A HISTORY OF PHILOMATH COLLEGE

by

C, G. Springer

University of Oregon Thesis Series

A t h e s i s presented July, 1929, t o t h e School of Education and t h e Graduate School of t h e Univers i ty of Oregon in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t f o r t h e degree of Master of Arts.

Reproduced March, 1940, through Work Pro jec t s Adminis- t r a t i o n 0. P. 665-94-3051, sponsored by t h e Division of Information of t h e Oregon S t a t e System of Higher Education.

To reimburse t h e sponsor f o r S t a t e System funds spent f o r m a t e r i a l s , equipment, and binding, copies of t h i s t h e s i s s e l l for.,

Table of Contents -- Chapter

I O r i g i n of t h e United Bretheren Church

I1 Beginnings a t Philomath

I11 The F i r s t Per iod of Operation, 1867 t o 1889

IV Divis ion i n t h e Church and S t rugg le f o r t h e College Proper ty

V The Per iod of Reorganizat ion, 1896-1910

V I A Return t o Former JIethodsJ 1910-1929

VII The Cont r ibu t ion Philomath College Has Made

Bibliography

Foot Notes

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HISTORY OF PHI LOkIATH COLLEGE

Chapter I

Origin of t h e United Bretheren Church

The s to ry of t h e o r ig in and growth of t he Church of the United Bretheren i n Chr is t and t h e various i n s t i t u t i o n s which have sprung from i t s a c t i v i t i e s i s di- r e c t l y connected with t h a t of t h e German Reformed Church as it developed i n America. The f i r s t members of t he German Reformed Church s e t t l e d a t Germantownr Pennsylvania, i n 1683. Thoy had come a t t he i n v i t a t i o n of Yrilliam Penn, and were led by t h e i r pastor, Francis Daniel Pastor ius . / l Their growth was rapid f o r the period and by the close of t he Revolution the re were approximately 200,000 of them i n Pennsylvania and t h e adjoining s t a t e s .

The f i r s t C o e t u s ~ or general assembly, of t h e Reformed Church i n America was held a t Philadelphia, September 28, 1747. The year before, August lJ 1746, Michael Sch la t t e r had been sent t o America by the Synod of Holland. He was now sent back t o Holland and returned l a t e r with s i x young minis ters . Among these was Ph i l i p William Otterbein who was destined t o become the founder of t he Church of t h e United Bretheren i n Chris t . A t t h i s f i r s t Coetus 20,000 pounds was co l lec t - ed f o r t h e support of cha r i t y schools. Such schools were establ ished a t Lancaster, Readingr YorkJ Easton and elsewhere i n ~ e n n s ~ l v a n i a . & Thus were the founder of t h e United Bretheren Church and a d e f i n i t e pol icy of support f o r education intro- duced among t h e followers of t he Reformed f a i t h a t t h e same time.

P h i l i p l.(rilliam Otterbein was born a t Dillenburgh, Germany, June 3, 1726.b His parents were John Daniel, and ?'L'ilhelmina Henriet ta Gtterbein. "The fa ther a school pr inc ipa l and t h e mother a woman of r a r e i n t e l l e c t u a l ability."& The f a the r died i n 1842 and t h e mother moved t o Herborn, Germany, where a l l t he sons received an education. Ph i l i p Vfilliam helped h i s mother t o support the family and i n 1748 became a p e ~ c e p t o r i n the Herborn sohool. I t was here t h a t he was found by Sch la t t e r , and the young minis ter was persuaded t o go t o America where a l a rge r f i e l d was offered f o r h i s work. Soon a f t e r h i s a r r i v a l , he was placed i n charge of t he work a t Laneaster* Pennyslvania. A t t h i s time Lancaster was the second place i n importance i n t h e Reformed Church i n America. He remained here u n t i l October, 1758a when he resigned t o go t o Europe. The prevented t h i s . He preached a t Tulpahocken two years , then went t o Frederick, Md., and i n September, 1765, t o York, Pa. I t was during h i s pastorate a t York t h a t t he incident , which gave r i s e t o t he name United Bretheren, occurred. A t a meeting held i n Long's Barn, s i x miles northeast of Lancaster, Boehm, a A!enonite, had jus t made a n unusually s t rong sermon, a t t h e c lose of which Otterbein threw h is arms about Boehm and exclaimed, "Wir sind Bnder ," "!?Je a r e ~ r e t h e r e n . " From t h i s time on t h e f r iendship between Boehm and Otterbein was close. A t l a s t r i n 1780, Boehm was expelled from t h e Menonite church because of disagreement i n doctr ine and was soon joined with George Adam Greeting and Otterbein, who had become pastor i n 1774 of t he work a t Baltimore, Md. About t h i s t ime Otterbein a l s o became f r iendly with Bishop as bury^ the f i r s t i.iethodist Bishop i n America. Bishops Coke and Asbury

held a spec i a l conference i n Baltimore i n 1784, a t which the liethodist-Episcopal church i n America was organized, I t i s not c e r t a i n t h a t e i t h e r Boehm or Otterbein

attended t h i s meeting but a t any r a t e they were grea t ly influenced by t h e i r

assoc ia t ion wi th Asbury. Because of a soa rc i ty of t ra ined minis ters capable of conducting meetings, Otterbein adopted the Methodist plan of c l a s s leaders f o r the serv ices i n the churohes under h i s supervision.

The e c c l e s i a s t i c a l po l i ty of the Reformed Church i s Calv in is t ic and Presbyterian, but under the influence of Asbury, and due, perhaps, t o the r a the r emotional nature of Otterbein, the churches under h i s pastorate gradually adopted more and more of Episcopal form u n t i l a t length when they were f u l l y separated from the Old Reformed Church, t he re was l i t t l e difference i n e i t h e r organizat ion o r b e l i e f between the United Brotheren and the American Tdethodists. The e c c l e s i a s t i c a l p o l i t y of each i s "Tesleyan, and thero i s general agreement on the quest ion of baptism. In t h e i r services , both make strong appeal t o the emotional na ture of t h e i r hearers.

Difference in doct r ine and administrat ion between the Baltimore church and the E a r l i e r Reformed Church soon became noticoable. As e a r l y as 1706 there was disagreement between Ot te rbe in ' s church and t h a t of the old church under the pastorate of the Reverend Nicholas pornp.& The oons t i tu t ion of the Baltimore church which was incorporated i n 1798 d i f f e re somewhat from t h a t of the old German Reformed Church,

Otterbein 's followers now began t o be ca l l ed "Dutch Methodists" o r " N a v Bretheren." In 1789 a oonference of these New Reformed minis ters was held a t Baltimore. Another was held here i n 1791. Af te r the conference or" 1800 Ottorbein was never present i n an o f f i o i a l oapacity a t a synod of the German Reformed Church, and his followers gradually took the name United Brctheren i n Chris t . The f i r s t regular annual conference of t h i s church met at; the house of Frederick Kemp, Frederick Co., Mdr, September 25, 1 8 0 0 . h I t s German or ig in i s shown by the f a c t t h a t the protocol of the now church and the minutes of the meeting are w r i t t e n i n German. Ottcrbcin and Boehm wore the f i r s t super- intendents of the United Brethsren Church. Afterwards these were ca l l ed bishops. They were suooeeded by Adam Greeting and Chris t ian Newcomer.

The f i r s t General Coni'orence of the United Bretheren Church was held a t Hagerstown, hid., i n 1814. A Discipline, containing f i v e a r t i c l e s in the Confession of Faith, and f i f t o e n a r t i c l e s covering tho rules of the church, was adopted. I t was signed by Christopher Grosch and Chris t ian Nawconler. By 1845 the Church was wel l organized and had extended i t s f i e l d of and oper- a t i on wel l i n t o the Ohio and Mississippi val loys.

Imbued from the f i r s t with the s p i r i t of reform, the United Bretheren were opposed t o the use of l iquor , and by ail a c t of the conference of 1841 the use of l iquors was forbidden t o i t s members. Democratic i n s p i r i t , the conference held a t C i r c l e v i l l ~ , Ohio, i n 1945, l icensed women to preach. Recognizing the need f o r education i n a democratic community, t h i s s m e con- f erence recommended and authorized tho establishment of an i n s t i t u t i o n of learnin& and issued a warning ae;ains-l; the contraotion of irredeemabla debts,

That the f i r s t p a r t of t h i s in junc t ion met with thc approval of the l a i t y as well a s the heads of the ohurch i s shown by the f a c t tha-t within the next f i f t y yoars, t h i r t y c d u c a t i o n ~ l i n s t i t u t i o n s of v ~ r i o u s ranks wero organizad by the United Bretheren. These were no t confined t o any pa r t i cu l a r l oca l i t y , but ranged from Virginia and Pennsylvania t o the e a s t to Cal i forn ia and Oregon i n the west; and from Michigan and Ohio i n tho nor th cent ra l s t a b s to !\Tew F:lexico i n the southwes t .L

F i l l e d with missionary zeal and the s p i r i t of conquest common t o a l l Amerioans of the nineteenth century, t h i s young church found i t s e l f ree.dy t o go forward jus t a t the time when a l l of our country was awakening t o the demands f o r popular education. 'Nhile the s t a t e s were formulating plans f o r the popular support of t he s t a t e systems of education, and while the masses of t h e people were being educated t o the point where theywero wi l l ing t o finance such systems, the r e spons ib i l i t y f o r such means of education as were provided remained with the churches where it had l a rge ly been since medieval times. The United Rretheren did not h e s i t a t e t o assume t h e i r share of the burden.

In 1849 George Ti. Bethers, who l ived on a donation land claim one and one : ha l f miles southwest of t h e present c i t y of Cornal l is , Ore., wrote a l e t t e r t o the Religious Telescope, the o f f i c i a l organ of the United Bretheren Church, pub- l i shed a t Dayton, Ohio, asking f o r a preacher f o r the Mary's r i v e r sett lements i n Benton County. The l e t t e r was published and t h e Indiana Conference meeting a t Elkhart , Ind., decided t o send missionaries t o Oregon. The two men chosen for1 t h i s important work were Thomas Jefferson Connor and Jeremiah ICenoyer. Connor, a scholar ly, pas tor type of man, was made head of the mission and was given $1,000.00 toward h i s expenses. Kenoyer, a t a l l , rugged, outdoor type of man, .' and a physician, received $150.00 toward h i s exper.ses./10

A company of ninety-six persons in s ix teen wagons, under the leadership of Connor s t a r t e d f o r Oregon in the spring of 18 53. Three o ther minis ters , J. B. Lichtenthaler , M. M, C r o w , and R. Pr ice came a s a s s i s t a n t s . One member of t he parky, Brother David IIason, died and was buried near t he Ba r lm gate on the summit of t he Cascades. The r e s t of the p a r t y arr ived s a f e l y a t t h e i r destina- t i o n a f t e r a journey of f i v e months.

The new missionaries were soon a t t h e i r work. The f i r s t c lass of the United Bretheren Church i n Oregon was organized a t t h e Union school house in Benton County, i n January, 1854. The f i r s t quar te r ly conference of the Church was held a t the same place on tho 28th of t h e following May. A t t h i s meeting, the Oregon country was divided i n t o two d i s t r i c t s by a l i n e running east and west from near t h e mouth of t h e Santinm r iver . This i s per t inent because a school was l a t e r founded i n each of these d i s t r i c t s . The f i r s t annual confer- ence was held a t Santiam, Linn County, August 30, 1855, w i t h T. J . Connor pre- s iding as Bishop, pro tern. The growth of t h e church i s indicated by the d iv i - s ion of t he Oregon country i n t o f i v e d i s t r i c t s embracing the region between the "Calliapooyatt mountains on t h e south and t h e Yamhill r i v e r on the north.

An i n t e re s t ing phase of t h i s f i r s t annual conference i s given in t h e following resolut ion:

RESOLUTION One : "We aff i rm a pos i t ion of non-f ellawship with slaveholders and we must repudiate and repel a s slanderous t h e charge t h a t we advocate the promiscuous mixing of the races .I1 /11

Resolution two was directed aga ins t a f f i l i a t i o n with secre t soc ie t ies . The t h i r d resolut ion was directed aga ins t tho l i quor t r a f f i c . These resolutions a r e t y p i c a l of t h e a t t i t u d e of t h e IJnited Bretheren Church.

The second annual oonference met a t Rockhill school house, Linn County, August 16, 1856. A t t h i s meeting a report favoring t h e founding of a school a t Sublimity, Marion County, Oregon, waq adopted. A board of f i f t e e n t ru s t ees was appointed with ins t ruc t ions t o hold t h e i r f i r s t meeting a t Sublimity on

September 30, 1856. The schoo l a t S u b l i m i t y opener1 f o r morlc i n t h e f a l l of 1857 w i t h t h e Rev. Mi l ton Wright a s p r i n c i p a l and teacher .& At t h e nex t a n n u a l conference t h e work of lvfr. Wright was h i g h l y commended and t h e school was r e p o r t e d t o be i n a p rospe rous c o n d i t i o n . The s c h o o l a t S u b l i m i t y continued f a i r l y p rospe rous f o r abou t a decade. A f t e r t h e opening of Philomath Col lege i n 1867, t h e s c h o o l a t S u b l i m i t y dec l ined r a p i d l y and b y 1870 had ceased t o f u n c t i o n . The p r o p e r t y was f i n a l l y s o l d i n 1881 t o t h e C a t h o l i c Church f o r $275.00.

In t h i s c h a p t e r we have s e e n how t h e United Bre the ren Church sprang from t h e g r e a t wor ld movement i n t hough t , r e l i g i o n and educa t ion , vrkich had i t s beg inn ing w i t h t h e F;en:Aissance, p rog res sed th rough t h e pro tes tar i ' t r e f ormation, was b rough t t o America w i t h t h e founding of Pennsyl.vania, and subsequen t ly t h r o u g h t h a t complex of f o r c e s , known as t h e westward movement i n America, was brought t o Oregon where it h a s had a p a r t , as we s h a l l s e c , i n shaping t h e i d e a l s and d e s t i n i e s of ou r peop le .

CHAPTER I1

Beginnings a t Philomath

I n 1849 when George I!. Bethers wrote h i s momentous l e t t e r t o t h e Religious Telescope, t h e d i s t r i c t known a s t h e Naryt s River Set t lement was, roughly, t h a t p a r t of Benton County which i s bounded on t h e e a s t by t h e l i i l l a m e t t e r i v e r , on t h e n o r t h b y t h e Oak creek h i l l s , on t h e sou th b y Mary' s r i v e r and oxLcnded -rest i n t o t h e f o o t h i l l s along t h e t r i b u t a r i e s of t h i s stream. P r a c t i c a l l y a l l of t h e l e v e l l ands had been t aken and t h e b e t t e r lands i n t h e h i l l s were r a p i d l y being claimed, al though t h e t o t a l whi te populat ion of t h e s t a t e was yet probably l e s s than 10,000 persons . Living condi t ions were y e t i n t h e p r i m i t i v e s t a g e , but the American s p i r i t of progress was s t rong i n t h e h e a r t s of these pioneers They demanded i n t h i s new country t h e same o p ~ o r t u n i t i e s f o r t h e we l fa re o 2 t h e i r c h i l d r e n t h a t were t h e p o r t i o n of t h e ch i ld ren of t h e o l d e r communities from which t h e y had s o r e c e n t l y come. No sooner were t h e log cabins made comfortable, which t h e neighbors b y t h e i r combined s t r e n g t h had helped t o r a i s e , t h a n plans were made f o r t h e e r e c t i o n of a school house. It was i n one of t h e s e t h a t t h e plans f o r t h e b u i l d i n g of Philomath College were brought fo r th . / l3 -

"By mutual agreement a number of c i t i z e n s of Benton County, Oregon, met a t 'Maple Grove' schoo l house on t h e 14th day of February, 1865, t o t a k e i n t o con- s i d e r a t i o n t h e p r o p r i e t y of t r y i n g t o b u i l d up a h igh school o r an i n s t i t u t i o n of l e a r n i n g of some kind i n t h e i r midst." The meeting was ca l l ed t o order and organ- ized b y e l e c t i n g J . Beesley chairman and F. J . Connor secretary./14 - A committee of t h r e e was appointed t o draw up a subscr ip t ion f o r t h e purposes of purchnsing land and r a i s i n g an endowment, a l l of which was t o be o f fe red t o t h e Oregon Con- f e r e n c e of t h e Qni ted Brethmen Church. This s u b s c r i p t i o n was t o be made i n f i v e equal annual payments. The l e r g e s t s u b s c r i p t i o n was f o r $300.00 and t h e smal les t was f o r $3.00. There a r e t h i r t y - o n e names on t h e o r i g i n a l subscr ip t ion . The t o t a l amount ra i sed o r pledged was $12,000.00. Another $3,000.00 was pledged f o r t h e purpose of e r e c t i n g a b u i l d i n g . ' he t o t a l value offered t o t h e church was placed a t $17,500.00. The condi t ions were a s fo l lows :

F i r s t : "%at t h e church c o r d i a l l y and i n good f a i t h , a s proposed, u n i t e w i t h us i n b u i l d i n g up a f i r s t c l a s s I n s t i t u t i o n of earning."

Second: "That t h e proposed school be made s t r i c t l y a l i t e r a r y i n s t i t u t i o n , under t h e moral in f luence of C h r i s t i a n i t y , t h e Bible always being i t s textbook and s tandard of morality:'& This o f f e r was presented t o t h e t w e l f t h nnrual sess ion of t h e Oregon Conference of t h e Church of t h e United Bretheren in Chris t , which . . met a t Four th P l a i n Camp ground, VJashington Ter., September 15, 1865. The o f f e r

was r e f e r r e d t o t h e committee on education, reported on favorab ly and accented a t t h e evening s e s s i o n of September 16, 1865./16 -

At t h e f i r s t meeting a t iL4aple Grove, a committee of two was appointed t o pur- chase t h e land &mired f o r t h e s i t e of t h e school. The h a l f s e c t i o n owncd by David Henderson was purchased a t a t o t a l cos t of $2,510.00, $1260.00 t o bc paid May 1, 1865, and t h e balance, $1250.00, wi th i n t e r e s t a t t e n p e r cen t , t o be paid May 1, l e 6 6 . k A t a meeting he ld a t Maple Grove, J u l y 21, 1865, a subscr ip t ion was passed around and t h e sum of $1090.00 was obtained.

Af te r t h e acceptance of t h e o f f e r of t h e Mary's River Set t lement by t h e Conference o f t h e Church a board of f i f t e e n t r u s t e e s , divided i n t o t h r e e c l a s s e s

of f i v e each, t h e f i r s t t o serve one year , t h e second two years , and t h e t h i r d t h r e e y e a r s , w i t h f i v e new members e lec tad annua l ly t h e r e a f t e r , was appointed t o serve i n p e r p e t u a l succession.[l8 This board of t r u s t e e s met t o organize and hold i t s f i r s t s e s s i o n ~ e ~ t e n l b e r i 6 , 1865. E. H a r t l e s s was e lec ted chairmarl ~ n s l A. Bennett temporary sec re ta ry . F ive committees were appointed. There were t h r e e members on each of t h e s e committees wi th t i t l e s a s followsr

- I. Yermanent o rgan iza t ion 2. To name t h e i n s t i t u t i o n 3. To l o c a t e the co l l ege s i t e 4. On s i z e and m a t e r i a l f o r col lege bu i ld ing 5. On ou t - lo t s and terms of s a l e

An adjournment was taken whi le t h e committees prepared t h e i r r e p o r t s . At. t h e af ternoon s e s s i o n o f f i c e r s were e lec ted and t h e worlc was under way a t once. The committee on bu i ld ing s i t e s e l e c t e d t h e p lace where t h e main bu i ld ing now s tands . It was determined t o b u i l d of b r i c k b u t t h e s i z e and plans were l e f t t o t h e execut ive committee. An e igh t -ac re t r a c t , t h e p resen t coll.ege grounds, was reserved f o r t h e school. The remainder was divided i n t o l o t s varying i n s i z e from one-half a c r e t o t e n aores , t o be sold a s a town s i t e . Sales were t o be made t o a c t u a l s e t t l e r s only. To safeguard t h e moral surroundings of t h e school a s p e c i a l c lause was placed i n each deed fo rb idd ing grog shops, gambling saloons or t h e a t e r s e v e r t o be located o r allowed upon t h e premises covered by such convey- ance. A p u b l i c s a l e of town l o t s m a held Elovember 25, 1865. The t o t a l amowt of t h i s s a l e was $3881.00, one t h i r d of which was paid i n cash. Each purchaser was l i m i t e d t o two t o w n l o t s and one o u t - 1 o t . b

At a meeting held i n t h e c o u r t house November 22, 1865, t h e a r t i c l e s of incorpora t ion were drawn up and f i 1 e d . k It was then decided t h a t t h e e a r l i e r o rgan iza t ion and e l e c t i o n of o f f i c e r s had been i n v a l i d and a new organizat ion and e l e c t i o n were held t o l e g a l i z e t h e procedure. The same o f f i c e r s were e lec ted a s i n t h e f i r s t e l e c t i o n . It I ~ S decided t o l e t a con t rac t f o r 200,000 br icks t o t h e lowest r espons ib le b idder , n o t l a t e r than t h e f i r s t of t h e fol lowing February. At a meeting on February 1, 1866, t h e c o n t r a c t f o r 50,000 b r icks was l e t t o Lewis Wilson a t a r a t e of $6.95 p e r thousand and he was asked t o pos t 2 bond of $1000.00 a s a guarantee of t h e f u l f i l l m e n t of t h e contract.&. Thc reason f o r t h e smal le r o r d e r of b r i c k was t h a t t h e board had decided t o b u i l d on ly t h e cen te r por t ion of $he planned b u i l d i n g a t f i r s t because t h e y had a l r e a d y discovered t h e d i f f i c u l t y 6f t u r n i n g t h e i r land and s u b s c r i p t i o n resources i n t o ready cash. A t a meeting

of t h e board of t r u s t e e s October 26, 1866, it was decided t o borrow $2000.00 of Will iam l f y a t t and Yiilliam Pearson .to meet p r e s e n t l i a b i l i t i e s on t h e bui ld ing. A t t h e same meeting t h e execu t ive committee was empowered t o borrow from t h e endowment fund t o complete t h e bu i ld ing , Thus e a r l y i n t h e a f f a i r s of t h e col lege

2 precedent was s e t f o r f u t u r e a c t i o n s which kept t h e endowment fund depleted and sapped t h e very l i f e blood of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n . The warning issued ir. 1845 by t h e

f a t h e r s of t h e church when t h e f i r s t school was decreed went unheoded and Ph i lo - math College has been hampered by indebtedness throughout most of i t s ex i s tence , s o t h a t it has been unable t o func t ion a s e f f i c i e n t l y a s it should.

In an e f f o r t t o r a i s e more funds it was decidcd i n May, 1867 t o ask t h a t

a f t e r t h i r t y .days promissory notes bear ing t e n p e r cent i n t e r e s t should be given On a l l del inquent endowments. The bond of t h e t r e a s u r e r wns f ixed a t $5000.00.

The main b u i l d i n g was now near ing completion and p repara t ions were being made toward t h e opening of t h e school i n t h e f a l l of 1867.

F o r a y e a r t h e t r u s t e a s o f t h e c o l l e g e had been n e g o t i a t i n g w i t h t h e board of d i r e c t o r s of t h e l o c a l p u b l i c dchool in an e f f o r t t o merge t h c p u b l i c s choo l i n t o a p r i m a r y depar tment f o r t h e c o l l e g e . This was accomplished b y an ae;reemcnt on October 8 , 1867, whereby t h e d i r e c t o r s o f s choo l d i s t r i c t No. 17 p re sen ted t h e s c h o o l house t o t h e board of t r u s t e e s . The p u b l i c s c h o o l cont inued undcr thr: s u p e r v i s i o n of t h e c o l l e g e u n t i l 1879 when it was d e f i n i t e l y s e p a r a t e d from a l l connec t ion w i t h t h e l a t t e r i n s t i t u t i o n and has s o remained s i n c e . k t t h i s meet- ing on October 8 , 1867, a committee of one was appo in ted t o s ecu re a p r i n c i p a l w i t h o u t de l ay . The l e n g t h of t h e terms were determined and t h e t u i t i o n f o e f o r t h e p r imary department f i x e d a t $8.00 p e r term. It was decided t o oper. school a s soon t h e r e a f t e r as " p r a c t i c a b l e ." A s e t of r u l e s of decorum was dram1 un f o r o b s e r v a t i o n on t h e p a r t of p u p i l s a t t h i s t ime which cont inued t o be fol lowed a l n o s t unchanged f o r more t h a n t h i r t y yea r s .&

I n t h i s c h a p t e r t h e p r i m i t i v e c o n d i t i o n of t h e c o u n t r y has been po in t ed o u t , t h e f i r s t s t e p s i n t h e movement t o e s t a b l i s h a sci1001 a t Phi lomath g i v e n , a ~ d t h e means b y which it was planned t o f i n a n c e t h e i n s t i t u t i o n shavm. Thc orgnniz- a t i o n o f t h e t r u s t e e s , t h e i r p l a n of o p e r a t i o n , t h e f i l i n g of t h e a r t i c l e s of i n c o r p o r a t i o n , t h e i n c i d e n t s p e r t n i n i n g t o t h c a c t u a l b u i l d i n g and s t a r t i n g of s choo l work have each been b r i e f l y d ig cussed i n o r d e r t h a t a c l e a r e r unders tanding of t h e c o n d i t i o n s undc r which Ph i loma th Col lege began i t s e x i s t e n c e may be had.

CHAPTER I11

The F i r s t Period of Operation, 1867 t o 1889

P r i n c i p l e s With t h e founding of Ot te rbe in Univers i ty a t W e s t e m i l l e , Ohio, i n 1846, t h e United Bretheren Church launched i n t o a per iod of

school b u i l d i n g which r e s u l t e d i n t h e opening of e i g h t schools i n t h e next twenty years , t h e l a s t of which was Philomath College. With t h e growth of i n t e r e s t i n educat ion inc reas ing s o rap id ly , we n a t u r a l l y look f o r some d e f i n i t e p r i n c i p l e s and p o l i c i e s which may se rve a s a b a s i s f o r such growth. These a r e no t d i f f i c u l t t o f ind , f o r e a r l y i n t h e d e c l a r a t i o n s of t h e church i s found t h i s s ta tement of b e l i e f : "Universal education i s necessary i n a democracy. I f a l l t h e people r u l e , a l l t h e people must be educated t o t h e end t h a t impulse and pass ion may be sub jec ted t o d e l i b e r a t i o n and reason." "This meens C h r i s t i a n education."

With t h e opening of Philomath College t h e church declared t h a t t h e t ime had come when it "should e n t e r f u l l y i n t o t h e work of education on t h e P a c i f i c Coast i n o rder t o educate i t s own people."/23 I n 1869 a permanent board of educat ion - was c r e a t e d by t h e general conference of t h e chureh. I t s p o l i c i e s a r e declared t o be3 F i r s t , t o mainta in e x i s t i n g schools ; second, t o make t h e church schools s t andard i n s t i t u t i o n s a t t h e e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e date ; t h i r d , t o make t h e schools d i s t i n c t i v e l y ~ h r i s t i a n . k Because of t h e tremendous demand f o r education i n t h e new west, and t h e comparatively small membership of t h i s churoh, which l h i t e d i t s f i n a n c i a l suppor t , t h e f i r s t two p o l i c i e s have been d i f f i c u l t of r e a l i z a t i o n and n o t f u l l y c a r r i e d out. I n t h e t h i r d , it has been eminently successful .

Opening of School Philomath College opened i t s doors f o r i n s t r u c t i o n i n October, 1867. The enrollment t h e f i r s t day was about one

hundred. A t l e a s t f o u r o f t h e s e pup i l s a r e s t i l l l i v i n g i n Philomath. They a re : J. R. Henkle, S. K. Brown, Mrs. Mary P. Wyatt and Mrs. E l l a ~ 0 0 t t . b The f i r s t t eachers were Joseph Hannon, who ac ted a s p r i n c i p a l , and El isha Voodward, t eacher i n t h e primary department.

Curriculum Since t h e r e were no schools i n t h e neighborhood of t h e new c o l l e g e t h a t c a r r i e d t h e i r work beyond t h e elementary sub jec t s ,

t h e r e was l i t t l e demand, a t f i r s t , f o r work of co l l ege grade. Consequently, t h e work o f fe red was of a p repara to ry o r secondary school na tu re u n t i l such time a s pup i l s had advanced i n t h e i r courses u n t i l they were ready t o begin work of a c t u a l co l l ege s tandard. As r a p i d l y a s work was needed t o meet t h e requirements of advanced p u p i l s new courses were added t o t h e curriculum.

Primary The c a t a l o g of 1874 shows t h e s e courses o f fe red i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e work of t h e prirnery department which d id t h e work of t h e then un-

graded p u b l i c school i n t h e elementary branches and used t h e t e x t s required by t h e s t a t e . A junior p repara to ry and a s e n i o r preparatory of one

Prepara to ry year each f o r t h e c l a s s i c a l department. A f u l l four-year col- l e g i a t e c l a s s i c a l course i n which, a s was t h e custom of t h e

t imes, t h e s tudy of t h e Greek and L a t i n c l a s s i c s c o n s t i t u t e d t h e major p a r t of t h e work, b u t which had mathematics t o include tr igonometry and an

C l a s s i c a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t o a l l of t h e usua l sc iences . Rhetor ic and l o g i c completed t h e work i n English. L i t t l e a t t e n t i o n was given t o Engl ish o r American

l i t e r a t u r e . A f u l l four-years ' course i n t h e soiences , which d i f f e r e d from t h c c l a s s i c a l i n t h a t it required n e i t h e r Greek nor Lat in , b u t in -

S c i e n t i f i c cluded t h r e e years of mathematics, two science courses i n each term of t h e f o u r years , two years of general h i s to ry , t h r e e years

of Engl ish inc lud ing both Engl ish and American l i t e r a t u r e , and i n t h e sen io r year some work i n philosophy and r e l i g i o n . A s p e c i a l l a d i e s '

Ladies ' Course course of four years was given. This included four terms of L a t i n beyond t h e f i r s t o r preparatory year, mathematics t o

inc lude tr igonometry, four terms of American and general h i s t o r y , t h r e e years of advanced Engl ish inc lud ing l i t e r a t u r e , t h r e e years of sc ience, and t h e philoaophi-

c a l and r e l i g i o u s courses a l r e a d y mentioned. The c l a s s i c a l course Degrees l e d t o t h e degree A. B. The l a d i e s t courses and t h e s c i e n t i f i c

courses l e d t o t h e degree B. S. The t e x t s used were much t h e same a s those i n use i n o ther schools of t h e t imes elsewhere. The g r e a t e s t l a c k was i n s c i e n t i f i c equipment, y e t t h i s was met during t h i s e a r l i e r per iod a s w e l l a s i n many of t h e t h e n e x i s t i n g schools i n t h e west./26

With t h e except ion of t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e ca lcu lus and of mathematical astronomy t o t h e s c i e n t i f i c course t h e r e was l i t t l e change i n t h e curriculum f o r

#

a decade. But i n 1884 t h e p ressure of t h e new normal Normal Course Added school movement began t o be f e l t . To meet t h i s demand

f o r s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g f o r t eachers , a three-year normal course was put i n t h e ourriculum and t h e s p e c i a l l a d i e s ' course was dropped. The aim of t h i s normal course was declared t o be t o meet t h e demand f o r w e l l d r i l l e d t eachers i n t h e p u b l i c schools, and t o f i t s tuden t s f o r p r inc ipa l sh ips i n high sohools. A n e f f o r t was made t o cooperate wi th s t a t e and county super intendents i n f i n a l examinations. This normal course included about t h e same s u b j e c t mat te r a s i s now o f f e r e d i n t h e r e g u l a r h igh school courses, wi th e t h i c s , theory and p r a c t i ~ of teaching, and t h e h i s t o r y of pedagogy added. That it s u c c e s s f u l l y met t h e demands of t h e times i s evidenced by t h e f a c t t h a t Philomath College i n propor t ion t o i t s enrollment has given t h e s t a t e and t h e west i n general i t s f u l l share of success fu l t eachers ./27 -

The aggress iveness of an i n s t i t u t i o n i s l a r g e l y determined by t h e q u a l i t y of i t s l eadersh ip . A l l of t h e p r e s i d e n t s of Philomath College dur ing t h i s period

were comparatively young men. The board of t r u s t e e s made Teaching S t a f f every e f f o r t t o secure t h e b e s t l eadersh ip which t h e i r

l i m i t e d means would permit . Because of t h e s t rong missionary s p i r i t prevading t h e church and t h e country a t l a r g e , men were found who were w i l l i n g t o s a c r i f i c e much because of t h e s p i r i t of C h r i s t i a n se rv ice . I n f a c t it i s t h i s s p i r i t of e a r n e s t determinat ion and s e l f - s a c r i f i c e on t h e p a r t of t r u s t e e s , t eachers and p u p i l s t h a t has made it poss ib le f o r t h e soh001 t o ca r ry on. No doubt t h e s e same q u a l i t i e s have had much t o do wi th s t i m u l a t i n g i d e a l s , improving t h e scho la r sh ip and augmenting t h e success of those s tuden t s who have passed through h e r doors.

Of t h e t e n men who were p res iden t s of t h e school dur ing t h e per iod under cons idera t ion , t h r e e d i d no t hold co l l ege degrees. Tvro of these , Joseph Hannon and E. P. Henderson, had charge of t h e school dur ing t h e f i r s t two years while it was s t i l l l a r g e l y elementary. The t h i r d , Rev. Thomas C. Be l l (1886-87), f i l l e d i n an i n t e r i m caused by t h e r e s i g n a t i o n of r e g u l a r l y e l e c t e d pres idents . Three of he r p r e s i d e n t s , James Chambers (1869); J . A . Biddle (1870-27); and J.R.N, .Selwoo-d

(1872-73) he ld t h e degree A. B. Four p r e s i d e n t s , R. E. Williams (1873-76), P. S. Walker (1876-84), G. M e M i l l e r (1884-87), and J. C. Ileezel (1887-90) held A . M. degrees. Doctorate degrees were n o t common f i f t y years ago, e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e f a r west. A comparison wi th o ther i n s t i t u t i o n s i n Oregon of t h e same per iod shows t h a t Philomath College ranked wel l i n t h e t r a i n i n g required of he r teachers.&

The teaohing load was always heavy a t Philamath dur ing t h i s period, each t e a c h e r having seven t o t e n c l a s s e s da i ly . This was p a r t l y compensated 57 t h e

f a c t t h a t t h e r e were few o u t s i d e a c t i v i t i e s required of t eachers S a l a r i e s dur ing t h e week. S a l a r i e s were always inadequate. Those of t h e

p r e s i d e n t s were from $700.00 t o $1000.00 annual ly wi th house furnished. The s a l a r i e s of a s s i s t a n t p rofessors ranged a s high a s $800.00 and averaged about $500.00. Due t o d i f f i c u l t y i n c o l l e c t i n g i n t e r e s t on t h e endowment and t h e moneys pledged on s u b s c r i p t i o n s , p a r t s of t h e s a l a r i e s were f requen t ly i n a r r e a r s . The t e a c h e r s i n t h e primary department were paid out of t h e pub l ic school funds due school d i s t r i c t no. 17, t h e Philomath publ ic school.

S tuden t Body I n those days when compulsory education was unknown i n Oregon, and when t h o s e s tuden t s who went beyond t h e most elementary

s u b j e c t s d id so l a r g e l y because t h e y themselves wanted t h e work and t h e advantages of h igher education, it i s probable t h a t t h e s tuden t body i n t h e co l l ege depar t - ments was even more s e l e c t than a t t h e p resen t time. A s tudy of t h e names t h e n e n r o l l e d i n t h e co l l ege departments, supported by t h e record of charac te r and achievement which has followed t h e s e s tuden t s i n t h e i r work throughout t h e s t a t e and na t ion , compels t h e conclus ion t h a t t h e i n s p i r a t i o n and t r a i n i n g given wi th in t h e w a l l s of t h e old co l l ege was of t h e bes t .

During t h i s per iod t h e oa ta logs show t h a t only s i x t e e n degree s tuden t s gradu- a t e d from t h e c o l l e g e , The f i r s t c l a s s of four , two men and two women, graduated i n 1875. Three took t h e degree B. S. and one t h a t of M. A . The c l a s s of 1877 was t h e l a r g e s t . Three received t h e degree B. S., one B. A. , and two t h a t of Master of Arts . A somewhat l a r g e r number graduated from t h e commercial department; s t i l l o t h e r s from t h e normal course.&

Enrollment The t o t a l annual enrollment averaged somewhat l e s s than one hundred. The c a t a l o g of 1874-75 shows t h e number enro l l ed t o be:

co l l ege , 20; preparatory , 52; primary, 48; t o t a l , 120, of whom 83 were l o c a l , t h a t i s from Benton County, 30 were from o t h e r p a r t s of t h e s t a t e and seven from o ther s t a tes . /30 I n 1880-81 a f t e r t h e pub l ic school had withdrawn i t s support from t h e co l l ege t h e r e were 32 i n co l l ege departments, 35 i n t h e preparatory department and 29 i n t h e p r i m a r y . b These f i g u r e s show a s high a percentage o f s tuden t s e n r o l l - ed i n c o l l e g e courses a t Philomath a s was common i n o ther denominational schools of t h i s per iod.

Tu i t ion Tui t ion f e e s v a r i e d a t d i f f e r e n t times b u t ranged from a s low as $3.00 p e r term i n t h e business courses t o $10.00 per term i n t h e

r e g u l a r degree courses , Board and lodging ranged from a s low a s $1.75 up t o $3.00 p e r week.

Rules S t r i c t r u l e s of decorum were enforced. Study hours were c a r e f u l l y p resc r ibed , leaves of absence were required, card playing, dancing,

l i q u o r , and p r o f a n i t y were s t r i c t l y forbidden. Proper behavior a t a l l times was

demanded and s t u d e n t s were requ i red t o a t t e n d a t l e a s t one r e l i g i o u s se rv ice each Sabbath.

S tuden t A c t i v i t i e s One of t h e chief e x t r a a c t i v i t i e s of t h e studenhs was p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e programs of t h e l i t e r a r y s o c i e t i e s .

The f i r s t of these , t h e Philomathio., was organized i n 1873. Professor Henry Sheak and J. G. Spr inger were t h e committee t h a t drew up t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n and l a t e r i n 1874 had it f u l l y incorporated under t h e laws of Oregon. Debating was one of t h e l ead ing f e a t u r e s of t h e programs, though music r e c i t a l s , essays, extemporaneous speeches and many o ther forms of l i t e r a r y endeavor furnished a goodly p a r t of t h e work done.&

The Gordian, a men's s o c i e t y , was organized i n 1876; i t s a c t i v i t i e s were s i m i l a r t o t h o s e of t h e Philomathic which was coeducational. A few years l a t e r a Ladies ' L i t e r a r y Soc ie ty , t h e Athenaean, was organized.

The work of t h e s e l i t e r a r y s o c i e t i e s d id much t o s t i m u l a t e t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e s tuden t s i n t h e work of t h e school. It gave them po ise i n pub l ic speaking and p r a c t i c e i n applying t h e knowledge gained i n t h e c l a s s room. It a l s o s a t i s f i e d , i n p a r t , t h e s o c i a l i n s t i n c t s of t h e s tuden t s . The presence of a f a c u l t y a s we l l a s of a s t u d e n t c r i t i c being requ i red by law, t h e work was always of t h e b e s t and was h igh ly educa t iona l i n i t s charac te r .

Another f e a t u r e of co l l ege l i f e a t Philomati1 was t h e Publ ic Rhe tor ica l given once each term. A l l co l l ege s tuden t s were required t o t a k e p a r t i n t h e s e exercises; which were u s u a l l y given under t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e f a c u l t y a f t e r t h e f i n a l examinations a t t h e c l o s e of t h e term. Though t h i s requirement ;ms usu.ally met c h e e r f u l l y by a l l s tuden t s and t h e work was more c a r e f u l l y prepared than t h a t of t h e l i t e r a r y s o c i e t i e s , it lacked i n spontanei ty , and was not so f a r reaching i n i t s b e n e f i t s a s were they.

Equipment When t h e co l l ege opened i n 1867 t h e equipment cons i s ted of t h e main bu i ld ing 40 by 60 f e e t wi th t h e lower f l o o r d ivided i n t o two

classrooms. The whole of t h e upper f l o o r was used f o r a chapel both f o r school purposes and f o r church s e r v i c e s (a custom s t i l l followed). To t h e s e rooms add rough desks and t a b l e s , two teachers and some one hundred eager pup i l s and t h e inventory i s complete. A b e l l cos t ing $250.00 c a l l e d t h e pup i l s t o c lasses , and t h e devout t o church, The en t rance t o t h e bu i ld ing was gained by a p i l e of hewn logs which served a s steps. /33 Times were hard and progress n e c e s s a r i l y slow. But walks were b u i l t , t h e grounds wel l fenced and a t l eng th through t h e e f f o r t s of t h e s tuden t s d i r e c t e d by t eachers , and wi th t r e e s furnished and de l ive red by Samuel McLain, t h e p r e s e n t b e a u t i f u l grove was planted. The maples bordering t h e west walk were fu rn i shed by Will iam Wyatt and planted by t h e s tuden t s ./34

X i t h t h e a r r i v a l of P rofessor Henry Sheak i n 1873, an ac-t ive i n t e r e s t i n t h e n a t u r a l sc iences was s t imula ted and under h i s d i r e c t i o n t h e beginnings of a good c o l l e c t i o n of geo log ica l and b i o l o g i c a l specinens was brought toge ther and c l a s s i - f i e d . Needed equipment i n physics , chemistry and astronomy was gathered u n t i l t h e more important phases of t h e s e s u b j e c t s could be demonstrated./35 - About t h e same t ime t h e c o l l e c t i o n of a l i b r a r y was begun. This has continued u n t i l a f a i r l y adequate l i b r a r y meets t h e needs of t h e s t u d 8 n t s . k

I n 1877 a move t o b u i l d a dormitory f o r t h e use of s tuden t s was s t a r t e d . This was slow i n g e t t i n g under way, bu t a t l eng th a s o r t of j o i n t s tock company was formed which subscr ibed s u f f i c i e n t funds t o b u i l d what i s now t h e two upper s t o r i e s of t h e s t r u c t u r e on t h e west s i d e of t h e campus. This had twelve rooms f o r t h e use of s t u d e n t s and was in teaded t o house twelity boys and t h e family i n charge. Af te r much s t r u g g l i n g wi th indebtedness t h e burdens of t h e dorn i to ry were a t l a s t added t o those of t h e c o l l e g e which assumed i t s debt i n 1385./37 -

h b l i o a t i o n s The f i r s t general aa ta logs of t h e co l l ege were author ized by t h e board of t r u s t e e s i n 1 8 7 1 . k The f i r s t a v a i l a b l e cata log

i s t h a t of 1874-75. There a r e bu t s i x i s s u e s of t h e ca ta logs published during t h i s per iod now a v a i l a b l e f o r re fe rence i n t h e a rch ives of t h e col lege.

The Philomath Crucible was t h e f i r s t paper published under t h e auspices of t h e co l l ege . It was a four-page r e l i g i o u s and l i t e r a r y journal published weekly. The ou t s ide was pa ten t . The i n s i d e c a r r i e d l o c a l and general news. The col lege bought t h e p r e s s and type from a n Independence paper. S. K. Brown loaned $500.00 t o t h e co l l ege , wi thout i n t e r e s t , f o r t h e purchase of t h i s press and t h e necessary f i x t u r e s f o r s t a r t i n g t h e Crucible. The p r i c e of t h e pub l ica t ion was f ixed a t $2.00 per y e a r o b

The.management of t h e paper was given t o J. B. iiorner and John C. Leasure dur ing 1877. Leasure res igned a t t h e c lose of t h e year . The p ress work m s done by G i l b e r t Quivey. P res iden t W. L. Walker was edi tor- in-chief wi th Mr. Lewis Edwards, Miss Mary Lawrence, Miss Mary R. Gant and Bishop N. Cas t le con t r ibu t ing e d i t o r s . Professor Henry Sheak was f i n a n c i a l agent. I n 1880 N. J. Becker took over t h e paper and continued i t s p u b l i c a t i o n u n t i l 1884 when it was reorganized by Pres iden t Go Id. ] h i l l e r and R. C. Wyatt and was published f o r a time a s t h e Philomath 0racle./40 - A few copies of t h e Crucible may be found i n t h e Univers i ty of Oregon l i b r a r y .

A paper of much i n t e r e s t t o t h e p u p i l s of t h e co l l ege was a s tuden t publ i - c a t i o n , nominally a monthly shee t , b u t i s sued somewhat i r r o g u l a r l y by t h e L i t e r a r y Socie ty . It was c a l l e d t h e Philomathic Disseminator and c a r r i e d school news items, reviews of va r ious s o r t s and l i t e r a r y a r t i c l e s w r i t t e n or submitted by t h e s tuden t s .

Finances Then t h e co l l ege was presented t o t h e ol~urch i n 1865, a n endowment fund of $12,000.00 had been subscribed, $3,000.00 pledged f o r a

bu i ld ing , and l and c o s t i n g 22560.00 purchased, making a t o t a l v a l u a t i o n of ~17,560.00. Near t h e c l o s e of t h e period under cons idera t ion ( i . e., 1887) t h e t o t a l r e l i a b l e resources a r e given a s only $18,704.26, a n e t ga in i n twenty-two years of only #1200.00./41 This s l i g h t advance does no t begin t o account f o r t h e increased va lue of t h e lands sold . I n f a c t , t h e amount r e a l i z e d from t h e f i r s t s a l e of t h e lands November 25, 1865, $3881.00, more t h a n accounts f o r t h i s in - c rease i n va lua t ion . The l a r g e s t repor ted t o t a l resources f o r t h e per iod i s given a s $33,916.37 i n 1874, b u t t h i s ev iden t ly i s not n e t resources f o r the t r e a s u r e r ' s r e p o r t t a k e s no aacount of t h e indebtedness, which i n 1871 i s repor ted a s being $4,289.00 w i t h t h e amount borrowed from t h e endowment shown a s 8 7 , 6 4 8 . 8 3 . k Herein i s revea led two of t h e most pregnant sources of weakness i n t h e management of t h e a f f a i r s of t h e col lege. During t h i s per iod no d e f i n i t e system of keeping and r e p o r t i n g t h e f i n a n c i a l records was ever adopted o r followed. An inc iden t

found i n t h e records of t h e board of t r u s t e e s f o r a meeting i n 1871 w i l l serve t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e r e s u l t s . A t t h i s t ime t h e f inances were i n t h e hands of a General Agent, who was e s p e c i a l l y charged w i t h r a i s i n g funds f o r t h e endowment. His r e p o r t was c a l l e d f o r and a conmuttee appointed t o a u d i t h i s accounts. This committee repor ted $15,250.31 a s t h e amount of t h e endowment. A note on t h e margin signed wi th t h e i n i t i a l s of t h e Agents says: "This r e p o r t i s ev iden t ly incor rec t . " A f u r t h e r marginal no te says t h e Agent 's sitbsequent r e p o r t shows t h e endowment t o be $10,765,00./43 A s tudy of t h e records shows t h a t n e i t h e r of t h e s e amounts j.b c o r r e c t . This i s evidence t h a t a t times t h e t r u s t e e s did not lcnow d e f i n i t e l y where t h e i n s t i t u t i o n stood f i n a n c i a l l y .

The second weakness r e f e r r e d t o above i s t h a t of borrowing from t h e endowment fund t o meet indebtedness o r shor tage of funds i n o ther accounts. The purpose of an endowment fund i s t o provide a permanent, i r r e d u c i b l e source of income. Such was s e t f o r t h a s t h e purpose of t h e endowment of Philomath col lege. But t h e t r u s t was no t kept. Whenever amounts were borrowed from t h e endowment t h e productive income of t h e c o l l e g e was reduced and a f u r t h e r i tem of deb t created. These in- c reas ing burdens were t h e fab led s t r a w t h a t a t l a s t broke t h e camel's back. A f u r t h e r source of l o s s t o t h e c o l l e g e was t h a t of bad loans. Too much t r u s t was placed i n t h e good i n t e n t i o n s of those who borrowed. Another inc iden t from t h e records w i l l se rve t h e po in t . This i s i n 1885 and reads, "After c a r e f u l consider- a t i o n , it was decided t o s e t t l e M r . - ' s no te of $500.00 t o t h e co l l ege , f o r $130.00 cash and a cow."/44 The f a c t t h a t promissory notes were taken a s - s e c u r i t y f o r loans of co l l ege funds c o s t t h e c o l l e g e thousands of d o l l a r s . I n a number of cases , amounts subscr ibed were only paid i n p a r t o r no t a t a l l . I n some cases s u i t was brought by t h e c o l l e g e t o c o l l e o t t h e s e notes bu t o f t e n t h e n e t r e t u r n s d id n o t pay t h e c 0 s t s . B

Divided r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t h e handling and accounting of funds caused f u r t h e r complications and annoyance. From t h e f i r s t one of t h e regu la r o f f i c e r s of t h e board of t r u s t e e s was a t r e a s u r e r who was under bond. But he o f t e n was no t an accountant nor d id he understand keeping h i s books i n any regu la r form. A General Agent was appointed i n 1865 t o c o l l e c t funds. This o f f i c e was a p a r t of t h e business a d m i n i s t r a t i o n continuously. It was intended t h a t t h i s o f f i c e r should work t o ga ther funds f o r t h e co l l ege i n Oregon and on s p e c i a l occasions he was s e n t e a s t t o work f o r funds, u s u a l l y on a percentage bas is . /46 I n 1868 t h e o f f i c e of Resident Agent was c rea ted w i t h t h e purpose of having someone who would be p e r s o n a l l y respons ib le f o r t h e c o l l e c t i o n of t u i t i o n and t h e ca re of t h e college p roper ty . /47 Though t h i s o f f i c e was discont inued a t t imes, it became more o r l e s s a permanent p a r t of t h e bus iness organizat ion. Eaoh of t h e s e o f f i c e r s was accountable t o t h e board of t r u s t e e s , but t h e r e was l i t t l e coordinat ion of e f f o r t o r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y between them. This gave oppor tuni ty t o dodge t h e i s s u e o r t o p lace t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y elsewhere i n case of d i f f i c u l t y .

The p r e s i d e n t of t h e co l l ege had l i t t l e , i f any, p a r t i n t h e f i n a n c i a l management of t h e co l l ege i n t h e s e e a r l y days except i n an advisory capacity. I n

a few ins tances he was au thor ized t o t r a v e l i n t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e col lege during t h e summer vacations.& At o ther t imes h i s teaching burden was t o o heawj t o permit h i s absence. I n t h i s way h i s p o s i t i o n i s s t r i k i n g l y l i k e t h a t of the high school p r i n c i p a l i n our smal le r schools today.

The f a c t t h a t dur ing t h i s period of twenty-two years t h e co l l ege was under t h e pres idency of t e n d i f f e r e n t men worked a g a i n s t t h e formulat ion of any s e t t l e d p o l i c y of management o r admin i s t ra t ion . The only p res iden t who remained long enough t o inaugurate and c a r r y out a d e f i n i t e l i n e of pol icy was W. S. Walker ~ n d h i s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n was t o r n by d i s s e n t i o n s which a t l eng th caused h i s de fea t .

About t h e only t h i n g of permanency i n t h e management during t h i s forinative pe r iod i n t h e h i s t o r y of t h e co l l ege was t h e presence on t h e board of 'crnstees and i n p a r t i c u l a r on t h e execut ive committee of c e r t a i n men whose charac te r i s un- impeachable and whose motives i n a c t i n g f o r t h e co l l ege a r e beyond question. If any e r r o r s were committed t h e y were those of experience o r judgment, not of i n t e n t i o n . Severa l e f f o r t s a r e recorded whereby t h e executive committee a t t enp ted t o formulate r u l e s t h a t would make t h e f i n a n c i a l adminst ra t ion and accounting more e f f i c i e n t b u t none of them seems t o have a v a i l e d any d e f i n i t e improvement./49

The f a c t t h a t none of t h e men who composed t h e board of t r u s t e e s a t t h i s t ime had had any s p e c i f i c business t r a i n i n g , and t h a t few of them had more than t h e advantages a ve ry l i m i t e d eduoation may i n p a r t account f o r t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s encountered. However, t h e g r e a t d i f f i c u l t y l a y i n t h e newness of t h e country it- s e l f . Money was sca rce , p r i c e s of t h e commodities which people had t o s e l l were low o r uncer ta in , wages %ere small and whatever money was a v a i l a b l e was more than needed f o r t h e development o r improvement of t h e new farms. The f i n a l r s s u l t was t h a t those who had pledged o r borrowed funds were unable t o meet t h e i r obligations. K h i l e those of keener judgment o r b e t t e r f o r t u n e were de te r red by t h e same condi- t i o n s from doing a s much f o r t h e school a s they would otherwise have done. The membership of t h e church was small and t h e r e was a f e e l i n g among t h e l o c a l members t h a t those a t a d i s t a n c e were i n d i f f e r e n t t o t h e we l fa re of t h e college./50 - E f f o r t s were made t o g e t g r e a t e r suppor t from t h e Ca l i fo rn ia and Washington conferences and from t h e church i n t h e East , but wi th l i t t l e success a t t h i s t i n e , though a t a l a t e r da te help from t h e s e sources was of importance.

Thus, t h e co l l ege came t o t h e g r e a t c r i s i s i n t h e a f f a i r s of t h e church wi th i t s resources weakened and f a r below what they should have been. A burden of debt was growing and t h e r i v a l r y of now s ta te-supported i n s t i t u t i o n s was being f e l t more and more each year.

CHAPTER I V

D i v i s i o n i n t h e Church and S t r u g g l e For t h e Col lege P r o p e r t y

Causes I n o r d e r t o g e t a f a i r unde r s t and ing of t h e causes t h a t l e d up t o t h e d i v i s i o n o f t h e United Bre the ren Church i n C h r i s t , it i s nocessary t o

r ev iew b r i e f l y some of t h e e a r l i e r h i s t o r y of t h e church and t o g e t a c l e a r s t a t e - ment of some of t h e t h i n g s f o r which t h e church s tood. As has been shown, t h o church t o o k a dec ided s t a n d a g a i n s t t h e u s e of l i q u o r and a g a i n s t s l a v e r y . I t a l s o was opposed t o r e c e i v i n g i n t o i t s membership any person who as i n any way a f f i l i a t e d w i t h any lodge o r s e c r e t order . The l a t t e r was one of t h e p o i n t s mind which much o f t h e b i t t e r n e s s i n t h e s t r u g g l e of t h e ' 8 0 ' s centered . This and t h e d i s p u t e ove r t h e a d o p t i o n of a new c o n s t i t u t i o n i n 1885 were t h e causes of t h e schism./51

When t h e confe rence met i n 1837 a t Germantown, Ohio, a con fes s ion of F a i t h and a c o n s t i t u t i o n were adopted. A f t e r p rov id ing a means of amendment a s e c t i o n was added s t a t i n g t h a t "no g e n e r a l conference s h a l l have t h e power t o a l t e r o r amend t h e f o r e g o i n g c o n s t i t u t i o n excep t it be by a v o t e of Diro t h i r d s of t h a t body." 'men t h e Genera l Conference met a g a i n i n 1841 it d i d n o t r a t i f y t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of 1837, b u t adopted a n o t h e r by a v o t e of f i f t e e n yeas and seven nays o u t of a t o t a l v o t i n g d e l e g a t i o n of twenty-seven. The c o n s t i t l l t i o n of 1 8 4 1 c a r n e d t h i s p r o v i s i o n , "There s h a l l be no a l t e r a t i o n of t h e fo rego ing c o n s t i t u t i o n , un- l e s s by r e q u e s t o f two t h i r d s of t h e whole soc ie ty ." /52 This c o n s t i t u t i o n of 1841 was n o t r e v i s e d u n t i l t h e meet ing of t h e Genera l Conference of 1885, a l t hough i n t h e Genera l Conference of 1877 a v o t e had been t a k e n on t h e q u e s t i o n o f en fo rc ing t h e r u l e r e g a r d i n g s e o r e t s o c i e t i e s , whioh c a r r i e d by a v o t e of 71 t o 31 i n f a v o r of enforcement.

At t h e Genera l Conference of 1885, f o u r main p r o p o s i t i o n s were presented , f i r s t , f o r a r e v i s i o n of t h e c o n f e s s i o n of F a i t h ; second, f o r amendment of t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n ; t h i r d , f o r l a y d e l e g a t i o n ; f o u r t h , a v o t e on t h e s e c t i o n regard ing s e c r e t s o c i e t i e s . A commission was appo in ted t o p r e s e n t t h e s e t o t h e v a r i o u s annua l con fe rences o f t h e church f o r t h e i r c o n s i d e r a t i o n and t o r e p o r t t h e i r a c t i m a t t h e n e x t g e n e r a l conference i n 1 8 8 9 . b

At t h i s t i m e t h e t o t a l membership o f t h e church was 166,323. The t o t a l n m b r of v o t e s c a s t on a l l t h e f o u r p r o p o s i t i o n s was 54,369. The c l o s e s t v o t e was on number f o u r i n r ega rd t o s e c r e t o r g a n i z a t i o n s . The v o t e on t h i s measure sl;ood 46,994 i n f a v o r and 7,298 a g a i n s t . Each of t h e measures c a r r i e d by more t h a n two t h i r d s of a l l t h o s e v o t i n g and s o were d e c l a r e d t o be "The fundamental b e l i e f and o r g a n i c l aw of t h e church of t h e Uni ted Bre the ren i n Chr i s t . " This r e p o r t was approved by e v o t e of 110 t o 20. On May 13, 1889, by proc lamat ion of a m a j o r i t y of t h e b i shops of t h e church came under t h e amended o o n s t i t u t i o n and r e v i s e d c o n f e s s i o n of F a i t h . When t h i s was announced one b ishop and f o u r t e e n l a y delegates of t h o s e v o t i n g i n t h e m i n o r i t y r o s e and l e f t t h e h a 1 1 . h

The p o i n t of d i s p u t e hinged on t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h a t c l a u s e of t h e o ld c o n s t i t u t i o n quoted above, and t o t h a t p a r t i c u l a r p a r t of it "two t h i r d s o f t h e

whole soc i e ty . " The m i n o r i t y o r r a d i c a l group claimed t h a t it meant t l ~ o t h i r d s of t h e e n t i r e membership o f 166,369. The m a j o r i t y o r l i b e r a l group i n t e r p r e t e d t h i s c l a u s e a s meaning two t h i r d s of t h o s e v o t i n g , t h a t i s , of t h e 54,369. Another q u e s t i o n invo lved was t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e o l d c o n s t i t u t i o n of 1841. Each s i d e c la imed t o be t h e l e g a l church of t h e Uni ted B r e t h e r e n l n C h r i s t and a s such t o be t h e r i g h t f u l owners of a l l of t h e church p r o p e r t i e s . This was a m a t t e r t h a t could be dec ided o n l y b y t h e c o u r t s . The d e c i s i o n s by t h e c o u r t s were n o t uniform. The l i b e r a l s won d e c i s i o n s i n Pennsylvania , I l l i n o i s , Ind iana , Missour i , C a l i f o r n i a and Oregon. The r a d i c a l s won d e c i s i o n s i n Michigan and one i n ~ a l i f o r n i a . / 5 5 The - d e c i s i o n i n Oregon was by a d i v i s i o n of t h e c o u r t , J u s t i c e Bean n o t v o t i n g because he had pas sed on t h e c a s e i n t h e c i r c u i t c o u r t . J u s t i c e Wolverton found f o r t h e l i b e r a l and J u s t i c e Moore f o r t h e r a d i c a l view./56 The s u i t s t a r t e d i n September, - 1889, and a f i n a l d e c i s i o n was n o t reached u n t i l 1895.

This l o n g drawn o u t s t r u g g l e o v e r t h e c o l l e g e p r o p e r t y had a most l a s t i n g e f f e c t on t h e d e s t i n i e s of t h e c o l l e g e i t s e l f . The l i b e r a l group a t f i r s t secured p o s s e s s i o n of t h e c o l l e g e , b u t on September 14, 1889, t h e board of t r u s t e e s , t h e m a j o r i t y of whom were of t h e r a d i c a l group, s ecu red a n i n j u n c t i o n fo rb idd ing t h e l i b e r a l s t o u s e t h e b u i l d i n g . The r e s u l t was t h a t n e i t h e r s i d e used t h e b u i l d i n g f o r n e a r l y t h r e e y e a r s .

The r a d i c a l s opened schoo l i n Whitney H a l l , what i s now B e n n e t t ' s s t o r e , and conducted t h e i r work t h e r e f o r one yea r . I n 1890, t h e y b u i l t a new b u i l d i n g on t h e s i t e of what i s now t h e music h a l l . This school was, a f t e r 1895, i nco rpora t ed a s t h e Co l l ege of Philomath, and a f t e r many n i s f o r t u n e s was c l o s e d i n d e f i n i t e l y i n 1912. L a t e r t h e b u i l d i n g was bought by Phi lomath col lege. /57 A f t e r t h e s e r v i n g

7

of t h e i n j u n c t i o n mentioned above t h e l i b e r a l s opened schoo l i n t h e Methodist chu rch w i t h t h r e e t e a c h e r s and twenty-tvvo p u p i l s . P r e s i d e n t lii. S o G i l b e r t , a g r a d u a t e of O t t e r b e i n U n i v e r s i t y , 1888, and of Union Theologica l Seminary, New York, 1889, l a t e r o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago, 1902, had t h e department of language , ph i lo sophy and e t h i c s ; P r o f e s s o r Henry Sheak, economics, mathematics and s c i e n c e ; Miss Lue Ho t t , E n g l i s h and h i s t o r . Although t h e c o n d i t i o n s were un favor a b l e , t h e a t t e n d a n c e was i n c r e a s e d t o 6 5 . 6 8 -

A f t e r n e a r l y t h r e e y e a r s t h e l i b e r a l s s ecu red a d i s s o l u t i o n of t h e i n j u n c t i o n and ga ined p o s s e s s i o n of t h e c o l l e g e . Soon a f t e r t h i s , P r e s i d e n t G i l b e r t ~ y a s c a l l e d t o t h e p a s t o r a t e of t h e F i r s t P r e s b y t e r i a n church i n Eugene, Oregon. Fie was succeeded by P r e s i d e n t P. 0. Bonebrake, A.B., D.D., a g r a d u a t e of Leander Clad*. Co l l ege , Cedar Rapids , Iowa, and of Union B i b l i c a l Seminary, Dayton, Ohio. His c h i e f a s s i s t a n t i n t h e work of t h e c o l l e g e a t t h i s t ime was P r o f e s s o r Henry Sheak. Until t h e r e n d e r i n g o f t h e f i n a l d e c i s i o n concerning t h e c o l l e g e p rope r ty , t h e r e was l i t t l e e f f o r t t o change t h e cur r icu lwn. I n 1895, P r e s i d e n t Bonebrake was succeeded by B. E. h e r i c k , A.B., of K e s t f i e l d Col lege , W e s t f i e l d , Ill., a s p r e s i d e n t and p r o f e s s o r of a n c i e n t languages and psychology. Henry Sheak, M.S.,

was p r o f e s s o r o r n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s and p r i n c i p a l of t h e commercial department. Wal t e r A . Law, mathematics and i n s t r u c t o r i n v o c a l music; Mrs. M. J. Bradford, p r i n c i p a l of t h e l a d i e s ' department and i n s t r u c t o r i n Eng l i sh , were o t h e r members of t h e s t a f f . Work a l s o was o f f e r e d i n German, t e l e g r a p h y and in s t rumen ta l music. From t h i s t ime , music has r ece ived s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n a t t h e c o l l e g e and has been one of i t s s t r o n g courses.& For a t ime an e lementary department was mainta ined

i n a n e f f o r t t o b u i l d up renewed i n t e r e s t i n t h e c o l l e g e and t o i n c r e a s e i t s

attendance. There were no high schools in Benton County for yet another dozen years, so the work at the colleges must necessarily supply the academic work preparatory to that of the college courses. The catalog of 1895 shows the follow- ing distribution of students in the courses: post graduate, two; collegiate class- ical, two; scientific, six; normal, thirteen; commercial and allied subjects, twenty; music, thirty-five; special students, eight; collegiate preparator--, six- teen; preparatory, twenty-five, with an enrollment of ninety individuals in all departaents.

In point of numbers the college was practically where it had been ten years earlier, but the struggle had left its mark. The membership of the church was divided and each side was working in opposition to the best interests of the other. The endowment had dwindled to about $5500.00. The value of the properties was perhaps $10,000.00./60 The school was "hopelessly in debt" to use the words of one who knew the conditions. There was much discouragement and the board was on the point of closing the school indefinitely; but it was destined to hold on. How, will be the subject of the next chapter./61

CHAPTER V

The Period of Reorganization: 1836-1910

The s t r u g g l e f o r possess ion of t h e co l l ege proper ty was now ovcr, and a t l a s t t h e t i t l e r e s t e d secure ly wi th t h e l i b e r a l wing of t h e church, but t h e storm had t aken i t s t o l l and t h e energ ies and f inances of t h e church were sapped. Dis- couragement was r i f e ; something must be done t o revamp t h e f inances and put a s top t o t h e ever inc reas ing burden of debt. In t h e s e circumstances, it was decided t o e l e c t a business manager t o t a k e c o n t r o l of t h e whole f i n a n c i a l i n t e r e s t s of t h e co l l ege over a per iod of years.

D r . J. R. Parker, who had come t o t h e col lege a s a s tuden t i n 1883, and had been connected wi th t h e school i n va r ious c a p a c i t i e s much of t h e t ime s i n c e he was t h e man chosen f o r t h e place./62 He was e lec ted business manager i n 1896. Ee took t h e work on h i s own terms, a t f i r s t f o r two years wi th an opt ion f o r another t e n years i f he should want it. He worked on a percentage b a s i s . To s t a t e t h e cond i t ions a s he found them, t h e deb t seemet! hopeless. There was a debt ofbetween t e n and twelve thousand d o l l a r s t o t h e endowment, and a l a r g e f l o a t i n g debt be- s i d e s . The board of t r u s t e e s were on t h e p o i n t of c los ing t h e college.

Y i s p lans were l a i d and ready f o r a c t i o n e a r l y i n 1897. There a r e some b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s under lying D r . Parker ' s p l a n of operat ion t h a t should be s t a t e d a t t h i s t i n e . His fundamental p r i n c i p l e was t h i s : t h a t when a sum of money o r o t h e r pledge or t h i n g of v a l u e i s given t o a person o r an i n s t i t u t i o n i n t r u s t t o be used f o r a d e f i n i t e purpose, t h e p a r t y so rece iv ing t h e g i f t i s morally bound, and should be l e g a l l y bound t o c a r r y out t h e i n t e n t i o n s of t h e g i f t .

..- . 4~1th t h i s c l e a r s ta tement of p r i n c i p l e s and purposes, D r . Parker ou t l ined h i s

p lans of opera t ion a s fol lows: F i r s t , t h a t no new deb t would be c rea ted during h i s term of o f f i c e ; second, t h a t t h e old debt would be cancel led a s rap id ly a s p o s s i b l e and t h a t funds so subscr ibed o r given would be used s o l e l y f o r t h a t purpose; t h i r d , t h a t t h e school be conducted on a cash b a s i s and no improvement made u n t i l t h e cash was on hand t o meet it; four th , a se l f -he lp p lan f o r boys which gave s t u d e n t s t h e oppor tuni ty t o do t h e work on a l l improvements i n payment of t u i t i o n , t h e s t u d e n t s being the reby pledged t o a t t e n d col lege.

A f t e r g e t t i n g t h i n g s s t a r t e d a t Philamath, D r . Parker .#vent e a s t t o work i n t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e co l l ege and t o e n l i s t f inancia l . suppor t f o r h i s p o l i c i e s . He was s u c c e s s f u l i n t h i s . The f i r s t donation he received was from a man who had re fused t o give under t h e old plan. I n f i v e years t h e f l o a t i n g debt had been cance l l ed and t h e endowment s t rengthened, former pledges considered doubtful l ~ e r e c o l l e c t e d . I f cash was n o t a v a i l a b l e , m a t e r i a l s which could be used i n improve- ments were accepted. By t h e s e methods f r e s h i n t e r e s t i n t h e col lege was c rea ted , t h e genera l morale was iml>roved, and hope i n t h e f u t u r e success of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n m s revived.

Curriculum I n 1896 t h e aourses offered a t Pllilomatl~ co l l ege were: an English Preparatory , which was simply t h e t h r e e upper grades of tho

common school ; a co l l ege p repara to ry of hro years s i m i l a r t o t h e n i n t h and t e n t h

grades of t h e p r e s e n t h igh school ; a three-year normal course, which was s i m i l a r t o t h e e leven th and tvvelfth grades of t h e h igh school p lus one yea r of advance? work wllicl~ included h i s t o r y of pedagogy, a r t of tcnchiaf ; and psychology, one term each, and a yea r of p r a c t i c e t each ing ; a four-year s c i c a t i f i c course which c a r r i o d L a t i n through t h e f i r s t t h e e yea r s , t h r e e y e a r s of mathematics and e i g h t terms of s c i e n c e ; onc y e a r of genera l h i s t o r y and f i v e terms o r advanced Engl.ish, bes ides some s ing le - t e rm s u b j e c t s . The c l a s s i c a l coursc was composed o f seven terms of Greek beginning w i t h t h e Anahasis; two ycars of L a t i n i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e two r e - qui red i n t h e p r e p a r a t o r y course; f i v e terms of mathematics beginning wi th plane geometry; s i x terms of h i s t o l y ; f i v e terms of Engl ish including both Engl ish and American l i t e r a t u r e ; s i x terms of sc ience; and scme philosophy.

The tendency under t h e new p l a n was t o adve.nce and s t r eng then t h e courses. In t h e c a t a l o g of 1899-1900, t h e Engl ish p repara to ry course was dropped, and no li~ork of e lementary grade was o f fe red . Three years of work comparable t o t h a t of t h c h igh school was offered wi th a choice of work i n t h e t h i r d year depending on whether t h e s t u d e n t contemplated t a k i n g t h e s c i e n t i f i c o r t h e c l a s s i c a 1 , c o u r s e l a t e r on. However, t h e only d i f f e r e n c e was t h a t t h e s c i s n t i f i c p repara to ry gave one yea r of German w h i l e t h e c l a s s i c a l r equ i red t h e f i r s t yea r of Greek. The c l a s s i c a l course was p r a c t i c a l l y t h e sane a s b e f o r e b u t wi th t h e o rde r somewhat changed. The L a t i n s c i e n t i f i c course added a f o u r t h term of German; s i x terms of L a t i n ; t h r e e y e a r s of mathematics including t h e ca lcu lus , and four teen terms of s c i e n c e w i t h l a b o r a t o r y were required. Other s ingle- term s u b j e c t s completed t h e course. The genera l e f f e c t of t h i s r e v i s i o n was t o advance t h e grade of work requ i red approximately one ycar. One n o t i c e a b l e f e a t u r e a s compared w i t h p resen t day requirements i s a shor tage of work i n English. The normal course was advanced t o f i v e y e a r s beyond t h e two p repara to ry y e a r s r equ i red f o r ent rance t o a l l college courses ; b u t t h i s f i f t h year was dropped from t h e course of 1901 and 1902. In a d d i t i o n , t h e u s u a l c o m e r c i a l courses and work i n music were offered. I n 1306 and 1907 a four-year ph i losoph ica l course was added t o t h e curriculum. This re- quired f o u r y e a r s of work i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e t h r e e p repara to ry years . This course c a r r i e d two y e a r s of L a t i n ; seven terms of sc ience ; mathematics through t h e c a l m - - l u s ; one yea r of advanced Engl ish; one yea r of German; two years of h i s t o r y ; e i g h t terms of philosophy; and son? electives.,&

Opportunity was given f o r some work t o be done by correspondenco. I n 1906 e. s e r i e s of lyceum numbers was brought t o t h e co l l ege . Tho c l a s s schedule per t e a c h e r was reduced from t h e seven t o t e n per iods pe r day of e a r l i e r years t o a n average of s i x c l a s s e s pe r day. The r e s u l t of t h i s inc rease i n s tandards was t h a t t h e c o l l e g e was s t andard ized and placed upon t h e l i s t of a c c r e d i t e d schools by t h e s t a t e department of education./64 -

Studen t s The n e t enrollment i n 1894-95 -ms sixty-seven. The next year fo l lowing t h e d e c i s i o n it rose t o n i n e t y and only once dur ine tho

pe r iod under cons ide ra t ion d id it f a l l below t h i s f i g u r e . This was i n 1901-02 when it dropped t o e ighty-s ix . By 1906-07 it had r i s e n t o 119 and t h i s had i n - creased by 1909-10 t o 175, t h e l a r g e s t n e t enrollment i n t h e h i s t o r y of t h e c o l l e g ~ However, t h e s e f i g u r e s do no t always i n d i c a t e a n e t ga in i n t h e co l l ege courses b u t a r e f r e q u e n t l y due t o an increased m a t r i c u l a t i o n i n s p e c i a l courses offered.

One of t h e new f e a t u r e s in t roduced was a t t e n t i o n t o physical education. I n 1907 t h i s c o n s i s t e d of two pe r iods p e r week f o r a l l s tuden t s . From tllu very be-

ginning Philomath had had a keen i n t e r e s t i n baseba l l , but beyond t h i s no o t h e r form of a t h l e t i c s p o r t s had gaincd a foothold. 'h'ith t h e a r r i v a l of t h e l a t e r n i n e t i e s , i n t e r e s t began t o be taken i n b i c y c l e rac ing and some of t h e t r a c k events. Tennis cour t s put i n t h e i r appearance on the; campus and, n f t c r t h e g p - nasium was b u i l t i n 1902, baslcetball and indoor s p o r t s were popular.

Facul ty Pres iden t h e r i c k res igned a t t h e c l o s e of the school year 1.896-97 t o t a k e a t h e o l o g i c a l course and e n t e r t h o minis t ry . He ivas, how-

ever , persuaded t o t a k e t h e co l l ege p a s t o r a t e and rcmain i n t h e f a c u 1 . t ~ . 3 e was succeeded i n t h e pres idency by J. M. C. Mi l l e r , M. S., who remine(-: a t t h e head of t h e school u n t i l t h e c l o s e of t h e year, 1898-99. I n t h e f a l l of 1899, Rev. P. 0. Bonebrake, A. X., re turned f o r h i s second toni l a s p res iden t and roinainsd two years u n t i l t h e s p r i n g of 1901. Other members of t h e f a c u l t y a t t h i s tirne were Tf. G. F i sher , A. lh., l i t e r a t u r e and languages; Henry Sheak, 11. S., n a t u r a l sc iences ; Grace Boles, B e S . , t r a i n i n g department; ?;To Frances Gates, department of mus i c .b

Rev. J. R. Parker was p r e s i d e n t and business manager f o r t h 3 year 1901-02. Other new members of t h e f a c u l t y were J. J.1. Haslrins, P. B., B. D., mathematics and normal; 0. V. Vfi~ite, 3. S., h i s t o r y and sc ience; F. S. Haroun, B. D., X. Accts., p r i n c i p a l of t h e commercial department; Urs. Gertrude S. Fisher , p r i n c i p a l of t h e music department.

B. E. Emerick who had been e a s t doing postgraduate work and t ak ing a theo- l o g i c a l course a t Union Theological Seminary, nollv aonebrake Seminary, re turned as p r e s i d e n t , t o t h e co l l ege i n 1902. It was d u r i n s t h i s admin i s t ra t ion t h a t events occurred which came near t o making a complete change i n t h e f u t u r e of t h e college. There were those connected wi th t h e school who thought t h a t t h e r e were too many smal l co l l eges i n t h e Wil lamet te v a l l e y . This was accentuated a t Philomath by t h e presence of two r i v a l i n s t i t u t i o n s t h e r e and by t h a t of t i e S t a t e Agr icu l tu ra l c o l l e g e only f i v e miles avray. l!Qen Hood River s e n t a n i n v i t a t i o n t o remove t h e co l l ege t o t h a t p lace , M r . Emerick and those of l i k e mind favored t h e acceptance of Hood R i v e r ' s o f fe r . With considerable e f f o r t a measure was c a r r i e d through the annual oonference of t h e L i b e r a l church approving t h e s a l e of t h e col lege proper- t i e s t o t h e Radical Collego of Philomath. However, thure was s u f f i c i e n t o ~ p o s i t i m t o t h e p lan t o make it p o s s i b l e t o propose such terms t h a t t h e Badicals d id not f e e l t h a t they could be accepted and a t l a s t t h e p lan f a i l e d . Pres ident Zmericl- was succeeded by I. E. Caldwell, A . B., f o r a t e r ~ n of two years. Then P. 0. Bonebrake was e l e c t e d f o r a t h i r d time. He sei-ved one year and was succeeded by 0. V. Irfhite, M. S., who served a s p r e s i d e n t u n t i l 1910./66 The col lege was hav- ing t h e same t r o u b l e dur ing t h i s per iod t h a t it had had i n i t s e a r l i e r h i s t o r y , t h a t of a f a r t o o f requen t change of admin i s t ra t ion t o malie f o r s o l i d a r i t y and a d e f i n i t e pol icy.

Revision of a r t i c l e s of incorpora t ion .Addi t ional and supplementary a r t i c l o s of incorpora t ion were drawn up i n

1901, which c l e a r l y def ined t h e powers of t h e board of t rus- tees , s t a t e d t h e purposes of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n ; t h e s e f o r b i d t h e board of t r u s t e e s t o con t rac t a debt a g a i n s t t h e incorpora t ion o r mortgage t h e proper ty of t h e college. The methods of loaning t h e c o l l e g e funds ,espec ia l ly t h e endowment, and t h e kinds of s e c u r i t i e s bought o r s u r e t i e s taken a r e very c l e a r l y and accura te ly defined and t h e s a f e t y of such investments safeguarded. The t r u s t e e s a r e a l s o pledged t o d i l i g e n t l y and

f a i t h f u l l y Barry out t h e purpose of t h e donors i n regard t o a l l g i f t s , donations or bequests.& The v a l u a t i o n of t h e proper ty and a l l a s s e t s a t t h i s time i s placed a t $25,000.00.

Another f e a t u r e of t h i s per iod i s t h a t i n 1899 t h e f a c u l t y was placed under bond t o c a r r y on and admin i s te r t h e a f f a i r s of t h e co l l ege insofa r a s per ta ined t o i n s t r u c t i o n and opera t ion of t h e school p lan t . They were made responsible f o r t h e c o l l e c t i o n of t u i t i o n and f o r t h e expenditure of funds used i n t h e va r ious depart- ments of t h e co l l ege .

k'ublications Catalogs o r b u l l e t i n s s e t t i n g f o r t h t h e condi t ion of t h e co l l ege , l i s t i n g t h e f a c u l t y and o u t l i n i n g t h e courses of study

a r e more f requen t i n t h i s t h a n i n e a r l i e r per iods of t h e col lege !l istory. IJiuch va luab le information concerning t h e e a r l i e r h i s t o r y i s a l s o given i n them.

The most important s tuden t p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e r:eriod i s t h e Philomath College Chimes. This paper was s t a r t e d by t h e s tuden t s i n 1903. One of t h e l eaders i n t h e movement was Oscar C. Weed. He and some of t h e others , th ink ing t h a t a s tuden t paper was needed, arranged w i t h t h e con t rac to rs then digging t h e d i t ches f o r t h e now Corva l l i s wa te r system t o work on Saturday. Thc wages earned were donated t o a fund f o r s t a r t i n g t h e " ~ h i m e s . " f i I t s pub l ica t ion was continued under t h i s t i t l e u n t i l 1925. For a number of years it was a l i t e r a r y monthly publ ished by t h e s tudents . I n l a t e r years it became a s o r t of bi-weekly newspaper publ ished by t h e s tuden t s and college./69 The p r i n t i n g was done by t h e s tudents themselves dur ing t h e e a r l y period.

A f t e r t h e founding of t h e Eenton County Review by F. So Ydfarshall, about 1902, a s e c t i o n of s t u d e n t and co l l ege news was g e n e r a l l y c a r r i e d i n i t s i s sues .

Building and Improvements Because of t h e l a c k of funds, t h e o r i g i n a l p lan of t h e co l l ege o r admin i s t ra t ion bu i ld ing had never

been completed. There was a l s o a g r e a t need f o r o the r bu i ld ings and improvements. Now t h a t t h e debt had stopped growing, it was poss ib le t o do something t o meet these needs. The f i r s t move was t o f i l l up t h e hole i n f r o n t of t h e bui ld ing l e f t when t h e b r i c k s were burned i n 1865. Then a tvvo-roonl bui ld ing was e rec ted near t h e e a s t s i d e of t h e campus t o house t h e el ern en tam^ departments, and, a f t e r t h e i r d i scon t inua t ion , t h e n u s i c school. This was done i n t h e per iod from 1897 t o 1899.

The o ld dolmitory b u i l t i n 1877 was i n bad condi t ion, This was t h e next t o rece ive a t t e n t i o n . One frLend of t h e school gave $2,000.00 f o r t h i s purpose. Under t h e d i r e c t i o n of D r . Parker t h e bu i ld ing was ra i sed , a basement and heat ing p l a n t were i n s t a l l e d , and t h e whole bu i ld ing refurnished. The work vms done by s tuden t s and they were paid i n cash and t u i t i o n .

I n 1902-03, t h e gymnasium was b u i l t i n t h e same way. Conditions were now favorab le f o r beginning the work of en la rg ing t h e main bui ld ing. Funds f o r e r e c t i o n of t h e west wing were r a i s e d i n 1904. Students put i n t h e foundation and t h e rooms were f i n i s h e d and ready f o r use i n 1905. Plans were s t a r t e d a t once f o r t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e e a s t wing. This was done i n t h e same way as t h e west wing and was completed i n 1907. The lower f l o o r of t h e old c e n t r a l por t ion was remodeled f o r use a s a l i b r a r y and f o r t h e commercial department.

Canceling t h e debt W i l e t h e s e improvements were i n t h e making, t h e work of paying o f f t h e old debt and increas ing t h e endowment was

being c a r r i e d forward suocess fu l ly . As has been s t a t e d e a r l i e r , t h e old f l o a t i n g indebtedness of t h e co l l ege was cancel led i n about f i v e years under t h e new plan. By 1909 t h e deb t owed t o t h e endowment had been paid and t h e permanent endowment increased t o $20,000.00. A l l new bu i ld ings and improvements had been paid f o r i n advance. The equipment of t h e co l l ege was the b e s t it had ever had; t h e r e was no debt and t h e out look f o r t h e f u t u r e was hopeful.

New Problems There were problems facing t h e col lege i n t h e f~7.tu1-e which some were a b l e t o perceive. A t t h i s t ime t h e United Bretheren

Church had bu t four conferences on t h e P a c i f i c Coast ( they have s i n c e been reduced t o t h r e e by t h e union of t h e Walla Walla and Oregon conferences i n 1925), and it was necessary t o g e t t h e f u l l suppor t of a l l of t h e s e behind t h e one school i f it was t o meet t h e competi t ion of t h e s t a t e schools which drew t h e i r s tuden t s from t h e same t e r r i t o r y a s Philomath. Also t h e membership of t h e r u r a l churches must be b u i l t up t o se rve a s feeders t o t h e church and school, because t h e col lege had always drawn i t s s tuden t s l a r g e l y from t h e small town and r u r a l d i s t r i c t s .

The b i g problem i n t h e small co l l ege i s t h e c o s t of maintaining courses t o meet t h e needs of t h e few advanced s tuden t s . I f t h e l ~ o r k i s maintained a t a s u f f i c i e n t l y high l e v e l t o meet t h e competi t ion of t h e s t a t e supported i n s t i t u t i m s and t h a t of t h e s t r o n g wel l endowed schools, it i s a b s o l u t e l y e s s e n t i a l t o have t h e s e r v i o e s of i n s t r u c t o r s who a r e as we l l t r a i n e d a s a r e those of t h e competitive schools ; and f u r t h e r , t h e school equipment must compare favorably wi th t h a t of t h e l a r g e r i n s t i t u t i o n s . With t h e small c l a s s e s t h a t t h e l i t t l e co l l ege must of n e c e s s i t y have, t h e pe r p u p i l cos t of i n s t r u c t i o n i s immensely increased and t h i s is j u s t what t h e school of small resources cannot endure. D r . Parker i s a u t h o r i t y f o r t h e s ta tement t h a t " the c o s t of graduat ing i t s few s tuden t s each year i s from one h a l f t o two-thirds of t h e t o t a l c o s t of opera t ing t h e school."/70 I t i s probable t h a t t h i s e s t imate i s not a t a l l exaggerated, f o r a s tudy of t h e e n r o l l - ment dur ing t h i s period shows t h a t t h e number of s tuden t s t ak ing t h e work of t h e co l l ege degree courses never a t any time exceeded f i f t e e n f o r t h e junior and s e n i o r years combined. Classes must n e c e s s a r i l y be ve ry small under such condi- t i o n s . An i n s t r u c t o r w i l l c a r r y a f u l l c l a s s load as oheaply a s a p a r t i a l one.

A Poss ib le s o l u t i o n To meet t h e competi t ion of these s t r o n g e r schools and t o r e l i e v e t h e s t r a i n due t o t h e excessive cos t s of

educat ion i n t h e two upper years of t h e four-year course, a jun io r col lege plan was suggested, which would o f f e r two years of s e n i o r co l l ege work of standard grade as t h e upper h a l f of a four-year course. This p lan would, i f r i g h t l y i n t e g r a t e d wi th t h e work of t h e h igher i n s t i t u t i o n s , g ive these s tuden t s who had completed t h e junior co l l ege courses jun io r s tanding i f they should d e s i r e t o e n t e r t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s . This would give t h e small co l l ege a l e g i t i m a t e share i n t h e work of educat ion and a t t h e same time tend t o relieve t h e burden placed on t h ~ l a r g e s t a t e schools due t o heavy mat r i cu la t ion i n t h e f i r s t two years. The plan

seems mer i to r ious . However, it was n o t adopted and t h e period wi th whioh we a r e concerned was brought t o a c l o s e wi th no m a t e r i a l change i n t h e manner of bui ld in , and admin i s te r ing t h e curriculum.

CHAPTER V I

A Return t o Former Methods: 1910-1929

After fourteen years of continuous se rv ice as business manager, during whioh time the co l lege was put i n f a r b e t t e r condition f i nanc i a l l y than it had ever been before , Rev. J. R. Parker, D.D., resigned i n 1910. The a f f a i r s of the school were again under t h e - d i r e c t management of t he t ru s t ee s .

Faculty Rev. Marion R. Drury, A.M., D.D., was chosen t o head the faoulty. D r . Drury had had much experience both i n school work and i n various

departments of the work of t he church and came highly recommended f o r h i s scholar- sh ip and a b i l i t y as an organizer. Other members of the f acu l ty were: Ernest 3. Cast le , A.B., mathematics; El len C. Bailey, A.M., ancient languages; Ethel A. Gross, h i s to ry and English; Henry Sheak, M.S., physics and chemistry; Albert A. Kyburz, p r inc ipa l of t h e normal and commercial department, and 34rs. Gertrude Fisher , music.

These departments, as enumerated, show the general scope of t he work. There were some add i t i ona l sub jec ts offered a s the needs of the students or other condi- t i o n s required, but i n the main there was l i t t l e change i n t he ac tua l kind of subjec t mat ter taught during t h e succeeding years.

In 1913 D r . Drury was succeeded by Rev. G. H. Smith, who was president f o r one year. Lloyd H. Epley followed a s president i n 1914, and enjoyed the longest term of o f f i c e i n t h e h i s to ry of t h e college. Be remained u n t i l 1922. Three o ther men were added t o t k e f acu l ty a t t h i s time who should be mentioned f o r t h e i r long and successful service. They are: Rev. Rudolph Fisher, Ph.B., philosophy, h i s to ry and German; Charles T. Whitt lesey, A. B., D. D o , ancient languages; and K. W. Viright, Ph. B., who took charge of the commercial department i n 1913 and remained i n t h i s pos i t i on u n t i l t h e c lose of 1929. From 1916 he has a l so been t r ea su re r of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n . Next t o Professor Henry Sneak, t h e term of Pr&ssW Wright has been the longest of any a t Philamath.

In 1922 H. Dixon Boughter, B. A., B e D., became head of t he school for a t e n of t h r ee years. He was succeeded i n 1925 by John7?fesley Burlcett, A. B e , A. Ps.D., who served tvso years. The l a s t president was Dr. Sanford McDonald, of Los Angeles, Cal i fornia , who did not remain t o complete h i s f i r s t year./71

Curriculum The f i r s t t a sk of President Drury was a revis ion i n t he manner of administering and evaluating the subjects of the curriculum. A

complete change i n the system of organizing the courses was made. The method used was s imi l a r t o t h a t used by our s t a t e i n s t i t u t i ons . The work was placed on a term hour bas i s ; a sub jec t car r ied f o r f i ve periodsperweelc through a term of twelve weeks was given f i v e term hours of c red i t . Two periods of laboratory were requizaj t o count a s one hour of recitation.&

The courses were numbered i n each department. Certain courses were requircd as p re r equ i s i t e t o t he work of t h e more advanced courses. The courses were so

grouped t h a t each s e r i e s would emphasize some pa r t i cu l a r f i e l d of study, and ye t

t h e branches were s o connected w i t h t h o s e o f o t h e r groups a s t o l e a d t o thorough- nes s i n t h e s p e c i a l f i e l d w h i l e a t t h e same t ime a g e n e r a l b r e a d t h o f Lmo~~ledge would be g i v e n t o t h e s t u d e n t . The v a r i o u s groupings were in tended t o g ive a generous y e t w e l l ba lanced e l e c t i v e system. These cour ses were o f f e r e d : Academy cour ses t o which t h e e n t r a n c e requi rement was t h e e i g h t g rade diploma.& Tlhile t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r o f t h e s e oourses was t h a t of t h e h i g h school , it was s o a r r ang- ed a s t o l e a d toward p r e p a r a t i o n f o r some one of t h e cour ses i n t h e c o l l e g e d e p a r b ments; A fou r -yea r c l a s s i c a l cou r se l e a d i n g t o A.B. degree ; a four-year ph i lo - s o p h i c a l c o u r s e l e a d i n g t o Ph.B. degree ; a fou r -yea r s c i e n t i f i c cou r se l e a d i n g t o B.S. degree. Completion of t h e s t anda rd fou r -yea r c o l l e g e course w i t h f i f t e e n hours i n e d u c a t i o n e n t i t l e d t h e s t u d e n t t o a ~ n e - ~ e a r s t a t e c e r t i f i c a t e v a l i d only i n t h e h i g h s c h o o l s o f 0regon./74

I n t h e f i e l d of e d u c a t i o n two c o u r s e s were g iven i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e r e g u l a r c o l l e g e cour ses mentioned above; t h e s e were a four-year t e a c h e r s 1 cour se and a t h r e e - y e a r t e a c h e r s 1 cour se . The l a t t e r l e d t o t h e degree bache lo r of pedagogy. The f i r s t of t h e s e cour ses c o n s i s t e d of two y e a r s added t o t h e f i r s t two y e a r s o f t h e academic p r e p a r a t o r y ; t h e second of t h r e e added y e a r s . I n t h e r e v i s i o n of t h e cour ses i n 1917, t h e s t r i c t l y e d u c a t i o n a l cou r ses were dropped from t h e academic normal cour se and what was c a l l e d a t e a c h e r s 1 t r a i n i n g course of one yea r was add- ed. At t h i s t i m e t h e work of t h e c o u r s e s was a l s o changed from a th ree - t e rm t o a two-term b a s i s .

The c o u r s e s were a s s i g n e d t o t h e fo l lowing departments: academy, c o l l e g e of l i b e r a l a r t s , s choo l o f pedagogy, c o l l e g e of music, b u s i n e s s c o l l e g e , school of o r a t o r y , s c h o o l of a r t , and schoo l of p h y s i c a l cul ture. /75 -

The academic cour se was r e v i s e d i n 1923 s o a s t o conform w i t h t h e s t anda rd fou r -yea r h i g h schoo l cou r se , r e q u i r i n g f i f t e e n c r e d i t s f o r graduat ion . I t a l s o met t h e requi rements f o r c o l l e g e ent rance . I n 1919-20 t h e c o l l e g e requirements were i n f o r c e a s fo l lows : a t t h e beginning of t h e sophomore y e a r t h e s t u d e n t must e l e c t a major from one of t h e f o u r c o l l e g e courses . The major r e q u i r e d e igh teen semes te r hour s i n t h e chosen f i e l d . For t h e f u l l four-year course two majors and t h r e e minors were pe rmi t t ed , t h e s u b j e c t s t o b e r e l a t e d t o t h e group i n which t h e deg ree was taken . Bachelor degrees were g ran ted on t h e complet ion of 126 c o l l e g e hours , of one r e c i t a t i o n p e r week f o r one semester./76 -

No fundamental changes have been made s i n c e t h i s t ime i n t h e courses of study.

S t u d e n t Body The number of s t u d e n t s e n r o l l e d a t t h e c o l l e g e from 1910 on was, on t h e average , cons ide rab ly l e s s t h a n i n t h e pe r iod j u s t

preceding . I n 1910-11 it was 97; i n 1915-16 it dropped t o 47; by 1920-21 it had r i s e n a g a i n t o 88; and i n 1926-26 it was 73. The slump i n 1915-16 was, of course , due t o c o n d i t i o n s t h a t e x i s t e d du r ing t h e war. A s t u d y of t h e enro l lment by

depar tments r e v e a l s t h a t t h e l o s s i n numbers was l a r g e l y i n t h e Enrol lment academic and c o l l e g e p r e p a r a t o r y depar tments , w h i l e t h e number of

s t u d e n t s l i s t e d i n t h e r e g u l a r c o l l e g e cour ses i s equal t o , if n o t l a r g e r t han , t h a t of t h e e a r l i e r pe r iods . For example, t h e i n a t r i c u l a t i o n i n t h e c o l l e g e cour ses i n 1910-11 i s 40; p r e p a r a t o r y , 25; 1915-16, c o l l e g e , 12; p r e p a r a t o r y , 9; 1920-21, co l l ege ,25 ; p r e p a r a t o r y , 18; 1925-26, co l l ege , 44; p r e p a r a t o r y , 11.

The average in college departments, for the four years taken, is thirty; that of the preparatory departments, for the same years, is sixteen. In the earlier years, the numbers were largely found in the preparatory and academic departments. Although this comparison does not take into consideration the enrollment in courses, other than the college and academic-preparatory, such as music and business courses, it would seem that some other factors were in a. measure responsi- ble for the conditions indicated above.

The nearness of the Oregon State College at Corvallis had been a depressing factor in the competition for students of college rank after its opening in 1886. The wide variety of courses offered, opportunity for athletics, larger social opportunities and its strong financial backing gave it an almost unsurmountab1.e advantage. During these earlier years entrance to the courses at the state collegp was comparatively easy. After 1904 the state college began to expand rapidly and the competition became still stronger.

The University of Oregon drew students from the same territory as Philomath, as did the Oregon Normal school at Monmouth. Hence, the competition was extremely keen.

It was about this time also that the public high schools of Oregon began to be established in the smaller communities. The Corvallis High school was built about 1907 or 1908. The Philomath High school was erected about 1911, and a ninth grade was put in the Philomath schools in 1902.

The work of these local secondary schools was now coming into direct compe- tition with the work done in the aoademic departments of Philomth College and other similar institutions. The public schools were tax supported and free; the college schools were supported by private funds and from necessity required a comparatively high rate of tuition. Unless the colleges could give some decided advantages as an inducement, the resulting loss in the academic departments was inevitable. This, from the very constitutioi~ of the case, they were not able to do; for, as has been shown in an earlier chapter, if they vmre not able to compete, because of small financial support, with the tax-supported colleges which were farther removed from their sources of student supply, how could the small colleges with the same limitations hope to compete successfully with state institutions which were almost as close to the students as the homes from which they came? The social and economic disadvantages is too much to be overcome easily, and if the small college is to survive it must build up its finances to the point where it can offer equal or superior advantages in the commonly accepted or popular depart-. ments of education, or, as a doubtful alternative, cater to a special olientele.

Student Government With the arrival of President Drury in 1910, a more complete plan of student government was worked out.

Although the student body had had an organization with a full list of elected officers their activities had been of a aomewhat separate nature under the super- vision and direction of the faculty rather than independent yet cooperating with it. Now a student council plan was adoptod which placed the responsibility of student government largely with the students themselves. The first student council was Delphine Scheifele, Myrtle Pontius, J. M. i'Jallace and N. S. ~ 0 ~ e r s . L This plan has continued to function until the present time. Under the student

counci l p lan of con t ro l , a t h l e t i c s received more a t t e n t i o n than formerly. Philomath now r e g u l a r l y put out baseba l l and baske tba l l teams t o con tes t i n in ter-school games. Ex t ra -cur r i cu la r a c t i v i t i e s were recognized more and more a s a valuable p a r t of t h e educat ional func t ion of t h e col lege. I n 1926, during t h e administra- t i o n of P r e s i d e n t Burkett , a committee was appointed t o work out a schedule of e x t r a - c u r r i o u l a r a c t i v i t i e s f o r c r e d i t . One and one-half c r e d i t s earned i n t h i s way each y e a r were required f o r graduation. These c r e d i t s were earned through p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n such a c t i v i t i e s a s t h e l i t e r a r y s o c i e t i e s , physical cu l tu re , o rches t ra , a t h l e t i c s , debate, dramatics, or t h e e l e c t i o n t o some o f f i c e a s p r e s i - dent of t h e s tuden t body o r e d i t o r of t h e co l l ege paper. The most t h a t could be earned i n one year i n any a c t i v i t y was one c red i t . /78 This p lan was approved and adopted March 24, 1927.

L i t e r a r y s o c i e t i e s The work of t h e col lege l i t e r a r y s o c i e t i e s has always been a n important phase of t h e work a t Philomath. Usually

t h i s work has been e l e c t i v e and membership i n t h e l i t e r a r y s o c i e t i e s has been voluntary . Small membership f e e s and dues were charged, Sometimes f i n e s f o r non- performance of duty were co l l ec ted . A r e g u l a r l y appointed o r e l e c t e d committee made out and had charge of t h e programs. Active p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e programs of t h e s o c i e t i e s was e s s e n t i a l t o membership. I n 1918 p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the work of t h e l i t e r a r y s o c i e t i e s was made a requirement of t h e college.& Publ ic programs each term were required. This work rep laces t h a t of t h e pub l ic r h e t o r i c a l s which were conspicuous a s a f e a t u r e of t h e work a t Philomath i n t h e e a r l i e r periods.

Pub l ica t ions As mentioned i n t h e preceding chapter , t h e Philomath College Chimes was t h e c h i e f pub l ica t ion of t h e s tuden t s and co l l ege

p r e s s u n t i l 1925. It became an i n t e r e s t i n g four-page biweekly sheet , which carrried co l l ege and l o c a l news wi th l i t e r a r y m a t e r i a l added. I n 1925 it was reorganized and has been publ ished by t h e s tuden t body under t h e name Philomath College ~ a d i o . / B ~

Finance During t h i s period g i f t s have been made which have added g r e a t l y t o t h e resources of t h e co l l ege , al though t h e i r f u l l value has no t

always been r e a l i z e d because of methods of adminis t ra t ion. The l a r g e s t individual g i f t t o t h e co l l ege was t h a t of Mrs. Sarah A. Baker, of Itonrovia, Cal i fornia , who bequeathed $30,000.00 t o t h e permanent endowment fund of Philomath College. This was contes ted b u t won by t h e col lege. The n e t gain t o t h e endowment was about $27,000.00./81 - Rev. and Mrs. F. B. Church gave $5,000.00 t o t h e col lege f o r the purpose of e s t a b l i s h i n g a conservatory of music. Barkley Hal l , which was t h e l a s t b u i l d i n g e rec ted by t h e Radical College of Philomath, was purchased by Philomath College i n 1923 f o r t h e housing of t h e conservatory of music. Another consider- a b l e g i f t t o t h e co l l ege was t h a t of t h e McLain e s t a t e . Unfortunately t h e o r i g i - n a l g i f t which amounted t o about $14,000..00 was almost e n t i r e l y d i s s ipa ted i n l i t i g a t i o n over t h e se t t l ement of a note f o r $2,000.00 which M r . NoLain had endorsed./82 - Bishop N. Cas t l e made a cash g i f t of $1500.00 t o t h e endowment. P rofessor Charles T, Wit t l esey made a g i f t of h i s p r i v a t e l i b r a r y t o t h e col lege. A f i n e bungalow was purchased on East Main s t r e e t i n June, 1923, t o be used a s a res idence f o r t h e p res iden t .

Conference support f o r t h e col lege a t l a s t assumed tang ib le form, and i n 1917 t h e Oregon Annual conference voted $15,000.00 i n endowment bonds bearing f i v e pe r cen t in teres t .& I n 1919 t h e board of t r u s t e e s author ized a campaign t o

cover t h e s e conference bonds and $25,000.00 add i t iona l . This campaign has been c a r r i e d through t o completion and when a l l t h e pledges a r e yaid w i l l more than double t h e product ive endowment. The pledges t o t h e endowment have been i n small sums up t o $1000.00 each. In 1917, t h e Washington annual conference voted $5,000.00 i n endowment bonds and t h e Ca l i fo rn ia conference a l i k e amount. This made t h e t o t a l of conference bonds voted amount t o $25,000.00.

The t r e a s u r e r ' s r e p o r t f o r 1926-27 shows 'the cond i t ion of t h e endomnent fund t o be: repor ted from previous year , $62,517.15; new, $565.00; doubtful , $1,483.28; n e t , $61,600.87; t o t a l a s s e t s , %161,490.53; t o t a l l i a b i l i t i e s , $24,947.11. The year 1927-28 shows a ga in of $200.00 i n t h e n e t endowment t o $61,800.87, but t h e r e i s an inc rease i n t h e l i a b i l i t i e s of t h e co l l ege of $1523.99. In 1926-27 t h e t o t a l expendi tures a r e $13,503.46, of which tine i tem s a l a r i e s i s (;7,961,25. The r e c e i p t s f o r t h e year amounted t o $13,554.21 l eav ing a favorable balanoe of $50.75. I n 1927-28 t h e t o t a l r e c e i p t s a r e $16,843.91 and expenditures of $16,440.91 wi th a favorab le balance of $403.00./86 On t h e face of t h e f i g u r e s given t h e income of t h e co l l ege would seem t o be meeting t h e expenses, bu t t h e inc rease i n t h e l i a b i l i t i e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t condi t ions a r e not so favorable as they seem. Under t h e p l a n followed from 1896 t o 1910, which we may c a l l a pay-as-you-go pol icy, t h e o ld debts were wiped out and no l i a b i l i t i e s were incurred. Under t h e a r t i c l e s of incorpora t ion of 1901, f i l e d i n 1904, which have been described above, a l l l i a - b i l i t i e s a g a i n s t Philomath College a s an incorpora t ion o r a g a i n s t t h e col lege p roper ty were forbidden. The t r u s t e e s followed out t h e i n t e n t i o n of these d e c l a r a t i o n s u n t i l 1917 when, under t h e in f luence of Bishop Washinger, a change of p o l i c y was brought about, and t h e a r t i c l e s of incorporat ion were modified so as t o permit t h e formation of a co l l ege indebtedness./87 - Since t h a t time t h e debt of t h e co l l ege has aga in begun t o grow and a s shown above amougts (1927-28) t o $26,470.00. The e a r l y i n j u n c t i o n of t h e churoh f a t h e r s was aga in unheeded, and d i s a s t e r lurked i n t h e f u t u r e a s before. It seems unfor tunate t h a t t h e men of good bus iness judgment 6n t h e board of t r u s t e e s have been out voted by those whose a c t i o n i s t h a t of immediate expediency. For tuna te ly f o r t h e col lege, i n recen t years t h e loan committee of t h e board has been composed of good men of sound business judgment. Most of t h e funds of t h e co l l ege a r e invested i n good secur i - t i e s . Federal and municipal bonds form a good share of these . There a r e some good u t i l i t y bonds i n the l i s t and a comparatively small amount of f i r s t mortgage r e a l e s t a t e loans. The average r a t e of i n t e r e s t i s around f i v e per cent which i s i n i t s e l f a f a i r evidence of t h e s a f e t y of t h e investments,.

S ince t h e d a t a f o r t h i s h i s t o r y were gathered, t h e most unfor tunate event i n t h e h i s t o r y of Philomath College has occurred. Pres ident McDonald resigned before t h e c l o s e of t h e year and a t t h e end of t h e sp r ing term t h e doors of the old co l l ege were c losed i n d e f i n i t e l y . There i s a f e e l i n g among some of t h e alumni t h a t they w i l l never be opened again. How t r u e t h i s may be, time alone w i l l t e l l . The competi t ion of t h e s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s and of t h e pub l ic high schools i s such t h a t t h e r e i s l i t t l e hope i n renewing t h e s t rugg le unless some plan i s worked out whereby t h e schools of smal l means may be enabled t o cooperate i n t h e f i e l d of educat ion a s he lpers r a t h e r t h a n be compelled t o e n t e r t h e l i s t s a s opponents of tax-supported i n s t i t u t i o n s , However t h i s may be, Philomath College f i l l e d a r e a l need i n t h e educat ional f i e l d i n Oregon and we s h a l l i n t h e next chapter t r y t o show something of what she accomplished.

Chapter V I I

The Contr ibut ion Philomnth College 9as ;*ade

Ehery i n s t i t u t i o n i s founded f o r e. d e f i n i t e purpose and back of t h i s purpose must be t h e i d e a l s and i n t e n t i o n s of those responsible f o r i t s exis tence. Such, indeed, was the case w i t h Philomath College. I t i s t h e aim of t h i s chnpter t o g ive a pe rspec t ive view of h e r purposes and acoomplishments; t h e f i r s t a s exempli f ied by t h e d e c l a r a t ions and a c t i v i t i e s of thoso lvhose e f f o r t s made !~cr continued ex i s tence poss ib le : t h e second by the type of s tudent product whio11 t h e trclining i n h e r h a l l s has con t r ibu ted t o s o c i e t y .

The purposes of i t s founders i s ind ica ted in the second c lause appended t o the o r i g i n a l o f f e r of t h e col lcge p r o p e r t i e s t o t !~e ohurch, which reads, h hat t h e proposed school be made s t r i c t l y o l i t e r a r y i n s t i t u t i o n , under t h e moral inf luence of C h r i s t i a n i t y , tho Bible always being i t s t e x t book and s tan- dard of morali ty,"/88 Xost o f t h e men who were back of t h e movement had had b u t small oppor tuni ty f o r school educat ion. The r e l i g i o u s i n s t i n c t vras deep among them. They bel ieved in America and h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s . They f e l t t h a t they, by t h e i r p ioneer e f f o r t s i n a new land, m r e doing a p a r t i n carrying forward h e r i d e a l s and were adding a new empire t o h e r dominions. Because of t h i s t h e y wished t h a t t h e i r ch i ld ren might be educated i n those th ings of which they them- s e l v e s so keenly f e l t t h e need; and y e t t h a t these ch i ld ren should have t h a t same simple, devoted r e l i g i o u s f a i t h v,rhioh was t h e i r olrn comfort and guide. I n t h i s s p i r i t was Philomath College founded.

Space i n n work of t h i s s o r t i s too l i m i t e d t o permit the mention of even t h e names of many who by t h e i r g i f t s and se rv ices t o the oo l lege a re wort!ly of a place i n h e r annals. A few only, vrho by unusual ly long senr ice have con t r i - buted t o h e r success, c m be given b r i e f not ice .

Perhaps vte may name those who were f i r s t chosen t o d i r e c t the d e s t i n i e s of t h e young college./89 The f i r s t t r u s t e e s were: f i r s t c l a s s , Alexander dennett , J m e s Edwards, Ju l ius Brownson, F r e i l i n g h i s e n S t i l l s o n and Wayman S t . C la i r ; second c l a s s , i 7 i l l i m T y a t t , P r e s s l e y Tyler, J e s s e I l a r r i t t , Rowland Chambers ziid George W. Bethers; t h i r d c l a s s , Alfred Y. ?{itham, S. II, Rram, Eldredge Hart less , Nathan We Allen and Thomas J. Connor.

Of these men Connor possessed t h e g r e a t e s t mou.nt of education. He ;:ras ono of t h e h f o pioneer miss ionar ies and foundsr of t h e Unitod Bretheren Churoh i n Oregon. S t i l l s o n was a school t eacher and one of t h e e a r l y educators i n Benton County. Rvo o t h e r s , Bennett and Allen, were pioneor m i n i s t e r s of t h e church, 1;rhf, came o u t wi th Connor i n 1053. Brovmson was a s q u i r e and l o c a l j u s t i c e ; H a r r i t t , a blacksmith and c l a s s l o a d e r i n t h e church. The o-thers were s u b s t a n t i a l 1e.nd- ho lders o r bus iness rren i n t h e community. George Tf. Bothers was t h e man whose l e t t e r t o the Rel igious Telescope b r o u ~ h t Connor and Renoycr as m i s s i o n ~ r i e ~ to Oregon. A. T,!. i;lTithain, a farmer, was, f o r a number of years , chairman of the board of t r u s t e e s . Prown and H a r t l e s s were mer_ of f i n e n a t i v e a b i l i t y who served t h e co l l ege w e l l during i t s e e r l i o s t yeRrs es members of the board of t r u s t e e s . M r , Bravn suppl ied the funds f o r th purchase of the p r i n t i n g p ress to s t a r t Philomath Crucible , the f i r s t co l l ege paper.

Of t h i s f i r s t board of t r u s t e e s t h e r e i s one man who, mith t h e excoption of one year, s e r v e d on the board continuously, u n t i l a f t o r t h e d iv i s ion of the

churoh. This i s W i l l i a m Wyatt. M r . !rfyntt, born i n Ruckinghamshire, England, October 24, 1816, orno t o America a t the age o f 18. With h i s wife end tv~o ch i ld ren , he crossed t h e plens t o Oregon i n 1847. I n 1848 he s e t t l e d one mile n o r t h of Philomath. Although he had had no schoolinp; he read vrell. A man of e x c e l l e n t business judgment h i s farming ventures prospered so t h a t by the t h e of tho founding of t h e oo l lege he vras one of the most prosperous c i t i z e n s of the Mary's River Sett lement. By some he i s c red i t ed w i t h being the one responsible f o r s t a r t i n g t h e movement f o r a school o r co l l ege . A t m y r a t e , h i s name heads t h e l i s t of donors t o t h e o r i g i n a l fund. He it mas who served w i t h M r . Har t loss on tho committee t o buy t h e l and of David Henderson f o r the co l l ege and tmm s i t e . He a l s o advanced the money f o r t h e purchase of t h e land. He was one of the two vrho s e l e c t e d the s i t e f o r t h e b u i l d i n and was a member of the executive committee during the time of i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n . ~ O - Mr. JTyyott served o n the board u n t i l the d i v i s i o n i n 1889, a t whioh t h e he went w i t h the conservat ive or, as i t vras commonly c a l l e d , the R ~ d i c a l wing. Ile continued a member of t h e board and vras a l e a d e r i n t h e f i g h t of t h e r a d i c a l s to regain possess ion of the col lege up t o 1895. A f t e r t h e y l o s t t h e dec i s ion he was a member of the board of t r u s t e e s of the Oollege of Fhilomath u n t i l almost the time of h i s death, February 14, 1901. "Uncle B i l l y t ' , a s everyone c a l l e d him, was the warn f r i e n d of every boy and g i r l who a t t ended Philomnth College dur ing the f i r s t t ! ~ i r t y years of i t s exis tence. Almost wi thou t f a i l , he rode h i s horse t o church each Sunday morning, l i s t e n e d a t t e n t i v e l y t o t h e sennon and, a f t e r i t s c lose , had a word w i t h the young peopls, He f r e q u e n t l y inv i t ed same of them out t o h i s home f o r dinner. His spacious house mong t h e a n c i e n t oaks, w i t h i t s p e r f e c t view of t h e v a l l e y and mountains beyond, was the scene of many a p a r t y and f r o l i c a t tended by t h e s tuden t s of those a a r l y days. One r a r e l y meets any of them y e t wi thout some a l l u s i o n t o 'those joyous t imes.

Another of these e a r l y t r u s t e e s vrho had much t o do w i t h t h e d i r e c t i o n of the a f f a i r s o f t h e co l l ege was Jacob Henkle. One of the pioneers , h i s home- s t ead was about f o u r mi les vmst of Philomath on t h e South Fork. Mr. Henkle was e l e c t e d t o t h e t r u s t e e s i n 1867, t h e year t h e school s t e r t i d , and served cont inuously u n t i l 1886. After the res igna t ion of A. Id. TI'Titham from the board of t r u s t e e s , Mr. Henkle served f o r many years as chairman of t h e board. Of a deeply r e l i g i o u s turn , "Unale Jake" was perhaps a l i t t l e more v i s ionary and not so p r a c t i c a l a s h i s a s s o c i a t e , M r . 'JPyatt, b u t they both possessed a f i n e ideal - ism and a degree of honesty which had a wholesome e f f e c t i n i t s inf luence i n bu i ld ing the c h a r a c t e r of t h e young men and women a t the col lege.

There i s ye t enother of t h e e a r l i e r t r u s t e e s who should be named because of h i s deeds of kindness t o t h e co l l ege . This i s Samuol McLain. He was electe?. t o the board of t r u s t e e s i n 1870. Although h i s se rv ice was n o t corhinuous, he was f r e q u e n t l y a member over a pe r iod of t h i r t y - f i v e years. Uarnarried, and re%.:; -

ing i n manner, &. McL~in was a man of deeds r a t h e r than words. When t r e e s lN8re wanted t o p l a n t the grove on the campus in 1873, he i t was who dug them on h i s farm and de l ive red them t o bo s e t b y the s tudents . Tho f i n e grove i s a monu- ment t o h i s memory. When a place was needed f o r holding an outdoor commenoe- ment i n 1877, he gave t h e "Camp ground" t o the co l l ege f o r t h i s purpose. True t o

t h e end i n h i s f r i endsh ip , he w i l l e d h i s e n t i r e e s t a t e , valued a t $14,000.00, t o the endowment of t h e col lege.

I n l e n g t h o f se rv ice and i n sound business judgment i n handling the f inanccs of t h e col lege, b h . J. E. Henkle holds an unquestioned ?lace of prominence. Elected t o t h e board of t r u s t e e s in 1889, he served continuously u n t i l 1927 when he was compelled t o give up a l l p u b l i c d u t i e s because of advancing age and f n i l i n g eyesight . One of the Pl~i lomath 's e a r l i e s t and most successful business men, he brought h i s experience and sound business judgment t o the se rv ice of the col lege when it was s a d l y needed. He was one of the backers of the p l a n which f reod t h e c o l l e g e from debt. He, along w i t h M r . J. T. Waiman, ac t ing as the committee on loans , was respons ib le f o r the sound invesiments vvhioh were made of the col lege funds .&

Although many of the t eachers m r e men and \vomea of f i n e charac te r and a b i l i t y and t h e r e were none who deserve censuro, it i s poss ib le t o speak of but one. No account of t h e work done a t Philomath College could leave out t h e name of Henry Sheak, M. S,, and be considered in any way complete. Professor Sheak came t o the c o l l e g e i n t h e l a t e s m e r of 1873. Ke had g r ~ d u a t e d from ?Jestern College, Iowa, t h a t June, a ~ d came wes t wi th t h e new pres ident , R . I,[. iNilliams. P rofessor Sheak was connected w i t h t h e work of t h o col lege more o r l e s s intimate- l y over a per iod of more t h a n f i f t y years. He has taught i n the science, ma the- mot ics and commercial d e p a r h e n t s a t va r ious times. He was t h e m e who s t a r t e d t h e f i r s t bus iness i n s t i t u t e t h a t o f fe red i n s t r u c t i o n i n business methods and stenography a t t h e oo l lege . The f i n e c o l l e c t i o n of b i o l o g i c a l and geological specimens which the co l l ege possesses i s h i s vLror!; o r t h a t of h i s p u p i l s working under h i s guidance. He was ins t rumental in s t a r t i n g and bu i ld ing up the l i b r a r y . He a l s o was t h e f a c u l t y member of the oommittee vrhich organized the f i r s t l i t e r a r y s o c i e t y . Gver s ince h i s a r r i v a l i n Philomath he has heen prominent i n the work of t h e Sunday School. For a number of years he was p res iden t o f the County Sunday School Association. Perhaps no man has worked longer o r more f a i t h f u l l y i n t h e i n t e r e s t s of the Sunday Schools of h i s s e o t i o n than he. Convinced during h i s se rv ice i n t h e C i v i l l N a r o f the b e n e f i t s t o be dorived from proh ib i t ion , he has been a l i f e l o n g and a r d e n t worker a g a i n s t the l iquor t r a f f i c . Twice a candi- d a t e f o r s t a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e on the p r o h i b i t i o n t i c k e t , h i s canvass was in- f l u e n t i a l i n br inging about o a r l y p r o h i b i t i o n i n Benton and ad joining counties. He was the donor of a s tanding gold medal award t o be given each year t o t h e s tuden t a t t end ing col lege who gave t h e b e s t a r a t i o n on p roh ib i t ion and the l iquor quest ion. I n 1925, he was awarded a gold modal f o r se rv ice i n Sunday School vmrk. P rofessor Sheak has w r i t t e n many of t h e h i s t o r i c a l sketches of t h e col lege which a r e found in i t s ca ta logs . Beaause of h i s long connection wi th the co l l ege and h i s k i n d l y i n t e r e s t i n each s tuden t no man i s b e t t e r q u a l i f i e d t o spoak of them than he .&

The type o f men whose work has been i n f l u e n t i a l i n d i r e c t i n g the a f f a i r s of t h e co l l ege has been a l t o g e t h e r too b r i e f l y considered t o g e t n comprehensive view of the composite inf luences which have moulded t h e charac te r of tho s tuden t s who have come under i t s t u t e l a g e , bu t space f o r b i d s f u r t h e r considerat ion of t h i s f a c t o r . ,

The worth of an i n s t i t u t i o n i s u s u a l l y judged by the charac te r of i t s pro- duc t , How does Philomath College measure up by such a s tandard? What has been h e r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s of h e r community? ' f i a t p a r t have

t h e s tuden t s t r a i n e d i n h e r h a l l s t a k e n i n t h e a f f a i r s o f t h e world of which they

have become a pa r t ? Let the reeords answer f o r themselves.

?lore than s i x thousand students have entered Philomath College and received a g rea t e r o r l ea s share of t h e i r t ra in ing i n her h a l l s . Of these, more than twelve hundred have become teachers; one hundred and f i f t y have become ministers; f i f t e e n have become missionarfeay twelve have been olected t o l eg i s l a t i r e ha l l s ; and e ight have become col lege Eleven have become professors i n col leges; two, bank presidents ; e ight , county schobl superintendents; four, ed i to r s of ne7,vspapers ; four , authors of books; one, a ra i l road president (IJ.P. R.R.) ; eight , a t to rneys t e ight , physioians; one, a d i s t r i c t judge. Idany have beoome bookkeepers, telegraphers, farmers./95 I n f ac t , t hey have entered ju s t about every f i e l d of human endeavor.

One of the bes t h o w n minis te rs from the college i s Rev. Louis Albert Banks, A. M I , D. D m , a ldethodist p u l p i b e r and na t iona l ly known leoturer , author of some sixty-two volumes on various subjects , many of them s t o r i e s and books f o r young people .,&

D r . J. B e Homer, head of the h i s to ry department a t Oregon State college, needs no introduction. His i n t e re s t ing books on Oregon h i s to ry a re hovm t o every boy and g i r l i n the s t a t e who has recent ly completed the work of our public schools.

Professor Solon S11edd has done f ine work i n the department of ~ e o l o g y a t Idaho University, 140 scow, Idaho.

The Alaska exh ib i t a t the Alaska-Yukon Pac i f ic Exposition i n s col lected by a man who got his t r a i n i n g as a boy a t Philomath under Professor Sheak.

>hiss Florence Akin, as the author of a s e r i e s of Phonic Readers was a pioneer i n the movement which modernized reading method in Oregon schools - Her t r a in ing was had a t Philomath her f a the r was a member of the board of t rustees .

Some of the men m~ engaged i n educational work i n Oregon when Philomath claimed f o r a t i n e a re : Superintendent Robert Goetz, of the Si lver ton schools; Supt. E. h. Castle, County Superintendent of Benton County; J . Cl i f ton Tucker, p r inc ipa l of the Riverton schools; Lester If. Bennett, p r inc ipa l of the Jeffer- son schools; T. J . Means, ; I i l l C i t y ; Fred W, Jones, Gctes; 0. V. White, principal of the Amity schools; G. W. Brown, Yrmhill.

A s tudy o f the da t a given above shows t h a t one of every f ive V J ~ O have attended Philomat11 College has entered the teaching ranks f o r a time a t l ea s t , and one out of every four has been classed i n one of t h e four professions of medicine, lm, the m i n i s t ~ y , or teaching. Po data are kep t a t hand f o r corn- parison, but considering the f a c t t h a t the g rea t e s t p a r t of the pupi ls who attended Philomath were in the lower departments, t h i s r a t e seems high.

No da ta wore ava i lab le to estimate the en t i r e number of graduates from a l l departments, but the degrees eranted have been: honorary degrees, 47; of which 32 are D. D m , s ix , L. L. D., one, ~ t d . D., two, A. M., onc Ph. I,!., one, Sm,

and f0~7.r~ 19. Acct. Collegiate degrees earned i n courses taken are ninety-five, as fo l lavs : M. A., four; B. S., f o r ty ; A. B., twenty-three; B. Pe., 0:ro; Ph. D., twenty-f ive, and B e TIUS., one.

This shows t h a t about one out of every sixty-two of the enrollment through- out t he years has remained t o complete t h e f u l l college course. This i s l e s s then two per cont, -h ioh i s very lmr, and b l p a t o explain why costs have been so high i n the ool leg ia te depa rben t s .

A study of t h e enrollment shows t h a t the col lege has d r m i t s students from a l l the Pacif io Coaat s t a t e s , espec ia l ly from the ru ra l d i s t r i c t s , but they have oome l a r g e l y from those seotions i n which the church has been act ive. This i s what one would expect and f u l f i l l s the deolarat ion made a t the beginning that , "The United Bretheren Church should e n t e r i n to the mor!: of education on the Pac i f i c Coast i n order t o educate i t s own people."

Bibliography

H i s t o r i e s Per ta in ing t o the United Brethern Church

1. E. T . C m i n , D. D., P ro fessor J, H. Dubbs., D. D., and Professor J. T. Hamilton.

a . A His to ry of t h e Reformed Church Dutch. b. A His to ry of t h e Ref armed Church German, and c . The ?loravian Churoh, i n one Vol., -4merican Church I i i s tory

Ser ies , published by t h e C h r i s t i a n L i t e r a t u r e Co., N. Y.

While n o t a h i s t o r y of t h e United Bretheren Church, it shovrs the o r i g i n o f these churches, t h e i r fundamental doc t r ines and p o l i t y . I t gives the e a r l y work of Otterbein. . Univers i ty of Oregon Library .

2 . Drury, A. T., The His to ry of the Church of the United Bretheren i n Chr i s t . The Ot te rbe in Press, Dayton, Ohio, 1924. Gives an extended account of t h e l i f e of P h i l i p ivil l iam Otterbein . The o r ig in or" t h e church, e a r l y organizat ion, doctr ines , educat ional policy, and gives a complete l i s t of schools founded by t h e church, I t i s t h e most complete h i s t o r y of t h e church t h a t has been published. Library of Philomath College.

3. Rev. Daniel Berger, D, D,, H i s t o r y of The Church of the United Bretheren i n C h r i s t . Published b y 1K. J. Shuey, U. E. Publishing House, Dayton, Ohio, 1897. Gives o r i g i n of t h e church and i t s r e l a t i o n t o the general r e v i v a l movement i n Ameriaa and a complete aacount o f t h e events of the d i v i s i o n o f t h e church wi th t h e vo te on the v a r i o u s measures. Philo- math College Library .

4. Hough, S. So, and Shupe, H. F., Pa r tne rs i n t h e Conquering Cause, pub- l i s h e d by t h e Board of Administrat ion of t h e United Dretheren i n C h r i s t , U. B. Building, Dayton, Ohio, 1924. I t has a c h a r t s h o ~ v b g grmrth of church membership. The founding of schools and a s h o r t aocount of those now i n operat ion. Defines aims of Board of Education. Contains much valuable information. Philomath College Library.

Original Sources

1. Records of the Actions of Board of Truskees of Philomath College. Contains 228 pages w r i t t e n i n long hand, t h e f i r s t 53 pages w r i t t e n by T. J. Connor. Contains t h e most cornploto an? authent ia account of t h e fou-nding of the ool lege and i t s a c t i v i t i e s u n t i l t h e d iv i s ion i n 1889. The p a r t from pages 195 t o end i s of t h e period from 1889 t o 1895 and i s only of t h e Radical wing. This 5 s the b e s t account of the ool lege u n t i l the d i v i s i o n of the church. The book i s i n the archives of the co l l ege a t Philomath, Oregon.

( o l d ) t r e a s u r e r ' s record . Shm-s s o w t h i n g o f method8 of b u s i n e s s d u r i n g t h e e a r l y per iod , t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l e o f e a r l y endowment s u b s c r i p t i o n s were n o t pa id . Has l i t t l e v a l u e as a source o f i n fo rma t ion . Book now i n a r c h i v e s o f t h e c o l l e g e a t Ph i lona th , Oregon.

( o r i g i n a l ) Conference J o u r n a l s of t h e Bel founta in , Philomath and Lanoas t e r C i r c u i t s . Gives an account of how t h e m i s s i o n a r i e s came t o be s e n t t o Oregon, t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e f i r s t c l a s s e s , t h e m i n i s t e r s who a t t e n d e d t h e q u a r t e r l y conferences, e t a . T e l l s where meet ings were held , amounts p a i d f o r suppor t , e t o . Covers p e r i o d from 1853 t o 1874.

( o r i g i n a l ) Annual Conference Records. Gives an account of t h e m i s s i o n a r i e s c r o s s i n g t h e p l a i n s i n 1853, Organiza t ion of t h e f i r s t c l a s s and meeting o f f i r s t q u a r t e r l y conference . I s a r e - c o r d o f t h e a o t i o n s o f t h e annual conferences from t h e f i r s t con- f e r e n c e i n 1855 t o t h a t o f t h e 29th s e s s i o n i n 1882. Contains t h e a o t i o n s o f t h e church i n r e g a r d t o the founding of t h e c o l l e g e s a t Philomath and Subl imi ty , a l s o the d e a l a r a t i o n o f t h e eduoa t iona l p o l i c y of t h e church on t h e P a c i f i c Coast . Summaries of t h o s e r e c o r d s a r e i n the w r i t e r 8 s n o t e s , p. 25 t o 30 i n c l u s i v e .

F a c u l t y Record of Philomath Col lege . Conta ins many p o i n t s o f i n t e r e s t and is one of b e s t sou rces o f i n fo rma t ion f o r t h e p e r - i o d from 1907 t o 27. Nmr i n a r o h i v e s o f Philomath College.

Benton County Review. Philomath, Oregon. Various i s s u e s , e s p e c i a l - l y , F r i . Apr. 6, 1917; Fr i . , Apr. 17, 19175 Fr i . , May 11, 1917; Fri . , June 1 7 , 1917; Aug. 4, 1917; Oct. 4, 1917; Thurs ., J u l y 24, 1919, and Thurs., Apr. 20, 1922. The b e s t f i l e t h e w r i t e r could l o o a t e i s in the U n i v e r s i t y of Oregon l i b r a r y . The Review h a s k e p t no f i l e s .

Oregon Orac le . I s s u e o f J u l y 9, 1885. Contains some m a t e r i a l . Found i n f i l e s o f Ua o f 0. l i b r a r y .

Philomath Cruo ib l e . I s s u e s from !Jar. 27 t o iriay 8, 1879 i n T J * of 0 . l i b r a r y .

a. Oregon Repor t s . The Supreme Court, S t a t e of Oregon, Dec. 1876. Vol. 6., Be l l enge r . Philomath Col lege , V. I?* H a r t l e s s .

b. Oregon Repor t s . Rober t G. 8aIorrm Repor ter , 1896. Vol. 27, P. 90. Philomath Col lege . V. Xyatt. Gives complete account of arguments of t h e cases over t h e posses s ion of t h e c o l l e g e p rope r ty du r ing t h e d i v i s i o n o f t h e churoh. U n i v e r s i t y of Oregon Law l i b r a r y .

H i s t o r y of Philomath Col lege , by Henry Sheak, l!I. S., C ~ t a l o g of Philomath Co l l ege of A p r i l , 1915., pages 38 t o 42. Gives a v e r y v a l u a b l e summary.

Col l ege Ca ta logs . The most complete f i l e of t h e c a t a l o g s of Phi lomath a r e i n t h e p r e s i d e n t ' s o f f i c e a t t h e c o l l e g e . Many o f t h e e a r l i e r numbers are miss ing . The r eco rd i s q u i t e complete f rom 1900 t o t h e p r e s e n t .

A r t i c l e s of I n c o r p o r a t i o n . The a r t i c l e s of i nco rpora t ion , o r i g i n a l and r ev i sed , a r e found i n Record of Inco rpora t ion , Book I,, P. 108, o f t h e Records o f Benton County, a t t h e c o u r t house i n C o r v a l l i s , Oregon.

I n t e r v i e w w i t h Dr. J. B. Homer . June 23, 1928. Data on founding o f Philomath Cruc ib l e , o f t h e f i r s t l i t e r a r y s o c i e t y , and i n c i d e n t s oonnected w i t h the founding of t h e c o l l e g e . W r i t e r l s notes , P. 127.

I n t e r v i e w w i t h Mr. J. E m Xenkle . June 16 , 1928. Aocount of opening o f school a t t h e c o l l e g e . D i ~ c u s s i o n o f f i n a n c e s . W r i t e r ' s no te s , P. 131.

I n t e r v i e w w i t h Prof . 'AI. W. Wright, June, 1928. Founding of Philo- mat11 Co l l ege Chimes. Endowment pledges. T r i t e r ' s Notes, p. 133.

T r e a s u r e r r s Repor ts , 1926-27, 1927-28., W. IT. Wright, t r e a s u r e r . By c o u r t e s y o f ' P r o f . Wright, F i n a n c i a l c o n d i t i o n s of t h e col lege . Triter 's no te s , p. 231.

I n t e r v i e w with P r o f e s s o r Henry Sheak, Id. S,, May 23, 1928. Biography, s t a r t i n g t h e s c i e n c e c o l l e c t i o n s , e t c . W r i t e r ' s notes , s epa ra t e .

I n t e n r i e w w i t h Mrs. Mary P. Wyatt. May 12, 1928. E a r l y i n c i d e n t s a t t h e oo l l ege . W r i t e r ' s n o t e s , s e p a r a t e .

I n t e r v i e w with Rev. Jas . R. Parker , D. D m , May 12, 1928. Very c l e a r s t a t e m e n t of h i s work as Business Manager, 1896-1910. W r i t e r ' s no te s , s e p a r a t e .

I n t e r v i e w w i t h Mrs. S. L. Keezel, M. S,, June 1 6 , 1928. Radica l ahurch and t h e founding of t h e Col lege of Philomath. W r i t e r l s n o t e s . Separa te .

L e t t e r of Rev, W. S. G i l b e r t , A . hI., D. D., P r e s i d e n t of Philomath Col lege , 1889-1893., w r i t t e n J u l y 14, 1928. Mow i n w r i t e r ' s f i l e s .

L e t t e r o f Rev. P. 0. Bonebrake, A . M., D. D., P r e s i d e n t Philomath Col lege , 1893-95, 1899-1901, 1907-08. W r i t t e n J u l y 12, 1928. Now i n w r i t e r ' s f i l e s ,

L e t t e r o f Rev, B. E. m e r i c k , A. Id., D . D m , p r e s i d e n t of Philomath College, 1895-97, 1902-04. S r r i t t e n J u l y 16, 1928. Now in w r i t e r ' s f i l e s , These 1 e t t e r s a r e one o f b e s t sou rces of t h e pe r iod of s t r u g g l e ove r t h e c o l l e g e proper ty , 1889-1896.

Contemporary H i s t o r y

S c o t t , Harvey, W., H i s t o r y of t h e Oregon Country. Vol. 111; PP. --- 1 3 1 t o 145.

Gaston, Joseph. The Cen tenn ia l H i s t o r y o f Oregon, (S . J. Clarke - Pub. Co., Chicago, 1912.) Vol. I, p . 5 7 5 7 0 610,

H i s t o r y o f Benton Coun . (pub l i shed b y David D , Pagan, A . G . -- -/?ailing, p r i n t e r , '&- Has good account of e a r l y pe r iod of Philomath Col lege . Chap. XXXXIX, pp. 359 t o 367.

Clark, R. C., Ph. S. H i s t o r y o f t h e Wil lamet te Velley. h he -- S. J. Cla rke Pub. Co., Chicago, 1927.7 pp. 576 t o 597.

Duval, Sylvanus I\.lilne, Ph. D., The 1,Iethodist Episcopal Church and - -- Education. ( ~ e a c h e r s ' Col lege , Columbia Un ive r s i ty , Bureau o f P u b l i c a t i o n s , 1928 .) Pages 1 t o 116.

Mattoon, C. R., B a p t i s t Annals o f Oregon. ( ~ e l e p h o n e R e g i s t e r -- Pub. Co ., McMinnville, Ore., 1905.) I II pp. 1 t o 459.

Leonard, Rev. Delevan L, The S t o r y of Oberl in. (The P i lg r imt s P re s s , Boston, 1898.) ~ h a c 6 T l r 3 t o end of book.

Dexter , F r a n k l i n Bowditch, L i t t . D., Doaumentary H i s t o r y of Yale, 1701-1745. ale Univ. P re s s , 1916. ) Chaps. I and 11.

Monroe. Cyclopedia o f Educat ion . A r t i c l e by George A . Coe, Ph. D., L. L. D m , Union Theologioa l Seminary, Vol. 5, pr 145.

FOOT NOTES

See Cornin, E. T ; Dubbs, J I H. and Hamilton, J. H., A His to ry of the Reformed Church German; American Church His to ry Ser ies , The C h r i s t i a n L i t e r a t u r e company, N. Y. (pps. 234 and 235 f o r f u l l aocount.

See Cornin, Dubbs and Hamilton, His t . o f Ref. Church Dutch and H i s t . of Ref. Ch. Ger. Amer. Ch. I I i s t , S e r i e s , The C h r i s t i a n Li t . Co., N. Y., pps. 285 and 286.

For b i r t h o f P. W. Otte rbe in s e e pp. 28-34. Drury, A . W., The Hi.st. of the Church of t h e United Rretheren i n Chr i s t , the Ot ter - b e i n Press , Dayton, Ohio, 1924, and a l s o Eerger, Rev. Daniel, His t . of t h e Church of t h e United Bretheren i n Chr i s t , Pub. by 'N. J. Shuey, The U. B. Pub. House, Dayton, Ohio, 1897), pp. 20-23. h here i s a d iscrepancy i n t h e t w o accounts a s t o the b i r t h place of Ot terbein; Drury says he was born a t Dillenburgh, Ger., June 3, 1726. Berger says t h a t he was bonl a t Nassau, Ger., June 3, 1726. They agree t h a t he was one of b i n s but d i sagree a s t o t h e number i n t h e family. Drury s t a t e s the re were s i x sons and bvo daughters. Berger says t h e r e were seven sons and th ree d8uy;htsrs. We have t aken Drury' s aocount because ids work i s l a t e r and he claims more complete records. )

Quota t ion taken from p. 23, Berger, Rev. Daniel. His t . of Ch. of the U. B. i n Chr i s t . Pub. by W. J. Shuey, U. B. Pub. House, Dayton, O., 1897.

For a f u l l e r account of t h i s inc iden t , see Drury, A. To, The Z i s t . of t h e Ch. of t h e U. B. i n C h r i s t , O t te rbe in Press, Dayton, Ohio, 1924. P. 87-89, and a l s o Berger, Rev. ' ' 'aniel, Pub. by A. '!To Shuey, U. B. Pub. House, 1897, Pg. 79-80.

See Drury, A. W. The His t . o f the Ch. of the U. B. i n Chr i s t . O t t e r b e i n Press , Dayton, O., 1924. P. 129 and 131, f o r f u l l e r account . Op. C i t . P. 184.

Op. C i t . ?. 427 his I n s t i t u t i o n became Ot te rbe in u n i v e r s i t y . )

For l i s t of schools founded and t h e i r d a t e s see appendix.

The d a t a f o r t h i s and t h e two following paragraphs a r e taken from the o r i g i n a l conference journals of the .. Bal l founta in , Philomath and Lanoaster C i rcu i t s .

This quo ta t ion and t h e d a t a f o r t h i s paragraph i s found o n page 15 of t h e o r i g i n a l journal of t h e annual conference records and i s i n t h e hand w r i t i n g of James M. Chandler, s e c r e t a r y of the con- ference .

12. Rev. ld i l ton Wright, l ~ t e r Bishop, was f o r years a prominent f i g u r e i n t h o United BrethetenChurch. A man of high i d e a l s , s t e r l i n g charac te r and f i n e a b i l i t i e s he became t h e l eader of t h e Radical wing of the ohurch. I n the d i v i s i o n of the church in 1889 he was the one d i s s e n t i n g bishop i n the vote on the rev i sed c o n s t i t u t i o n of t h e church. Bishop Wright i s the f a t h e r of Wilbur and O r v i l l e Wright, inventors of t h e a i r p l a n e . Mrs. hfary Pearson Wyatt, now l iv ing (1929) i n Philomath, Oregon, was a pup i l of lhil ton Wright a t Sublimity School i n 1867-68.

Chapter I1

13. "lhaple p rove" school house, t h e place of meeting, stood near t h e south l i m i t s of t h e c i t y of Philomath, a shor t d i s t ance n o r t h o f t h e b r idge ac ross Wary's r i v e r and no t f a r from the place where the road along t h e southern l i n e of t h e o i t y l i m i t s tu rns e a s t t o j o i n t h e old road to Corva l l i s . The bui lding was moved l a t e r up i n t o t h e c i t y and stood f o r years on the c i t e of the p r e s e n t I. 0 . 0. I?. h a l l . Inhen t h i s was b u i l t the o l d school bu i ld ing was moved back west and stood u n t i l q u i t e reoent ly . I t was b u i l t of heavy rough box lumber.

14. This s ta tement i s t a k e n v e r b a t j m f r o m V o 1 . 1, P. 3, of t h e Records of Actions of Board of t r u s t e e s of Philomath College. The f i r s t 53 pages of t h i s Record a re w r i t t e n i n the c l e a r , bold hand of T. J. Connor, who ac ted a s s e c r e t a r y of the Eoard of t r u s t e e s u n t i l 1872. The l a s t record in h i s handwriting i s t h a t of t h e meeting of J u l y 15, 1872. He was succeeded a s s e c r e t a r y by J u l i u s Brownson.

15. The complete record o f these t r a n s a c t i o n s i s found on pages 8 and 9 of t h e Record of t h e Aotions of the t r u s t e e s , now i n the archivcs of Philomath College. ( a l s o pages 43 t o 45 of author ' a n o t e s )

16. The record of acceptance a s given i n the Annual Conference Record f o r t h e 1 2 t h annual sess ion of Sept. 1865, and t h a t of the Re- cord of t h e Board of Trustees as given on pages 9 and 10, i s i d e n t i c a l .

17. The committee on purchase of land and 1 ocat ion of s i t e was N i l l i m ~ 'flyatt and E. Har t less , who had headed the l i s t of subscr ibers t o the endowment and purchase fund. I n an i n t e r v i w ~ with M r . J . E. Henkle, June 16, 1928, he made t h e statement t h a t William T y a t t furnished t h e funds f o r t h e purchase of t h e Henderson t r a c t . ( au thor ' s no tes , pa 131) In an in terview w i t h D r . J. B. Horner, a t h i s o f f i ce , 302 Pharmacy Bldg., 0. S. C , , June 23, 1928, the author was t o l d t h a t t h e idea of founding a co l l ege had i t s o r i g i n i n a conferenoe a t t h e Wyatt home one mile n o r t h of Philomath. Those p resen t were : 'iV5lli.m Wyatt, h i s wife, Mary Wyatt, and T. J. Connor. Af te r a f i n e ohicken supper t h e y t a lked and prayed u n t i l 2 a. m. and t h e co l l ege was planned. ( a u t h o r ' s n o t e s , p. 128 )

18. The f i r s t t r u s t e e s o f Philomath Col lege were : F i r s t o l a s s , one year , Alexander Bennett , James Edwards, J u l i u s Brownson, F r e i l i n g h i s e n S t i l l s o n , and Wyman S t . C l a i r ; second c l a s s , two yea r s , Wil l iam Wyatt, P r e s l e y Tyler , J e s s e H ~ r r i t t , Rowland Chambers and George W. Bethers ; t h i r d c l a s s , t h r e e p a r s , Alfred M. Witham, S. K. Brown, Eldredge H a r t l e s s , Sr., Nathan W. Allen and Thos. J . Connor.

19. A complete r eoord o f t h e p l a n s f o r t h e t o w n s i t e and s a l o of l o t s is g i v e n on p w e s 1 2 and 1 3 of t h e Record of Truetees .

20. The A r t i c l e s of I n c o r p o r a t i o n of Philomath College may be found in t h e Records of Benton Co., a t t h e c o u r t house, C o r v a l l i s , Ore., in Record of Inoorpora t ion , Book 1, P. 108. ( A complete copy of t h e a r t i c l e s of I n c o r p o r a t i o n o r i g i n a l and r e v i s e d i s found in a u t h o r ' s n o t e s , p. 235-238.)

21. The b r i c k f o r t h e main b u i l d i n g were burned on the ground. For y e a r s t h e r e was a l a r g e h o l e i n f r o n t of t h e main b u i l d i n g where t h e c l a y was dug f o r making t h e br ick .

22. These Ru les o f Decorum a r e g iven on Page 28. Record of Trustees. (Author 's n o t e s , P. 5 6 )

23. This d e c l a r a t i o n was made du r ing t h e f o u r t e e n t h annual conference h e l d a t Subl imi ty , Oregon, September 14, 1867.

24. S t a t emen t of aims found in Hough, L. S., and Shupe, H. F.; p a r t n e r s in t h e Conquering Cause, Bd. o f Adm., Dayton, O., 1924. Page 107.

25. This s t a t e m e n t i s based on an i n t e r v i e w w i t h M r . J. E. Henkle, June 16, 1928. Mr. Henkle was one o f t h e p u p i l s p r e s e n t on the opening day. One o f Phi lomath ' s most s u c c e s s f u l b u s i n e s s men, he later se rved on t h e Board of T rus t ees from 1889 t o 1927.

26. This s t a t emen t i s based on informat ion found i n Matson, C . He, B a p t i s t Annals of Ore gon, Telephone R e g i s t e r Pub. Co., lrIci!iinn- v i l l e , Ore ., Vol. 1, p. 36., a l s o Leonard, Rev. Delevan H., The S t o r y of Ober l in , The P i l g r i m Press , Boston, 1898.

27. The d a t a f o r t h i s paragraph i s found i n the c a t a l o g of 1885-86 now i n t h e a r c h i v e s of t h e Col lege a t Philomath, Oregon.

28. Matoon, C. H., B a p t i s t Annals o f Oregon, Vol. l., P. 36 and 153 t o 158. S t o r y o f Oregon Ci ty College and ?dcNinnville College.

29. Data t a k e n from c a t a l o g of 1885-86. L i s t of Alumni. ( s e e Foot Note 27 above .)

30. Although, a s shown e a r l i e r , t h e primary, o r p u b l i c school was withdrawn from t h e c o l l e g e o f 1879 and a g ~ i n bocarne D i s t . no. 1 7 housed i n a b u i l d i n g o f i t s own, t h e c o l l e g e cont inued t o m a i n t a i n a t u i t i o n pr imary department u n t i l 1883. This wi thdrawal of t h e primary department from t h e c o l l e g e accoun t s f o r t h e deoided drop i n t o t a l enro l lment shown i n t h e c a t a l o g s immediately fo l lowing 1879.

31. I n 19 o u t of 2 3 Methodis t schools i n c l u d i n g Tl'lesloyan Uni- v e r s i t y , t h e pe rcen tage of s t u d e n t s e n r o l l e d i n c o l l e g e cour ses v a r i e d from none i n t h r e e - s choo l s t o l e s s than 40 p e r c e n t a t Wesleyan. See Duvall, Sylvanus, lhilne, Ph. Dm, Bu. of Pub. Teachersf Coll . , Columbia Univ., 1928. P. 115. I n 1878 t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Oregon opened w i t h 89 p u p i l s i n t h e c o l l e g e d e p a r h e n t s and 123 i n p repa ra to ry , Gaston, Joseph, Cen tenn ia l H i s t o r y of Oregon, S. G. Clarke, Pub. Co., 1912. Vol. I, P. 605.

The name "Philomathic" was s u g p a t e d by J. G. Sp r inge r . The f i r s t q u e s t i o n debated was, "Resolved, t h a t Columbus dese rves more c r e d i t f o r t h e d i s c o v e r y of America than Washing- t o n f o r defending it." In te rv i ew w i t h D r . J. B. Horner, June 23, 1928. This l i t e r a r y s o o i e t y ma in ta ined an a c t i v e organiz- a t i o n u n t i l t h e o l o s e o f t h e Radica l , Col lege of Philomath i n 1912. The Author of t h i s paper was an a c t i v e member f o r 12 yea r s , 1892 t o 1904.

33. H i s t , o f P h i l . Col l . by Prof . Henry Sheak, found i n the oa t a - l o g of Bpr. 1915, P. 38-42, now i n a r c h i v e s o f t h e c o l l e g e a t Philomath, Ore.

34. P r o m i n t e r v i e ~ w i t h D r . J . l3. Homer , 0. S. C., 302 Pharmacy Bldg., 1928, a l s o from t a l k s w i t h my f a t h e r , 'J. G I S p r i n g e r of Philomath, Ore., who was a s t u d e n t a t Philomath College from 1873-1875.

35. From i n t e r v i e w w i t h P r o f e s s o r Hen?[ Sheak a t h i s home i n Phi lo- math, Ore., May 23, 1928. Prof . Sheak came t o Philomath College w i t h ' r e s iden t R e E. Wil l iams i n 1873. Was a g radua te o f Western College, Ia;, s e r v e d f o u r years and fou r months i n C O . I P ine- t e e n t h Ohio, Volunteer , I n f a n t q . IVns h i o e wounded i n b a t t l e and kvrice t aken p r i s o n e r . !"as connected w i t h t h e work of Ph i lo - math Co l l ege f o r 50 y e a r s , 34 yea r s of whioh was i n t he o a p a c i t y o f a t e a c h e r of n n t u r a l s c i ences , mathematics and commerci.al s u b j e c t s .

36. These s t a t e m e n t s a r e based on o t h e r s found f o r t h e f i r s t i n t he c a t a l o g o f 1874-75 and secondly on d a t a g iven on P. 1 3 of t h o 0al;alog of Play 1912 as fo l lows : "The Col lege has a g excel len ' ; working l i b r a r y supp l i ed w i t h s t anda rd works of r e f e rence , i n - c l u d i n g d i c t i o n a r i e s , enc yolopedias , b iographies , l i t e r a r y master - p i eoes , t o g e t h e r w i t h numerous voluncs o f a s o i e n t i f i o and edu- c a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r . " A l a r g e room i s f i t t e d a s a l i b r a r y , has n l i b r a r i a n i n chargo and a w e l l ca t a loged l i b r a r y .

On page 98, Record o f T rus t ees , June 16, 1877, i s t h i s statement;, "$1250.00 be ing s u b s c r i b e d it was decided t o b u i l d a dormitory." On P. 145 of same Ss "lt40tion t o accept; board- i n g h a l l when a l l b u t $1000.00 o f fndebtedness p a i d c a r r i e d . " Next y e n r it i s l i s t e d among resources f o r f i r s t t i n e .

The f i r s t e x t a n t c a t a l o g found i s t h a t of 1874-75 whiah has been r e f o r r e d t o above. I t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o determine whether c a t a l o g s were i s s u e d each y e a r a f t e r t h i s o r n o t . P r e s i d e n t Burke t t made an e f f o r t t o g e t a complete f i l e of a l l o a t a l o g s i s s u e d b y t h e c o l l e g e , b u t many numbers a r e l a c k i n g from t h e f i l e now i n tho p r e s i d e n t ' s o f f i c e a t t he c o l l e g e . Tho au tho r found a number of o o p i e s in v a r i o u s p l a c e s but none t h a t added t o t h e c o l l e g e c o l l e c t i o n . The c a t s l o g s a v a i l a b l e a r e t h o s e o f 1874-75, 1875-76, 1879-80, 1880-81, 1880-82, 1835-86, 1894-95, 1895-96. The s e r i e s from 1900 t o t h e p r e s e n t i s q u i t e complete.

In fo rma t ion t aken from i n t e r v i e w w i t h D r . J. B. Borner, O . S . C., June 23, 1928, a l s o from Record o f T rus t ees , P. 85, 91; 98, 115, 126.

I n t e r v i e r . w i t h D r . J. B. Horner (op. c i t . ) and f i l e s o f Oregon Orac le , found in the l i b r a r y o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Oregon.

The v a l u a t i o n f o r 1887 i s found i n The Record o f T rus t ees of P h i l . Col l . P. 160 and i s p a r t o f t h e r e p o r t of t h e General Agent and T r e a s u r e r t o t h e h a r d a t t h e Annual s e s s i o n o f June 22, 1887. 'This i s t h e l a s t r e p o r t given be fo re t h e "d iv is ion ." The f i r s t v a l u a t i o n i s f r m t h e Record of T rus t ees , PI 8.

Record o f T rus t ees , P. 79. Repor t of a u d i t i n g committee.

Reoord o f Trus tees . P. 148.

See Oregon Repor ts . The Supreme Courts, S t a t e o f Oregon, Vol. 6, Deo. 1876. B e l l i n g e r Code. The College l o s t t h i s ca se i n t h e c i r c u i t c o u r t b u t won a judgment apa ins t t h e defendant on appea l t o t h e Supreme Court. The ju.dgment was n o t c o l l e c t e d in f u l l .

B.oeord of T rus t ees . P. 9., appointment o f Xes. Agt. t o t r a v e l f o r c o l l e g e . P. 31. 43.

Record o f Trus tees , P. 91.

Record o f Trus tees , P. 104 and 162.

Bccord of Trustees. P I 46. Amend Sec t . 2 by-laws. he Treasurer

s h a l l pay o u t of t h e funds of t h e o o l l c g e o n l y upon an o r d e r from t h e e x e c u t i v e committee,' ' a l so . P. 80, 132, 165, 189.

Annual. conference Records, June 11, 1871. This s t a t emen t "Lack o f i n t e r e s t on p a r t o f whole church i s shown. The burden i s t o o much on a few. There i s a f e e l i n g on the p a r t of l o c a l Philomnth people t h a t t h e i r e f f o r t s have n o t been apprec i a t ed . "

A good account i s found in Drury, A. T., The R i s t . of t h e Church of t h o TJ. B. i n C h r i s t . O t t e r b e i n Press , Dayton, O., 1924, P. 49G t o 503. a l s o Berger, Rev. Danie l , D m D., Pub. by m!. J. Shuey, Dayton, O., 1897, P. 376-377.

The comple-t;e r e c o r d o f t h e c o n t r o v e r s y i s found in Oregon Reports, Vol. 27, Robt. G. Morrotv, r e p o r t e r , 1896. P. 390-486, of t h e case Philomath Col lege v. 1,Iryntt;. Th i s s t a t emen t i s found on P. 399 o f abovo r e p o r t ,

Source same a s g i v e n f o o t n o t e 51 above.

Source same a s g iven i n footnote 51 abovo.

Drury, A. Tf., H i s t . o f t h e Ch. of U. B. i n C h r i s t . Pa 497-503.

For a f u l l d i s c u s s i o n of t h i s ca se in Oregon, See Oregon Iieports. Vol. 27. P. 390. Robt. G. Morrow, repor ter . , 1896.

A b r i e f account o f t h e school founded by t h e Radica l Church w i l l be found appended t o t h i s paper. Sinco it was inco rpora t ed as a d i s t i n c t and s e p a r a t e i n s t i t u t i o n , t h e i n c i d e n t s connec tod w i t h i t s a c t i v i t i o s do n o t c o n s t i t u t e R p a r t of t h e h i s t o r y of Phi lo- math Col lege .

Taken from a l e t t e r from Rev. W. S. G i l b e r t , execut ive s e c r e t a r y of t h e Board of N a t i o n a l K i s s ions of t h e P resby te r i an church, J u l y 14, 1928.

Source. A l e t t e r from Rev. B. E. -rick, D. D m , da ted J u l y 16, 1928. I n t h i s l e t t e r a s in t h a t of Dr. G i l b e r t , t h e w r i t e r aslcced f o r c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c f a c t s concerning t h e co l l ege du r ing t h e i r terms a s p r e s i d e n t . The l e t t e r s a r e a p a r t of t h e a u t h o r ' s n o t e s and n i a t e r i a l ga the red f o r t h i s h i s t o r y .

Berger, Rev. D a n , D. D,, H i s t . of t h e Ch. o f t h e U. B. i n Chr i s t , T. J. Shuey Pub., Dayton, O m , 1897, P. 509.

S ta tement b y D r . J. R. Parker i n m i n t e l v i e m of i4ny 12, 1928, a t h i s home i n Philomath, Orogon.

The account of t h e f i n m c i a l conduct of t h e e f f a i r s of Philomath College m d of t h e gene ra l p l a n of procedure he re g iven i s b ~ s e d l a r g e l y on t h e in fo rma t ion g i v e n t h e w r i t e r b y D r . Parker in a n i n t e r v i e w a t h i s home in Philomnth, Ore ,, )hay 12, 1928. This

oovers t h e whole o f t h e p e r i o d under d i s c u s s i o n in t h i s chapter .

This s y n o p s i s of t h e cour ses of s t u d y docs n o t p u r p o r t t o be a s c i e n t i f i c a n a l y s i s o f t h o cu r r i cu lum b u t i s i n t ended o n l y t o show wha t work was o f f e r a d and t o b o a r out i n a g e n e r a l way t h e s t a t e m e n t t h a t t h e tendency was t o s t i f f e n up t h e work.

Stnteinent f o ~ m d i n F a c u l t y Record o f Philomath College, o f Sept. 8, 1908. Pa 75.

The f a c t s concerning t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of P r e s i d e n t Ronebralce a r e g a i n e d from a l e t t e r w r i t t e n by him J u l y 12, 1928, supple- mented b y m a t e r i a l ga the red from o n t a l o g s i s s u e d du r ing h i s t e r n o f o f f i c e .

The d a t a f o r t h o s e paragraphs concerning t h e f a c u l t y i s t d c e n from l e t t e r s w r i t t e n t o t h e a u t h o r by Rev. Bonebrake, and Rev. Ener ick , supplemented by m ~ t e r i c l ga the red from the c a t a l o g s pub l i shed du r ing t h e per iod .

The complete a r t i c l e s of i n c o r p o r ~ t i o n a r e found in Record of Inco rpora t ion , Book 1, P. 108, on f i l e in t h e o f f i c e of t h e county c l e r k a t t h e c o u r t house, C o r v n l l i s , Oregon.

The f a o t s here given a r e from an i n t e r v i e w w i t h P ro fes so r We 'N. Wright, had i n h i s o f f i c e a t the c o l l e g e i n June 1928.

I n o r d e r t o f u r t h e r t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e c o l l e g e D r . Pa rke r p u r - chased a p r e s s and t h i s ope ra t ed by t h e s t u d e n t s was used t o p r i n t t h e s t u d e n t pape r s and t h e c o l l e g e b u l l e t i n s . I n t e ~ i e w w i t h Dr. J. R. Pa rke r , May 12, 1928.

This was R s t a t emen t made t o t h e w r i t e r wh i l e d i s c u s s i n g t h e pro- blems of t h e c o l l e g e w i t h D r . J e R e Parker , on t h e f r o n t porch of h i s r e s idence i n Philomath, ?lay, 1928.

The d a t a f o r t h e s u c c e s s i o n and work of t h e f a c u l t y i s taken f ron tho f i l e of oa t a logs . These were i s s u e d a n n u a l l y dur ing t h i s pe r iod . These w i l l be found i n the a rch ives o f t h e c o l l e g o a t Philomath, Oregon.

The s t a t e m e n t s of t h i s paragraph a r e based on t h e c a t a l o g of :fay, 1911, P. 2 1 t o 28.

From C:~talog o f 1915.

From course of s t u d y o u t l i n e i n c a t a l o g o f Y,i~y, 1911.

Source o f paracraph same a s f o o t n o t e s 72 end 74 above.

Source-catnlog of 1919-20. For d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e s u b j e c t ma t t e r of t h e c o l l e g e cour ses by hours a s r equ i r ed f o r t h e grant ing of degrees i n 1919-20. See t a b l e I . in cppendix.

The source o f t h i s i n fo rma t ion i s found i n tho F a c u l t y r eco rds of Philomath C o l l e ~ e , P. 80 and i s da ted Oct. 7, 1910, and a l s o P. 82. Opp. C i t .

A complete l i s t o f t h e e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s f o r which c r e d i t was a l lowed and t h e we igh t given each a c t i v i t y i s found i n t h e F a c u l t y Reoord of t h e Col lege , f o r 1926-27. P. 249.

F a c u l t y Record. P. 1 6 1 and 195.

From i n t e r v i e w w i t h P r o f e s s o r W. Tf. IVright, June 1928,

For sou rce s e e i s s u e o f Benton County Review, of !'IIny, 11, 1917.

This i s v e r i f i e d b y s t a t emen t s of Prof . W. W. Wright, made i n m i n t e n r i o w in June, 1920, a l s o by s t a t emen t s of Rev. J. 2.. Parkor i n i n t e r v i e w o f May 12, 1928.

Talcen from c a t a l o g o f 1919, P. C .

A u t h o r i t y f o r s t a t emen t , C a t d o g , 1921.

Stateinent o f VI. W. Wright, t r e a s u r e r o f Philomath College, June, 1928.

The f i g u r e s g iven h e r e a r e t zken from t h e t r e n s u r e r ' s r e p o r t f o r t h e y e a r s , 1926-27 and 1927-28.

The s t a t emen t concerning t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f Bishop Washinger f o r t h e change in t h e A r t i c l e s of Inco rpora t ion p e r m i t t i n g the t r u s t e e s t o c o n t r a c t indebtedness a g a i n s t t he c o l loge i s based on a s t a t emen t made by M r . J. E. Henkle in an i n t e r v i e w a t h i s r e s idence i n Philomath, June 16, 1928. Mr. Henkle was in a p o s i - tiQl t o know whereof he spoke a s he ms a member of t h e Board of T r u s t e e s a t t h e t i m e and had been s i n c e 1889. Although t h o k r t i - c l e s o f I n c o r p o r a t i o n were amended, t h e w r i t e r was unable t o f i n d any reaord of the faat in the p u b l i o r eco rds of Benton County a t C o r v a l l i s , Oregon.

This q u o t a t i o n i s t aken from the Record o f t he Trus t ees . P. 8.

The l i s t of o r i g i n a l donors t o t h e c o l l e g e i s found on P. 4 of t h e Record of T r u s t e e s now i n t h e a rch ives of t h e oo l l ege , a l s o . P. 4, au tho r ' s no te s .

These s t a t emen t s concerning Xr. STyattf s connect ions with the c o l l e g e a r e t a k e n from informnt ion f o ~ m d i n the Records of t h e Doard of T rus t ees , Opp. C i t .

92. If the w r i t e r has spoken too f e e l i n g l y of these men who mere of the Bonrd of Trustees , it i s bocause he knew them a l l a s a boy and each o f them impressed upon h i s memory a f e e l i n g of r e s p e c t and high regard almost sacred because of the f i n e i d e a l s of c h a r a c t e r whioh t h e i r age and advice conveyed t o him.

93. This account of t h e work of Professor Sheak i s taken from a personal i n t e m i e w w i t h him i n May, 1928, from items found in var ious co l l ege c a t ~ l o g s and from a personal acquaintance of almost f o r t y years.

94. These d a t a a r e found i n the ca ta log of 1926. P. 5.

95. These l a t t e r e s t imates a r o taken from an a r t i c l e i n the c a t a l o g o f Apri l , 1915, by Prof. Henry Sheak.

96. 1.b.11.y~ i f n o t a l l , of D r . Banks' books w i l l be found i n the college l i b r a r y a t Philomath.

APPENDIX

The S tory of t h e College of Philomath

The las t meeting of t h e Old Board of Trustees before t h e d iv i s ion was held i n t h e College ohapel,: Ju ly 9, 1889, The r o l l c a l l showed Ee C. Wyatt, Tm P. Connor, J. E. Edwards, William Wyatt, L. F, Watkins, T. H. Gragg, R. Gant, B. L. Yaines, and J. E. Wyatt, present . Absent were: N. P. Newton, J, A. Buchanan, J. Em Renkle, J. A. Henkle, Je W, Pul ley and G, Barnard. A l l of those present were of t h e Radical o r conservat ive group. Of those absent, one, N. P. Newton, was a l s o of t h i s group, This gave t h e Radicals a two-thirds ' ma jor i ty on t h e Board of Trustees. Pres ident J. C. Keezel and T. R. Gragg, who had been an a s s i s t a n t i n s t r u c t o r end who had j u s t graduated from t h e s c i e n t i f i o course, m r e e leoted by t h i s Board a s teachers i n t h e c o l l e g e f o r t h e year 1889-90.

When soh001 opened in September, th ings were s o managed t h a t n e i t h e r s ide had possess ion of t h e col lege. The major i ty of t h e Board secured t h e 'Nhitney H a l l a t t h e corner of F and main s t r e e t s t o u s e f o r school purposes. About 30 s tudents a t t ended here t h a t win te r ,

In t h e s p r i n g of 1890 a movement was s t a r t e d t o b u i l d a h a l l f o r school purposes pending a deois ion on t h e co l l ege case. William w a t t gave two l o t s where t h e music h a l l , o r as it was dedicated, Barkley Hal l , now stands. Money was sub- s c r i b e d and a three-roam wooden bu i ld ing was e rec ted i n t h e summer of 1890. J u s t a s hopes were running high about having t h e new bu i ld ing ready f o r t h e f a l l term, t h e f i r s t g r e a t ca lamity s t ruok , While Pres ident Keezel was working on t h e e a s t end of t h e bui ld ing, t h e sca f fo ld ing gave way and he f e l l t o t h e ground f a t a l l y injured. He d ied two days l a t e r . His wife, Mrs. Sarah L. Keezel, was e lec ted pres ident .

The new bu i ld ing was n o t r e a d y , f o r school on t i n e so t h e f a l l term was begun in Whitney H a l l . The school moved i n t o t h e new bui lding which had j u s t been dedicated a s t h e Keezel Memorial Chapel, Deaember 2, 1890. The maximum attendance t h i s y e a r was 39. The f a c u l t y f o r t h e next y e a r were: Mrs. So L. Keezel, Me S., pres ident ; T. H. Gragg, Me S., a s s i s t a n t , and L. B. Baldwin, Fnst ructor i n m s i c and shorthand. This f a c u l t y continued u n t i l t h e spr ing of 1897, al though in t h e spr ing term of one o r two years t h e at tendance was too small t o warrant a l l t h e t eachers remaining. For t h i s reason Prof. Gragg spent t h e time on t h e farm.

One Sunday i n February, 1893, Keezel Memorial Chapel burned t o the ground with everything i n it destroyed. Steps were immediately taken t o rebuild. The s tudents who remained f o r t h e spr ing term, abcut twelve in a l l , met d a i l y a t the res idence of Mrs. Keezel f o r t h e i r c lasses .

In t h e f a l l a new bui lding planned a f t e r the former, and dedicated as Keezel Chapel, vms ready f o r occupancy. h r h g t h e s e years t h e attendanoe had not changed grea t ly . Ih 1892 it was 45* In 1893, 30. During t h e year of 1896-97, the a t tendance was increased t o more than 50. The work done was of high grade and t h e condi t ion of t h e school o the r than f i n a n c i a l l y was good.

In t h e s p r i n g of 1897, t h e r e was a complete change i n t h e facul ty . Mrs. Keezel,

who had c a r r i e d t h e burden of the work so nobly and e f f i c i e n t l y f o r seven years , res igned t o accep t the postmastership a t Philomath, a pos i t ion which she held f o r t h e nex t s i x t e e n years , Professor T. H, Gragg resigned t o accept a posi t ion as

professor of mathematics a t Huntington College, Hun.L;ington, Indiana.

W. H. Davis, A. A!., was chosen f o r t h e next p res iden t and h i s wife, Mrs. M, J. k v i s , was e l e c t e d h i s a s s i s t a n t . They remained u n t i l June, 1899. h r i n g t h e i r incumbency, t h e school remained about s t a t i o n a r y a s t o attendance. The standard of work was kept a t t h e u s u a l l e v e l of e f f i c iency . The c l a s s of 1898 was t h e l a r g e s t ever graduated from t h e College of Philomath, EJine s tuden t s were given diplomas from t h e co l l ege and teachers1 courses. The next year , ,1899, a c l a s s of f i v e was graduated, a l l from t h e co l l ege departments. But again, f i n m c i a l needs caused t h e t e a c h e r s t o res ign. The Board decided t o o f f e r t h e school t o th ree young men who had grown up wi th it o r ra the r , i n it. ',Ye T. Tfyatt, A. B e , was made p res iden t , and t eacher of English and b i o l o g i c a l sc iences j D, V. Gragg, B. S,, mathematics and sc ience; C. C. Springer, B e S., anc ien t languages and h i s to ry . This team p u l l e d along f o r - h o years, keeping t h e school a t about i t s former level . There was no money t o be had during t h e period of hard times which prevai led i n Oregon from t h e panic of 1893 u n t i l a f t e r the Lewis and Clark F a i r in 1905. Most of t h e s t u d e n t s a t Philomath were wholly o r p a r t l y self-supporting and it; was impossible f o r them t o ea rn s u f f i c i e n t funds t o keep themselves in school regular ly , In 1901, Mr. Spr inger res igned f o r f i n a n c i a l reasons and S. 0. Vatkins was e lec ted t o f i l l t h e vaoancy. Then professors Wyatt and Grugg gave up f o r the same reasons and were succeeded by Professor L. B. Baldwin, A, hi., a s p res iden t and 0. A. Mart!., a s s i s t a n t . Again t h e bu i ld lng burned and t h e school vms c losed i n d e f i n i t e l y . Under t h e l eadersh ip of Bishop H. L. Barkley, s u f f i c i e n t funds were r a i s e d t o bu i ld the p r e s e n t ha l l . This was dedicated a s Barkley H a l l . Professor and Iks. F. Lie Kendall were e l e c t e d a s Pres iden t and a s s i s t a n t , respect ively . !hey were f i n e young people and popular wi th t h e s tuden t s and community, but again t h e l ack .of f i n a n c e s f o r c e d t h e i r hand and they, l i k e t h e o thers vho had been before them, were compelled t o y i e l d t h e b a t t l e t o grim necess i ty , The school was closed i n d e f i n i t e l y f o r want of support. The bui lding s tood unused f o r a dozen years and a t length was s o l d t o Philomath College,

Someone should w r i t e a c a r e f u l h i s t o r y of t h e College of Philomath. Those who backed i t s e f f o r t s were s incere , God-fearing people who believed t h a t they were f i g h t i n g in t h e Lordcs service . Their reward was in the consciousness of work wel l done, and of splendid i d e a l s of charac te r implanted i n t h e hear t s and souls of t h e young men and women who came t o them t o be i n s t r u c t e d i n t h e ways of knowledge.

Table I

Shows Apportionment of College Hours, 1919

Foreign Language

English

Mathematics

History

Science

Social Scienoe

Philosophy

Physical Culture

Literary Society

Optional

Bible

16 hours

12

8

8

10

6

10

4

6

40

6

Total

Thesis not later than May 10

Table I1

Showing D i s t r i b u t i o n of Enrollment by Five Year Periods

Dept . 1875 1881 1886 1895 1900 1906 1911 1916 1921 1926 Av. ---- Local College 9 19 55 30 47 27 40 1 2 25 44 Town Prep. 34 22 56 30 18 14 25 9 18 11 and Co.Pri. 40 28 -- -- 11 -- -_ I- -- -_

-..

Total 83 69 111 60 76 41 65 21 43 55

S t a t e College 11 12 5 2 22 26 12 1 7 7 Cuts ide Prep, 14 13 10 3 11 19 12 16 18 2 County P r i . 5 1 -- -- 6 -- -- I- - --

--.-.- - Total 30 26 15 5 39 45 24 17 25 9 ---

Other College 0 1 7 0 0 2 1 2 9 4 S t a t e s Prep. 4 0 0 2 0 2 7 7 1 1 5

Pr i . 3 0 -- -- -- -- -- I- -- -- - Total 7 1 7 2 0 4 8 9 2 0 9

Years En- ro l l ed 120 96 133 67 115 90 97 47 88 73 93.6

Per Cent Local 70 72 83 90 67 45 67 45 48 75 66.2 --

Per Cent S t a t e s 25 27 11 7 30 50 24 30 28 1 2 5 . 2 5 .-- - -

Per Cent Other S t a t e s 5 1 6 3 0 5 9 - 19 24 1 2 8.8 -