BUKU PENUNTUN PRAKTIKUM FK 2016 final NEW.pdf

8/17/2019 BUKU PENUNTUN PRAKTIKUM FK 2016 final NEW.pdf

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BUKU PENUNTUN PRAKTIKUM

FISIOLOGI

Tim Penyusun:

Prof.dr. Hardi Darmawan, MPH,TM&FRSTM,DAFKdr. Herry Asnawi, M.Kes

dr. Swanny, M.ScDr. dr. Irfannuddin, Sp.K., M.Pd.Ked

dr!. "ursia# "asu$ion, M.Kesdr. Miner%a Riani Kadir, Sp.A., M.Kes

dr. udi San$oso, M.Kesdr. A'fian Has(i

BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERANUNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA

2016


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IDENTITASPEMILIK BUKU PRAKTIKUM

NAMA : _________________

NIM : _________________

KELOMPOK : _________________

Foto

4 6


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TATA TERTIB PRAKTIKUM FISIOLOGI

). Ma#asiswa #arus #adir $epa$ wa*$u. i'a $er'am(a$ $anpa a'as an yan! +e'as, dosen pem(im(in!

(er#a* me'aran! ma#asiswa $erse(u$ un$u* men!i*u$i pra*$i*um dan dian!!ap a'pa.

. ma#asiswa #arus men!i*u$i semua pra*$i*um yan! di+adwa'*an. i'a $ida* #adir *arena sa*i$ -diser$aisura$ *e$eran!an do*$er a$au i/in *#usus, #arus me'apor *epada dosen pem(im(in! un$u* dia$urwa*$u pen!!an$ian.

0. i'a ma#asiswa me'a*u*an pra*$i*um $am(a#an di 'uar +adwa' yan! di$e$ap*an, ma*a semua (a#anpra*$i*um di(e(an*an *epada ma#asiswa $erse(u$.

1. Se(e'um pra*$i*um, ma#asiswa #arus suda# mempe'a+ari $eori dan cara *er+a pra*$i*um yan! a*andi*er+a*an. i'a $ernya$a ma#asiswa (e'um siap, dosen pem(im(in! (er#a* men!e'uar*an ma#asiswa

un$u* $ida* men!i*u$i pra*$i*um.

2. Se(e'um pra*$i*um, ma#asiswa #arus men!i*u$i u+ian prapra*$i*um.

3. Se'ama men!i*u$i pra*$i*um, ma#asiswa #arus men!!una*an +as pra*$i*um, $anda pen!ena', dansanda' +epi$ yan! (aru dipa*ai *e$i*a memasu*i ruan! pra*$i*um.

4. Se'ama pra*$i*um, ma#asiswa di'aran! mero*o*, menya'a*an $e'epon !en!!am, (ersenda !urau, danme'a*u*an #a' 'ain yan! $ida* (er#u(un!an den!an pra*$i*um.

5. Ma#asiswa $ida* diper*enan*an menin!!a'*an ruan! pra*$i*um$anpa i/in dari pem(im(in! pra*$i*um.

6. Peri*sa den!an $e'i$i a'a$ yan! dipin+am se(e'um dipa*ai. Se'ama dipa*ai, a'a$7a'a$ $erse(u$ men+adi$an!!un! +awa( *e'ompo* ma#asiswa dan (i'a rusa* a$au #i'an!, #arus di!an$i o'e# *e'ompo*ma#asiswa pa'in! 'am(a$ pada pra*$i*um yan! $era*#ir.

)8. Se!era se$e'a# pra*$i*um, (ersi#*an a'a$7a'a$, (uan! sampa# pada $empa$nya danper$an!!un!+awa(*an *epada pe$u!as 'a(ora$orium.

)). Se$iap se'esai pra*$i*um, ma#asiswa #arus men!i*u$i u+ian pasca pra*$i*um.


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DAFTAR ISI

Pra*$i*um I, Men!u*ur $e*anan dara# da'am (er(a!ai posisi........................................................... )

Pra*$i*um II, 9ompu$er7aided Prac$ice wi$# P#ysio; 6.8................................................................ 1

a. ;ercise ): 9e'' Transpor$ Mec#anism and Permea(i'i$y

7 Ac$i%i$y 0: Simu'a$in! Asmo$ic Pressure............................................................ 1

(. ;ercise : S*e'e$a' Musc'e P#ysio'o!y

7 Ac$i%i$y 2: Fa$i!ue in iso'a$ed s*e'e$a' musc'e.......................................... )8

c. ;ercise 4: Respira$ory Sys$em Mec#anics

7 Ac$i%i$y ): Measurin! Respira$ory


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PRAKTIKUM IPENGUKURAN TEKANAN DARA! ARTERI SE"ARA TIDAK LANGSUNG

T#$#%&

). Men!u*ur $e*anan dara# ar$eri (rac#ia'is me'a'ui aus*u'$asi dan pa'pasi.. Men!u*ur $e*anan ar$eri (rac#ia'is pada (er(a!ai posisi0. Mem(andin!*an u*uran $e*anan dara# se(e'um dan sesuda# *er+a o$o$

A'%t (%& )%*%&

). Sfi!momanome$er. S$e$os*op

=n$u* dapa$ men!i*u$i pra*$i*um, peser$a #arus men+awa( per$anyaan (eri*u$:

).

=rai*an per+a'anan ar$eri (ra*#ia'is>. Apa yan! dima*sud $e*anan sis$o'i* dan dias$o'i*?0. Teran!*an fase7fase *oro$*of>1. Fa*$or7fa*$or apa yan! menen$u*an $e*anan dara#?

9ara memasan! manse$ yan! (enar:). @en!an (a+u di!u'un! se$in!!i mun!*in se#in!!a $ida* $er'i'i$ manse$. Tepi (awa# manse$ (erada pada 70 +ari di a$as fossa cu(i$i0. Pipa *are$ +an!an menu$upi fossa cu(i$i1. Manse$ dii*a$ den!an cu*up *e$a$2. S$e$os*op diafra!ma $er'e$a* $epa$ di a$as denyu$ ar$eri (rac#ia'is

A+ PENGUKURAN TEKANAN DARA! PADA BERBAGAI POSISI

"%,% K-,$%

). "araco(a (er(arin! $er'en$an! se'ama )8 meni$.. Pasan! manse$ sfi!momanome$er pada 'en!an *anan a$as naraco(a.0. Temu*an denyu$ a. (rac#ia'is pada fossa cu(i$i dan a. radia'is pada per!e'an!an $an!an me'a'ui

pa'pasi.1. Sam(i' mera(a a. radia'is, pompa manse$ sampai a. radia'is $ida* $era(a 'a!i -mencapai $e*anan

sis$o'i*. i'a a. radia'is $ida* $era(a, manse$ $erus dipompa sampai 08 mmH! dia$as $e*anan sis$o'i*.

2.

@e$a**an s$e$os*op di a$as denyu$ a. (rac#ia'is.3.

Turun*an $e*anan udara da'am manse$ -(u*a *'ep udara secara per'a#an sam(i' menden!ar*anadanya (unyi pem(u'u# -penurunan $e*anan 70 mmH! per denyu$

4. Ten$u*an *e'ima fase *oro$*off.5. ='an!i pen!u*uran -no.174 sampai 0 *a'i un$u* mendapa$ ni'ai ra$a7ra$a, ca$a$ #asi'nya. -se(e'um

men!u'an! ya*in*an (a#wa $e*anan manse$ *em(a'i no'.6. "araco(a dudu*, $un!!u 0 meni$, 'a*u*an pemeri*saan $e*anan dara# seper$i prosedur dia$as. -Posisi

'en!an a$as sedi*i$ merapa$ *e (a$an! $u(u#.)8. "araco(a (erdiri, $un!!u 0 meni$, 'a*u*an pemeri*saan $e*anan dara# seper$i prosedur di a$as. -Posisi

'en!an a$as sedi*i$ merapa$ (a$an! $u(u#.)). andin!*an $e*anan dara# pada 0 posisi $erse(u$.


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!%./' P-,o)%%&

No+ N%,%o)% B-,)%,/& D#(# B-,(/,/S/.t D/%. S/.t D/%. S/.t D/%.

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B+ PENGUKURAN TEKANAN DARA! SE"ARA PALPASI

"%,% K-,$%

). "araco(a da'am posisi dudu*, 'en!an (awa# (erpan!*u di a$as pa#a, per!e'an!an supinasi.. @a*u*an pemeri*saan $e*anan dara# den!an aus*u'$asi seper$i perco(aan A, $en$u*an $e*anan sis$o'i*

dan dias$o'i*.0. Turun*an $e*anan mane$ sampai posisi no'.1. Sam(i' mera(a a. (rac#ia'is, nai**an $e*anan manse$ sampai denyu$ a. radia'is $ida* $era(a. Te*anan

$erus dinai**an sampai 08 mmH! dia$asnya.2. Tanpa men!u(a# 'e$a* +ari, $urun*an $e*anan manse$ sampai denyu$ a. radia'is *em(a'i $era(a. Pada

saa$ a. radia'is $era(a, manome$er H! menun+u**an $e*anan sis$o'i*.3. andin!*an $e*anan sis$o'i* me'a'ui au*u'$asi.

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"+ PENGUKURAN TEKANAN DARA! SETELA! AKTIVITAS OTOT

"%,% K-,$%

). =*ur $e*anan dara# sis$o'i* dan dias$o'i* a. (rac#ia'is pada posisi dudu* seper$i perco(aan A. Tanpa me'epas*an manse$, naraco(a (er'ari di $empa$ den!an )8 'ompa$an per meni$ se'ama

meni$. Se!era se$e'a# (er'ari, naraco(a 'an!sun! dudu* dan u*ur $e*anan dara#.0. ='an!i pen!u*uran $iap ) meni$ sampai $e*anan *em(a'i *eni'ai semu'a.

!%./' P-,o)%%&

No+ N%,%o)% TD)%.%'

TD 05 TD 15 TD 25 TD 5 TD 45

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PRAKTIKUM IIComputer-aided Practice with PhysioEx 9.0

E-,/.- 1+ "-'' T,%&.3o,t M-*%&/.7 %&( P-,7-%)/'/t8

At/9/t8 + S/7#'%t/& A.7ot/ P,-..#,-

O)$-t/9-.

). To e;p'ain #ow osmosis is a specia' $ype off diffusion.

. To unders$and $#a$ osmosis is a passi%e process $#a$ depends upon $#e concen$ra$ion !radien$ of

wa$er.

0. To e;p'ain #ow $onici$y of so'u$ion re'a$es $o c#an!e in ce'' %o'ume.

1. To unders$and condi$ions $#a$ affec$ osmo$ic pressure

O9-,9/-

T#e mo'ecu'ar composi$ion of $#e p'asma mem(rane a''ows i$ $o (e se'ec$i%e a(ou$ w#a$ passes$#rou!# i$. I$ can a''ow nu$rien$s and approria$e amoun$s of ions $o en$er $#e ce'' w#i'e simu'$aneous'ye;c'udin! o$#er #ydrop#i'ic su(s$ance. For $#a$ reason, we say $#e p'asma mem(rane is se'ec$i%e'y

permea('e.


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of $#e ce'', $#e so'u$ion is iso$onic. If $#ere is a #i!#er concen$ra$ion of impermea('e so'u$es ou$side $#e ce''$#an in $#e ce''s in$erior, $#e so'u$ion is #yper$onic. ecause $#e ne$ mo%emen$ of wa$er wou'd (e ou$ of $#ece'', $#e ce'' wou'd s#rin* in #yper$onic so'u$ion. 9on%erse'y, if $#e concen$ra$ion of impermea('e so'u$es is'ower ou$side of $#e ce'' $#an in $#e ce''Bs in$erior, $#en $#e so'u$ion is #ypo$onic. T#e ne$ mo%emen$ of wa$erwou'd (e in$o $#e ce'', and $#e ce'' wou'd swe'' and possi('y (urs$.

E;#/37-&t #.-(

). @ef$ and Ri!#$ ea*ers C used for diffusion of so'u$es

. Dia'ysis mem(ranes wi$# %arious mo'ecu'ar wei!#$ cu$offs -M9s

P,-(/t


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Sto3 = T*/&


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1. T#e condi$ions were ..


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At/9/t8 ?+ F%t/#- /& /.o'%t-( .-'-t%' 7#.'-

O)$-t/9-.

). To unders$and $#e $erms s$imu'us freuency, comp'e$e -fused $e$anus, fa$i!ue, and res$ period.. To o(ser%e $#e de%e'opmen$ of s*e'e$a' musc'e fa$i!ue.0. To unders$and #ow 'en!$# of in$er%enin! res$ periods de$ermines $#e onse$ of fa$i!ue.

O9-,9/-

Human ma*e %o'un$ary decision $o wa'*, $a'*, s$and up, and si$ down. S*e'e$a' musc'es, w#ic# are

usua''y a$$ac#ed $o $#e s*e'e$on, ma*e $#ese ac$ions possi('e -%iew fi!ure .). S*e'e$a' musc'esc#arac$eris$ica''y span $wo +oin$s and a$$ac# $o $#e s*e'e$on %ia $endons, w#ic# a$$ac# $o $#e perios$eum of a(one. S*e'e$a' musc'es are compose of #undreds $o $#ousands of indi%idua' ce''s ca''ed musc'e fi(ers,w#ic# produce musc'e $ension -a'so referred $o as musc'e force. S*e'e$a' musc'es are remar*a('emac#ines. T#ey pro%ide us wi$# $#e manua' de;$eri$y $o crea$e ma!nificen$ wor*s of ar$ and can !enera$e$#e (ru$e force needed $o 'isf a 127*i'o!ram sac* of concre$e.

#en a s*e'e$a' musc'e is iso'a$ed from an e;perimen$a' anima' and moun$ed on a force $randucer,you can !enera$e musc'e con$rac$ions wi$# con$ro''ed e'ec$rica' s$imu'a$ion impor$an$'y, $#e con$rac$ions of$#is iso'a$ed musc'e are *nown $o mimic $#ose of wor*in! musc'es in $#e (ody. T#a$ is, in %i$ro e;perimen$sreproduce in %i%o func$ions. T#erefore, $#e ac$i%i$ies you performe in $#is e;ercise wi'' !i%e you %a'ua('e

insi!#$ in$o s*e'e$a' musc'e p#ysio'o!y.

I&t,o(#t/o&

As demons$ra$ed in Ac$i%i$ies 0 and 1, increasin! $#e s$imu'us freuency $o an iso'a$ed s*e'e$a'musc'e induces and increase of force produced (y $#e w#o'e musc'e. Specifica''y, if %o'$a!e s$imu'i areapp'ied $o a musc'e freuen$'y in uic* succession, $#e s*e'e$a' musc'e !enera$es more force wi$# eac#successi%e s$imu'us -%iew Fi!ure .3.

Howe%er, if s$imu'i con$inue $o (e app'ied freuen$'y $o a musc'e o%er a pro'on!ed period of $ime,

$#e ma;imum force of eac# $wi$c# e%en$ua''y reac#es a p'e$eau C a s$a$e *nown as unfused $e$anus. Ifs$imu'i are $#en app'ied wi$# e%en !rea$er freuency, $#e $wi$c#es (e!in $o fuse so $#a$ $#e pea*s and%a''eys of eac# $wi$c# (ecome indis$in!uis#a('e from one ano$#er C $#is s$a$e is *nown as comp'e$e -fused$e$anus -%iew fi!ure .4. #en $#e s$imu'us freuency reac#es a %a'ue (eyond w#ic# no fur$#er increase inforce is !enera$ed (y $#e musc'e, $#e musc'e #as reac#ed i$s ma;ima' $e$anic $ension.

In $#is you wi'' o(ser%e $#e p#enomena of s*e'e$a' musc'e fa$i!ue. Fa$i!ue refers $o a dec'ine in as*e'e$a' musc'eBs a(i'i$y $o main$ain a cons$an$ 'e%e' of force or $ension af$er pro'on!ed, repe$i$i%es$imu'a$ion -%iew fi!ure .5. ou wi'' a'so demons$ra$e #ow in$er%inin! res$ periods a'$er $#e onse$ offa$i!ue in s*e'e$a' musc'e. T#e causes of fa$i!ue are s$i'' (ein! in%es$i!a$ed and mu'$ip'e mo'ecu'ar e%en$s


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are $#ou!#$ $o (e in%o'%ed, $#ou!# $#e accumu'a$ions of 'a$ic acid, ADP, and P, in musc'es are $#ou!#$ $o(e $#e ma+or fac$ors causin! fa$i!ue in $#e case of #i!# C in$ensi$y e;ercise.

I&t,o(#t/o&

9ommon defini$ions for fa$i!ue are:

• T#e fai'ure of a musc'e fi(er $o produce $ension (ecause of pre%ious co$rac$i'e ac$i%i$y.

• A dec'ine in $#e musc'eBs a(i'i$y $o main$ain a cons$an$ force of con$rac$ion af$er pro'on!ed repe$i$i%es$imu'a$ion.

uipmen$ =sed

• An in$ac$, %ia('e s*e'e$a' musc'e dissec$ed off $#e 'e! of a fro!.

•

An e'ec$rica' s$imu'a$or C de'i%ers $#e desired amoun$ and dura$ion of s$imu'a$in! %o'$a!e $o $#e musc'e%ia e'ec$rodes res$in! on $#e musc'e.

• An moun$in! s$and C inc'udes a force $ransducer $o measure $#e amoun$ of force, or $ension de%e'oped(y $#e musc'e.

• An osci''oscope C disp'ays $#e s$imu'a$ed musc'e $wi$c# and $#e amoun$ of ac$i%e, passi%e, and $o$a'

force de%e'oped (y $#e musc'e.


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Sto3 = T*/&


17/24

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18/24


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E-,/.- @+ R-.3/,%to,8 S8.t-7 M-*%&/.

At/9/t8 1 M-%.#,/& R-.3/,%to,8 Vo'#7-. %&( "%'#'%t/& "%3%/t/-.

O)$-t/9-.

). To unders$and $#e use of $#e $erms %en$i'a$ion, inspira$ion, e;pira$ion, diap#ra!m, e;$erna' in$ercos$a's,

in$erna' in$ercos$a's, a(domina'7wa'' musc'es, e;pira$ory reser%e %o'ume -R


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T#e amoun$ of air $#a$ f'ows in$o and ou$ of $#e 'un!s in ) minu$e is pu'monary minu$e %en$i'a$ion,w#ic# is ca'cu'a$ed (y mu'$ip'yin! $#e freuency of (rea$#in! (y $#e %o'ume of eac# (rea$# - $#e $ida'%o'ume.


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• Residua' %o'ume -R


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Sto3 = T*/&


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BUKU PENUNTUN PRAKTIKUM FK 2016 final NEW.pdf