A WAHID ON THE FIQH-PLUS PARADIGM AND THE MODERATE

THEORY OF SECULARIZATIONBy:

SAEFUR ROCHMATrochmat@yahoo.com

Ph. D Student at Victoria UniversityLecturer at the Department of History

EducationOf the Faculty of Social Sciences

Of Yogyakarta State University (UNY)Indonesia

I. INTRODUCTIONTHREE PARADIGMS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ISLAM

AND STATE:1. THEOCRATIC PARADIGM: Islam as a Religion and State

Example: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan2. SECULAR PARADIGM: Separation of Islam and State

Example: Turkey 3. FIQH PARADIGM: Mutual Legitimacy Islam and State

Example: Indonesia

IDEOLOGICAL : Want to establish an Ideal StateExample: 1. Theocratic Paradigm

2. Secular ParadigmNON-IDEOLOGICAL : Islam and State are different Identities,

butthey develop mutual legitimacies

Example: Fiqh Paradigm

THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA IS ESTABLISHED BASED ON THE FIQH PARADIGM1. Fiqh paradigm recognizes ISLAM n STATE as

DIFFERENT ENTITIES, but both should develop A MUTUAL LEGITIMACY.

2. Fiqh paradigm justifies the existence of a state as a tool for implementing public order

3. PUBLIC ORDER as the prerequisite for RELIGIOUS ORDER

BUT:4. This mutual legitimacy did not work well as 5. Followers of secular knowledge vs those of

religious knowledge6. Secularists supported the Soekarno and

Soeharto regimes because of ideological preference so undemocratic regimes

FIQH PARADIGM:

1. IS a Sunni Tradition: the validity of religious practices do not depend on political preference. Example:a. Some Shiites do not perform Friday prayer because

the Imam is on Occultationb. The followers of Hizbut Tahrir do not perform Friday prayer

as there is no an caliphate2. Islam and State are different identities, but they should

develop mutual Legitimaciesa. The Existence of State is based on the power in the society,

not because of Religionb. State should not contradict to Islam

c. Fiqh Paradigm does not consider important the FORM OF STATE, but the FUNCTION OF STATE so that:

- Justified the Caliphate of Turkey Utsmaniyah - Justified the Netherland East Indies - Justified the Japanese Occupation Administration- Justifies the Republic of Indonesia

d. The nature of life is not black and white : a double truth : secular and religious knowledge

e. Life is based on the Principles of- moderation- equilibrium- toleration

f. Method: ushul fiqh and qa’idah fiqiyah g. Slogan: Preserve the good things of the TRADITION and adopt the good things of the MODERNISATION

THE NEED FOR THE FIQH-PLUS PARADIGM

1. Marginal Role of Islam in Indonesia as mismatch between Islam and modern political System

2. Secular paradigm dominated Ind political system

3. The Failure of Secular Paradigm in Muslim countries; Indonesia, because of lack of political participation

4. The Failure of other paradigms to counter Islamic fundamentalism radicalism such as JIL and JIMM

POLITICAL APPROACH TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ISLAM AND THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

RUKUN IMAN =============RUKUN ISLAM

RUKUN SOSIALISLAM -- DEMOCRACY --

STATE (QUASI-NORM) SUBSTANTIVE SYARI’AH

= PUBLIC ROLE OF RELIGION ISLAM -- MUTUAL LEGITIMACY --STATE

! CIVIL SOCIETY : ULAMA (=ISLAM) --------------- PRESIDENT

FIQH-PLUS (SOCIO-CULTURAL) PARADIGM

: Fiqh Paradigm + Structural Approach Spiritual Approach = Cultural Approach ideologist

unbalance VIOLENCE Wahid follows Karl Marx, but he is not a deterministNot agree with revolutionary methodLife is following the law of nature, but Wahid still

believes in God’s interventionHappiness is pursued by

1. Sciences : material achievement (secular knowledge)2. Sufism : spiritual achievement (religious knowledge)

3. Islamic law Socio-cultural : dialectic between individual and societyIndividual expression is through PUBLIC DISCOURSE

A. Wahid, the Fiqh-plus Paradigm, n the Nation State

Backgrounds:1.NU party was not an Islamist party, but Soeharto tried to marginalize it. 2. Wahid was worried about the cooperation between the regime and the modernist Muslims b it was a kind of ‘a marriage of convenience’3. Secular regimes failed to modernize Indonesia because of their neglect of Islam as source of valuesAccordingly,He tried to unify Muslims into one front in the effort of controlling the regime.

ABDURRAHMAN WAHID1. Islam and State:

a. Legal approach : Islamic State b. Political Approach democracy

2. The Pillars of Islam and The Pillars of Faith Social Pillars (Fiqh Sosial)3. Theology of Democracy : to negotiate NORMS and

CULTURE - It is not an exclusive theology

- One statement can be understood differently by different religious believers= to practice democracy is to practice a religious teaching

1. Fiqh paradigm is a truly Shari’a. NU differentiates ‘religious

practices’ from ‘non-religious practices’. 2. Islamic state a societal system= a non-religious practice phenomenon of 19th when Muslims vs modern ideologies. incorporate IDEOLOGY into ISLAM5. The failure of Reformism by the Islamists b it did not tolerate the plurality of Shari’a.6. He opposed the idea of bureaucratization of Islam.7. He aspired to the idea of religious communities playing the role of civil society.8. Muslims practices Islam in community under the guidance of clerics.