purchase capital for 40 rather than 20?
House- Firms Totalholds current capital
Consumption -80C +80C 0Investment +40∆K −40∆K 0Wages +100W -100W 0∑
SAVh=20 Fu=20 −∆K =40 0
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
I Can the retained profits of 20 be seen as a monetary profit forthe aggregate of firms - and can it be spend on purchasingcapital goods or labor in future periods?
I The answer must be NO!
I The retained profits just means that households do not “own”all capital.
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
A simple example - flow of funds
With capital purchase of 20:House- Firms
Totalholds
Savings +20SAVh 0Fu 20SAV∆Equities −20∆E +20∆E 0∆Capital −20∆K −20∆K∑
0 0 0∆V 0 0 SAV = ∆K = 20
With capital purchase of 40:House- Firms
Totalholds
Savings +20SAVh +20Fu 40SAV∆Equities −20∆E +40− 20∆E 0∆Capital −40∆K −40∆K∑
0 0 0∆V 0 0 SAV = ∆K = 40
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
SFC and monetary profits
I Society’s change in net worth = savings = ∆Capital
I ∆Capital is a real profit to society. Not a monetary profit.Without a theory of value we cannot know its value - in realor monetary terms.
I Fu - retained profits can only be a positive monetary volumeif another sector has negative savings.
I In the aggregate firms can at best get back the money thespent on wages.
I Fu cannot finance future investments. It has already beenused for financing investments.
I cause or effect? Is retained earnings determined by the firm,or by the saving or consumption decision of households?
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Where to search for a solution to the realisationproblem?
“...these difficulties are rightly regarded as “conundrums”. Theyare “purely theoretical” in the sense that they never perplex, orindeed enter in any way into, business decisions and have norelevance to the causal sequence of economic events”
(Keynes(1936))That they cannot obtain a monetary profit does not stop firmsfrom producing. Either Marx and Keynes were wrong aboutM-C-M’, or firms are somehow convinced that they earn amonetary profit!
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
A Heuristical Definition of Monetary Wealth
I
Assets- Liabilities= Wealth
I Works for monetary assets, but if we insists on a theoreticalmeasure of real assets we end up in another logicalimpossibility (Capital controversy).
I valuation of real capital - that’s what stock markets are for!!!
I
Monetary assets + equity evaluated at stock market prices- (Monetary Liabilities + equity evaluated at issuing price)= Monetary Wealth
I profit = ∆monetary wealth of firms
I almost stock-flow consistent - a flow deduced from stocksrather than all changes in stocks determined from flows!
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Praxis of the corporate sector
There are, however, some distinctions between conventions thatshould be adopted when dealing with national accounts, one theone hand, and corporate sector accounts on the other.Emphasising the importance of constructing income and balancesheet accounts on a sectoral consistent basis leads us to the usualnational accounting convention of treating equities as a liability ofthe corporate sector. [...] On the other hand, it is usual ininterpreting corporate sector accounts not to treat equities asliabilities.The concept of wealth which is likely to be of economic interestexcludes (some part of) equity as a liability of the corporate sector.
(Patterson (1990))
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
almost Stock-Flow Consistency
House- Firms Bank Totalholds
Deposits +Dh +Df −D 0Loans −Lh −Lf +L 0Capital +K +KEquities held +pEh +pEf pE
issued −E s −E s
Net worth Vh Vf ≈ 0 (p − 1)E + K
Table: Heuristical Balance sheet
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Flows generate stocks
House- Firms Bank Totalholds current capital
Consumption −C +C 0Investment +∆K −∆K 0Wages +W −W 0interest D +idDh +idDf −idD 0interest L −ilLh −ilLf +ilLg 0dividends +Fh +Ff − F 0∑
SAVh SAVf −∆K ≈ 0 0
Table: Current transaction flow matrix
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Flows generate stocks
House- Firms BankTotal
holdsSavings SAVh SAVf ≈ 0 SAV∆Deposits −∆Dh −∆Df +∆D 0∆Loans +∆Lh +∆Lf −∆L 0∆Equities −p∆Eh −p∆Ef −p∆E
New issues +p∆E +p∆E∆Capital −∆K −∆K∑
0 0 0 SAV = ∆K
Table: Flow of Funds
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Introducing revaluations
House- Firms Bank Totalholds
Savings SAVh SAVf SAVb SAV∆Depos. −∆Dh −∆Df +∆D 0∆Loans +∆Lh +∆Lf −∆L 0∆Equity −p∆Eh −p∆Ef −p∆E s
new issues +p∆E s +p∆E s
∆Capital −∆K −∆K∑0 0 0 SAV = ∆K
revaluationsEquity ∆pEht−1 ∆pEft−1 ∆pEt−1
new issues p∆E s −∆E s p∆E s −∆E s
∆V
∆Vh = ∆Vf = ∆Vb ≈ 0 ∆K+SAVh+ SAVf+ ∆Ep++∆pEht−1 ∆pEft−1+ ∆pEt−1
p∆E s −∆E s −∆E s
Table: Flow of Funds
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
The monetary profit
I When equity prices go up, society feels richer, and this mayaffect the behaviour of firms as well as households.
I The monetary wealth of households increase, and with awealth-effect in consumption, consumption increases.
I The monetary profit of firms, defined as change in monetarywealth, increases, and this may make firms, as well as banks,more optimistic.
I When equity prices go down, we see the opposite effect.
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
An agent-based model founded on the suggestedframework
I Agent-based macroeconomics - monetary production theory!
I Accounting identitites emerge since every flow has a senderas well as a recipient.
I All agents within a sector (household, producer of investmentgoods, producer of consumption goods) start out identical
I All agents trade on equity market
I Behaviour on equity market is stabilizing rather than herdfollowing, i.e. they try to sell expensive and buy cheap!
I A Tobin’s q effect in investment decision.
I Herding behaviour as well as wealth effects in consumption!
Contributions Towardsa Framework forUnderstandingFinancial Crisis
Carsten Heyn-Johnsenand Charlotte Bruun
Index
The LogicalImpossibility ofMonetary Profits
Marx
Keynes
stock-flow consistentmodels
A Heuristical Solution?
An agent-based modelfounded on thesuggested framework
Results from an agent-based model founded onthe suggested framework
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